Nanoparticle Volume Fraction Research Articles

Non-Newtonian blood flow across stenosed elliptical artery: Case study of nanoparticles for brain disabilities with fuzzy logic

This analysis aimed to explore the blood-based non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow in elliptical stenosed artery with single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoparticles. The Carreau fluid model is incorporated to assess the non-Newtonian rheology of blood-based nanofluid for mild stenosis. In particular, the carotid artery is responsible for delivering blood to the brain. If normal blood circulation is disrupted or in the case of severe stenosis, blockage of the carotid artery can lead to the development of brain disability or stroke, which in turn can lead to death. The idealized mathematical equation is transformed into a nondimensional form and solved analytically via the perturbation method through a novel polynomial technique. These analytical solutions are explored and explained graphically. The system’s disorder and variability are assessed by completing an entropy production analysis. The disruption in blood flow due to the presence of nanoparticles causes uncertainty in the flow nature. This uncertainty is dealt with by fuzzy analysis of temperature distribution by accounting for the nanoparticle volume fractions as triangular fuzzy numbers. It is noticed that stenosis shapes and height greatly impact the flow characteristics. The nanoparticles’ percentage in fluid affected the temperature profile. The non-Newtonian characteristics of blood are found to be more dominant along the minor axis, and an effectively higher disorder is produced in this direction. It is observed that the temperature of nanofluid emerged as a triangular fuzzy number of symmetric shape.

Thermal performance analysis of oriented MHD convective flow and entropy production of hybrid nanofluids in a cavity induced by semicircles at different radii ratios

AbstractThe current study numerically treats the magnetic field impacts on the natural convection flow and entropy generation in a square cavity filled with hybrid nanofluid and induced by two isothermally heated semicircles at the bottom and left walls of the cavity. The cavity is filled by hybrid nanofluid (titanium oxide/silver‐water) and oriented under different inclination angles with the applied magnetic field. The simulations in this study were executed via a home‐made code written in the FORTRAN programing language. The numerical methodology considered to solve the coupled equations of continuity, momentum, energy, and entropy generation equations with the associated boundary conditions is the finite volume method and the full multigrid acceleration. Various wake parameters are considered in this research study, namely, the inclination angle of the cavity (α), the magnetic field inclination (γ), the Hartmann number (Ha), the Rayleigh number (Ra), the volume fraction of the hybrid nanofluid (ϕ) and the internal semicircles radii ratio (β). The major findings issued from the impact of these parameters on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics reveal that heat transfer and entropy generation are a decreasing function of the Hartmann parameter. Moreover, the total entropy generation is intensified by 85.23% from Ra = 103 to Ra = 106 for Ha = 10, by 85.818% for Ha = 50 and 83.813% for Ha = 100. Besides, the flow magnitude is found decreasing with increasing the radii ratio β of the semicircles. It is also found that optimal heat transfer rates deducted from the variation of average Nusselt number versus Ra for different volume fractions of the hybrid nanoparticles are obtained for the extreme values of the pertinent parameters (β = 1, ϕ = 8%, Ra = 106). Hence, the present work offers a useful tool and a parametric study for the research community and engineers on the design and optimization of thermal management systems used in a variety of industrial applications, such as heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, and energy systems.

Melting and heat management of phase change material using smart ternary-hybrid coolant

This research investigates the effectiveness of using a smart ternary-hybrid nanofluid to enhance the melting rate and convective behavior of electrically conducting tin (Sn) in a rectangular enclosure under the influence of a uniform magnetic field. The enclosure has adiabatic vertical walls with hot and cold temperatures on the bottom and top walls. The finite element method (FEM) is used to solve the governing equations with appropriate boundary conditions using Galerkin's weighted residual approach. The study focuses on applying tin as the phase change material (PCM), with the highest temperature of 508 K, the lowest temperature of 503 K, and the melting interface temperature of 505 K. To enhance the heat transfer performance, tin-based ternary (graphene (G), silicon carbide (SiC), and nickel (Ni)) hybrid smart coolant is applied into the system. To investigate the mechanism of the melting and convective thermal transfer process, the results of the present study are reported with time for various values of the magnetic field (Ha) and solid concentration of ternary hybrid nanoparticle (ϕ). This study represents the streamlines, isothermal lines, melting interface, melting fraction, and heat transfer for the above-mentioned parameters. The results show that increasing the magnetic field reduces the rate of thermal transport by 38.96 % at t = 4000s. However, at a particular time of 2500s, increasing the solid volume fraction of nanoparticles enhances the melting fraction by approximately 8.34 %. Two regression equations are derived for the Nusselt number and melting fraction, with multiple response variables. This article improves understanding of natural convective heat transport during phase change processes for various coolants in different engineering applications.

Differential study on the thermal–physical properties of metal and its oxide nanoparticle-formed nanofluids: Molecular dynamics simulation investigation of argon-based nanofluids

Abstract The influence of nanoparticle shape, volume fraction, and temperature on the thermal properties of nanofluids plays a pivotal role in engineering applications. However, there remains a considerable lack of systematic research comprehensively considering these factors to study the similarities and differences in the thermal properties of nanofluids composed of metals and their oxides and to conduct in-depth analyses of their internal mechanisms and characteristics. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted, employing reversing perturbation non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics methods. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al–Ar and Al2O3–Ar nanofluids were thoroughly investigated under the various influencing factors. Results reveal that under identical conditions, the thermal conductivity of Al–Ar nanofluid surpasses that of Al2O3–Ar nanofluid, exemplified by values such as 0.1832 W/m K (Al–Ar, 1.5%, cylinder, 86 K) versus 0.17745 W/m K (Al2O3–Ar, 1.5%, cylinder, 86 K). Furthermore, the viscosity of Al–Ar nanofluid is lower than that of Al2O3–Ar nanofluid, demonstrated by values such as 0.0004882 Pa S (Al–Ar nanofluid, 86 K, 2.5%, platelets) compared to 0.008975 Pa S (Al2O3–Ar nanofluid, 86 K, 2.5%, platelets). Subsequently, this study analyzed the difference in thermal conductivity between the two nanofluids from the perspective of microscale interface heat conduction by comparing the phonon density of states curves of Al, Ar, and Al2O3 in the two nanofluids for overlap. Subsequently, through radial distribution function analysis, the viscosity difference between Al–Ar and Al2O3–Ar nanofluids is explained based on nanofluid–solid interface and microstructural considerations. This research addresses the comprehensive lack of comparative studies on the thermal properties of nanofluids formed by metals and their oxides. The internal mechanisms underlying the thermal property differences of nanofluids formed by metals and their oxides were revealed from a microscopic perspective, which holds significant implications for the engineering applications of nanofluids.

Natural convective Cu-water nanofluid flow in isosceles triangular cavity with forced free stream cooled sides and localized heated base

The present paper aims to conduct a numerical investigation of the natural convective flow of Cu-water nanofluid in an isosceles triangular-shaped cavity, where an air stream cools the lateral walls while its base is subjected to discