Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

An Overview of Metallic Nanoparticles: Classification, Synthesis, Applications, and their Patents.

Nanotechnology has gained enormous attention in pharmaceutical research. Nanotechnology is used in the development of nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 1-100 nm, with several extraordinary features. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used in various areas, such as molecular biology, biosensors, bio imaging, biomedical devices, diagnosis, pharmaceuticals, etc., for their specific applications. For this study, we have performed a systematic search and screening of the literature and identified the articles and patents focusing on various physical, chemical, and biological methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical applications. A total of 174 references have been included in this present review, of which 23 references for recent patents were included. Then, 29 papers were shortlisted to describe the advantages, disadvantages, and physical and chemical methods for their synthesis, and 28 articles were selected to provide the data for biological methods for the formulation of metal NPs from bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants with their extensive synthetic procedures. Moreover, 27 articles outlined various clinical applications of metal NPs due to their antimicrobial and anticancer activities and their use in drug delivery. Several reviews are available on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their pharmaceutical applications. However, this review provides updated research data along with the various methods employed for their development. It also summarizes their various advantages and clinical applications (anticancer, antimicrobial drug delivery, and many others) for various phytoconstituents. The overview of earlier patents by several scientists in the arena of metallic nanoparticle preparation and formulation is also presented. This review will be helpful in increasing the current knowledge and will also inspire to innovation of nanoparticles for the precise and targeted delivery of phytoconstituents for the treatment of several diseases.

Synthesis and characterization of Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO nanocomposite using a novel phyto-assisted biomimetic approach for anti-microbial and anti-biofilm applications

The synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts presents an innovative alternative to traditional chemical or physical methods. Natural nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts has several advantages over traditional methods, including less reliance on synthetic chemicals, a reduced environmental impact, the potential to synthesize unique nanoparticle characteristics, and the production of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. This strategy is a sustainable and effective alternative. The antimicrobial activity of Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO from the leaves extract of Polygonum chinensis has been demonstrated in the present work. UV–vis, XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX were used to assess the bio-synthesized nanocomposite after the effective synthesis of Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO nanocomposite. The UV spectrum of the synthesized Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO nanocomposite showed a peak at 225 nm, with a band gap energy of 4.30 eV. The nanocomposite was confirmed with irregular flakes-like structure with range in size from 70 to 150 nm using SEM analysis. Standardized tests used in antimicrobial analysis were used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO nanocomposite against various microorganisms. Biofilm inhibition studies confirmed the nanocomposite’s inhibitory effect on various bacteria. The findings indicated that Ag-decorated ZnO/MgO nanocomposite is a promising antimicrobial and antifilm agent.

Catalytic and biocidal activity of silver and gold nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis using aqueous extracts of glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum) dry fruits

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have gained interest due to their practical applications in various areas. The synthesis of NPs from biomass proposes a simple, economical and environmentally friendly alternative. In this work, gold NPs (AuNPs) and silver NPs (AgNPs) were synthesized from aqueous extracts of dried Ligustrum lucidum fruits. The biomolecules of the extract, in addition to acting as a reducing agent, are absorbed on the surface of the NPs giving excellent colloidal stability, increasing their catalytic capacity reflected in their recyclability. The TON and TOF values obtained for the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH4, are 1.4 105 and 500 s−1 respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were established for AgNPs using pathogens from certified collections (E. coli MIC = 25 µg/mL; S. aureus MIC = 100 µg/mL). Fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) in the presence of gentamicin showed synergistic effects (FICI = 0.5). The results demonstrate that the aqueous extract of L. lucidum allows the synthesis of AuNPs and AgNPs, which have attractive catalytic and antimicrobial activities, in a simple and environmentally friendly way.

Green synthesis of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with exposed {001} facets using Chromolaena odorata leaf extract for photodegradation of pollutants under visible light

Facet-tailored TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit exceptional properties due to high surface energy. Conventional strategies for the fabrication of such TiO2 NPs involve harmful chemicals, which necessitates the development of environmentally benign pathways. Plant extract-assisted synthesis has emerged as a promising green alternative to conventional nanomaterial synthesis. This work introduces an innovative method for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) NPs with exposed {001} facets using the leaf extract of a weed plant Chromolaena odorata, which is commonly known as Siam weed. The synthesis was carried out by sol-gel process with triethylamine (TEA), hydrazine hydrate and urea being the nitrogen precursors. The synthesised N-TiO2 NPs exhibited exposed {001} facets and showed a reduction in band gap. Photo-induced degradation of methylene blue dye was used to analyse the photocatalytic capability of N-TiO2 NPs in the visible range. The effect of N precursor, N dosage and light exposure time on the catalytic efficacy was studied. N-TiO2 NPs derived from TEA with 1 mol.% dopant achieved 98 % degradation in 180 minutes, while those synthesized with hydrazine and urea attained 96 % and 93 %, respectively when compared to 90 % degradation for undoped samples. The N-doping leads to significant advancement of photocatalytic effectiveness of the TiO2 NPs by introducing mid-gap levels in the forbidden energy gap that diminishes the charge carrier-recombination and boost the charge-carrier mobility of TiO2. This along with the existence of high energy facets causes a substantial advancement in the photocatalytic function in the visible region. The proposed method is a sustainable way for synthesising N-TiO2 NPs with exposed {001} facets for environment remediation applications.

Plant Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Butea monosperma Plant Extract and Their Antibacterial Applications

Plant based nanoparticles (NPs) has become an emerging field in nanotechnology in terms of cost efficiency, less hazardous, biocompatibility and ecologically benignancy. Further, These NPs are being extensively studied for their use as nanomedicines and novel antibacterial agents due to increased growth of hazardous bacteria and their increased resistance to traditional antibiotics. The present studies focused on biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs using the chloride derivative of zinc and aqueous extract of Butea monosperma (BM) plant and its antibacterial applications on food borne pathogens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the formation of mixed shaped (spherical and hexagonal) ZnO NPs with size ranging between 20-90 nm. The elemental composition of various constituents present in the resulting samples was confirmed from energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). XRD pattern suggested crystalline nature with hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs. The Scherrer formula is used to evaluate the average crystallite size of the synthesized NPs ranges from 15 to 85 nm. Furthermore, the Tauc plot method was employed to determine the bandgap energies of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs using UV-visible spectra. These NPs were found to be effective against bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 1272), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MTCC 4383), Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457). Overall, this present research describes that synthesized ZnO NPs hold significant importance as potential antibacterial agents against gram positive bacteria.

Synthesis and antifungal efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles against notorious mycotoxigenic phytopathogens

Pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium verticillioides, Alternaria alternata, and Macrophomina phaseolina pose significant threats to agriculture and human health due to their production of carcinogenic mycotoxins. This study explores the antifungal potential of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) against these fungi. ChNPs, synthesized via an ionic gelation method, exhibited a prominent UV-visible absorption peak at 250 nm, confirming successful nanoparticle formation. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed their amorphous structure, while FTIR analysis identified key functional groups, including hydroxyl and amine groups, with an average particle size of 50 nm. Antifungal assays demonstrated that ChNPs inhibited fungal growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Specifically, for F. verticillioides, ChNPs reduced growth by 20-60% at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.15%, achieving complete inhibition at 0.21%. Similarly, A. alternata exhibited a MIC of 0.24%, and M. phaseolina reached a MIC of 0.26% for complete growth suppression. Higher concentrations of ChNPs caused pronounced structural alterations in the fungi, including discoloration, fragmentation, and distortion of hyphae and conidia/sclerotia, which were linked to significant metabolic changes within the fungal cells. This study highlights the effectiveness of ChNPs as robust antifungal agents, demonstrating their ability to disrupt fungal morphology and enzyme activities

A facile approach towards large-scale synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles derived from egg shell waste with enhanced UV shielding, nano priming and fingerprint real time object detection through YOLOv8x

This study demonstrates an eco-friendly method for synthesizing TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing an aqueous extract derived from eggshell (ES) waste. This study examines the use of TiO2 NPs for detecting Level I-III fingerprint (FP) features via the powder dusting method. The NPs enhance the visualization of ridge patterns, minutiae points, and pore structures in latent prints. Results show improved clarity, making this method promising for high-resolution forensic FP analysis. This paper explores the use of YOLOv8x, a cutting-edge object detection model, for FP analysis. YOLOv8x advanced architecture allows for rapid and accurate identification of minutiae points, ridge patterns, and other essential FP features. Its high precision and real-time detection enhance the efficiency of FP recognition, making it applicable to forensic investigations and biometric authentication. Experimental results show that YOLOv8x outperforms traditional methods in both accuracy and processing speed, highlighting its superiority in FP analysis tasks. The PVA@TiO2 films are engineered to offer excellent transparency, exceptional flexibility, and efficient UV radiation blocking properties, which have been rigorously evaluated across the UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C spectra. Blocking experiments revealed that the PVA@TiO2 (16 wt%) film effectively blocked 90.11 % of UV-A radiation, 92.82 % of UV-B radiation and 92.72 % of UV-C radiation. A solution of TiO2 NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations (20–160 mg/mL) is utilized as a nano-priming agent to improve the germination and early seedling growth of horse gram seeds. Notably, root length increased by 61 %, while shoot length grew by 58 %. The vigor index, an essential indicator of seedling health and strength, is significantly greater in the treated seeds, achieving a value of 2460, compared to 945 in the control group. This study presents a multifunctional material designed for its efficacy in FP detection, UV blocking capabilities, and beneficial effects on seed germination, providing a wide range of potential applications.

Sustainable bioactive copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced environmental remediation and biomedical solicitations: Experimental and molecular docking investigation

The present research focuses on the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) through the green route using the novel plant Malachra alceifolia leaf extract. The particles were characterized by various techniques such as UV–visible, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDX. The formation of CuO NPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectra with the maximum absorbance at 303 nm. FTIR study proves the presence of functional groups involved as capping and stabilizing agents during the formation of CuO NPs. XRD technique reveals the monoclinic crystalline nature and size to be 42.3 nm of CuO NPs. TEM and SEM data demonstrate the spherical shape, and the average size was found to be 19.9 nm. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of CuO NPs against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were studied. These NPs possess better antibacterial efficiency against the Gram-positive bacteria with maximum zone of inhibition. Nanoparticles show better antifungal properties against Trichoderma viride at higher concentrations. CuO NPs possess excellent anti-proliferative effects on the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with an IC50 value of 53.65 μg/mL and inhibit free radicals which are responsible for age-related problems and cancers. In addition, the computational work, molecular docking analysis was performed to analyze the binding interactions efficiency between the enzyme active sites, bioactive molecule, and CuO NPs. The Gram-positive variant, S. aureus showed the highest binding energy of −9.35 kcal/mol with a hydrogen bond between the hydrogen of the bioactive molecule and oxygen of Leu28 amino acid with a distance of 2.29 Å. The attained results demonstrate that biomolecule and CuO NPs show more binding affinity with Gram-positive variants than Gram-negative variants with high binding energy. Furthermore, the ability of toxic methylene blue dye removal was also investigated. It degrades 96.2 % of methylene blue dye from the wastewater within 120 min.

Rapid Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from some Egyptian seaweed: Characterization and Antidiabetic Potential

Rapid Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from some Egyptian seaweed: Characterization and Antidiabetic Potential

Green synthesis of Ag/RGO nanohybrid using Terminalia Arjuna bark extract as a recyclable catalyst for the reduction of toxic nitroaromatics and azo dyes

In this study, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (Ag) decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanohybrid using Terminalia Arjuna bark extract was reported for the first time. As-synthesized Ag/RGO nanohybrid was used as a highly active and recyclable green catalyst for the reduction of harmful nitroaromatics (p-nitrophenol and p-nitroaniline) and azo dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange and Congo red) with significant efficiency. The catalytic reduction of the nitroaromatics and azo dyes followed pseudo-unimolecular kinetics in the present study. Notably, the Ag/RGO nanohybrid exhibited excellent reusability and stability till five recycle runs. The present study can provide new insights into the growing interest of low-cost and environmentally benign methods for nanomaterial synthesis towards environmental remediation applications.

Green fused nanoparticles from seaweed as a sustainable resource: Study on antimicrobial activities against human pathogens and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye

The simple, fast, efficient route and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using the marine-algae Padina pavonica (PP) extracts. The heat bio-reduction process involves using PP extract mediated to synthesize silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). The PP extract provides an eco-friendly, low-cost, and safer alternative to traditional chemical and physical methods. The GC–MS results detect GLYCERYL TRIDODECANOATE, DODECANOIC ACID, and 1,2,3-PROPANETR dominantly examined majorly play a role in synthesizing the Ag-NPs. The synthesized PP-mediated NPs were denoted as PPAg-NPs and characterized the structural and morphological properties by UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, HRTEM, EDS, DLS, and FT-IR. The 16S rDNA technique confirmed 6 (n = 6) human pathogens (HPs) strains were used for the antimicrobial study. Green synthesized PPAg-NPs showed a maximum and minimum inhibition growth zone of 16 mm in Escherichia coli, and 10 mm in Bacillus subtilis. The study result suggested the PPAg-NPs act with high efficiency and display greater sensitivity for antibacterial material depending on the concentrations. The synthesized green PPAg-NPs investigated the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The highest 90 % efficiency was achieved under UV-light treatment within 105 min. The study’s outcome indicates that PPAg-NPs exhibit a strong antimicrobial efficacy toward HPs and MB decolorization that contributes to water cleansing, healthcare, and biomedical industries.

Green and chemical synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: An In-depth comparative analysis and photoluminescence study

Titania nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method using chemical and natural solvents. Isopropanol is used as a chemical solvent for the reduction of ions. Further, Jasminum and Magnolia champaca flower extracts were individually used as natural solvents which acts as both reducing and stabilizing agents. The role of natural solvents over chemical solvents on the structure, phase, morphology, and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated. Synthesis using natural solvents led to rutile phase of TiO2 nanoparticles while, chemical synthesis produced anatase phase. Green synthesis yielded larger crystallite size TiO2 compared to chemical synthesis. Synthesized TiO2 exhibited PL emission centered at 397 nm with excitation 325 nm associated with weak emissions noticed at 450 nm, 470 nm, and 520 nm.

Targeted gold nanoparticles for ovarian cancer (Review).

Among all malignant gynecological tumors, ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate. OC is often diagnosed at advanced and incurable stages; however, early diagnosis can enable the use of optimized and personalized treatments. Intensive research into the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been performed with the aim of developing innovative materials for use in biological and photothermal therapies for OC. AuNPs can be chemically modified and functionalized by binding to a variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, such as peptides, antibodies and therapeutic agents, via simple synthetic processes. They are particularly suitable for use as carriers for drug delivery. In the present review, the synthesis and characteristics of AuNPs are summarized, and their potential in OC therapy are discussed.

Antiviral and antioxidant activity, green synthesis, and optimization of silver nanoparticles derived from Ulva lactuca

Antiviral and antioxidant activity, green synthesis, and optimization of silver nanoparticles derived from Ulva lactuca

Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against Vibrio vulnificus: A comparative study with standard antibiotics

The synthesis and utilization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles are increasing due to their low cost, environmentally friendly, and biocompatible nature. Antimicrobial resistance is noticed as a global health concern by the community. Multidrug therapy and improper treatment of any disease cause an exponential increase in resistant microbial species. Therefore, improving the treatment schemes for curing different types of contagious ailments caused by microbes is essential. An economical co-precipitation technique was utilized for the preparation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The Fe2O3 nanostructures were analyzed by FTIR, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM techniques. The Fe2O3 nanoparticle's dimensions were determined to be 28.72 nm. A toxicity study of these Fe2O3 nanoparticles was carried out against a Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus and showed toxic properties towards the Vibrio vulnificus. The antibacterial properties of these Fe2O3 nanoparticles were contrasted with commonly used antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, penicillin, Tetracycline, sulphatriad, Co-Trimoxazole, Clindamycin, Oxacillin, Erythromycin, and Chloramphenicol, etc., and found to be comparable in some cases even better antibacterial activity.

Algae-Mediated Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles using Galaxaura rugosa Seaweed

Algae-Mediated Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles using Galaxaura rugosa Seaweed

Implementation of Silver Nanoparticles Green Synthesized with Leaf Extract of Coccinia grandis as Antimicrobial Agents Against Head and Neck Infection MDR Pathogens.

Head and neck infections (HNI) associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) offer several health issues on a global scale due to inaccurate diagnosis. This study aimed to identify the bacteria and Candidal isolates and implement the silver nanoparticles green synthesized with leaf extract of Coccinia grandis (Cg-AgNPs) as a therapeutic approach against HNI pathogens. The Cg-AgNPs were characterized by the UV-visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR analysis, Zeta particle size, Zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis to validate the synthesis of nanoparticles. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Cg-AgNPs was presented by the zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC), and antibiofilm assay. Moreover, the cell wall rupture assay was visualized on SEM for the morphological study of antimicrobial activities, and the in-vivo toxicity was performed in a swiss mice model to evaluate the impact of Cg-AgNPs on various biological parameters. Different bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Candida sp. (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida glabrata) were identified. The MIC, MBC, and antibiofilm potential of Cg-AgNPs were found to be highest against A. baumannii: 1.25 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, and 85.01±5.19% respectively. However, C. albicans and C. orthopsilosis revealed 23 mm and 21 mm of ZOI. Subsequently, the micromorphology of the cell wall rupture assay confirmed the efficacy of Cg-AgNPs, and no significant alterations were seen in biochemical and hematological parameters on the swiss mice model in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. The green synthesized Cg-AgNPs have multifunctional activities like antibacterial, anticandidal, and antibiofilm activity with no toxicity and can be introduced against the HNI pathogens.

Biosynthesis of ZnO nanocomposites from Mentha spicata applications of antioxidant, antimicrobial and genotoxicity advances in MCF-7 cell line

This study focuses on enhancing the, Spearmint (Mentha spicata), an aromatic herb indigenous to Europe and Asia, which is valued for its refreshing flavor and potential health benefits. This herb is widely utilized in culinary practices, medicinal applications, and cosmetic formulations. The ethanol extract derived from the M. spicata leaf contains is rich secondary metabolites with various bioactive properties: Specifically, such as tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, saponins help reduce cholesterol, and alkaloids have analgesic properties. The extract has a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 231.37 ± 2.05 mg GAE/g and a total phenol content (TPC) of 247.32 ± 5.07 mg GAE/g. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized from this extract and subsequently characterized through various analytical techniques. The absorbance measurement at 437 nm confirmed the successful nanoparticle synthesis. FTIR spectra showed water-related absorption bands at 3330 cm−1 and 3337 cm−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of spherical nanoparticles of about 25.4 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) illustrated particles ranging from 20 to 50 nm with high crystallinity and a lattice spacing of 0.297 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed their crystalline structure with distinct Bragg reflections at 39.1°, 46.1°, 68.7°, and 79.2°, which corresponding to (111), (200), (220,311) planes, respectively (JCPDS card no. 01–080-1876). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the high purity of the synthesized ZnO nanocrystals. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with radical scavenging rates up to 97.33 %, effective antimicrobial properties, and notable anticancer activity, achieving 99.75 % inhibition of MCF-7 cells at 40 μg/mL. These findings highlight the nanoparticles' potential applications in health and medicine.

Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Semialarium mexicanum for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B dyes

Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Semialarium mexicanum for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B dyes

Synthesis of liposomal nanoparticles to load 4-farnesyloxycoumarin and investigating its anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects.

The aim of this study was to load 4-farnesyloxycoumarin (4-FLC) in nanoliposomes (4-FLC-LNPs) and evaluate its anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects. 4-FLC-LNPs were synthesized using a combination of lecithin-cholesterol-polyethylene glycol. The physicochemical properties were evaluated using DLS, FTIR, and microscopy methods. The toxicity against breast cancer (MCF-7), prostate cancer (PS3), pancreatic cancer (PANC), gastric cancer (AGS), and normal cell lines (HUVEC) was evaluated using the MTT assay. Fluorescent staining and flow cytometry were used to assess the occurrence of apoptosis. Molecular analysis methods were used to study the apoptosis and metastasis effects of these nanoliposomes. The antioxidant power of 4-FLC-LNPs was measured using the ABTS and DPPH free radicals methods. 4-FLC-LNPs exhibit a spherical morphology, with an average size of 57.43 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.29, and a zeta potential of -31.4 mV. They demonstrate an encapsulation efficiency of 82.4% for 4-FLC. The IC50 value of 4-FLC-LNPs against the breast cancer cell line was reported as the most sensitive, at approximately 60 μg/mL. ABTS and DPPH results were reported at approximately 30 µg/mL. The inductive effects of nanoliposomes on the apoptosis process were confirmed by an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, as well as the arrest of cells in various phases of cell growth. The increased expression of BAX and decreased expression of Bcl-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 confirmed the pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects of 4-FLC-LNPs. These finding validate the therapeutic potential of 4-FLC-LNPs, which may be utilized in preclinical studies.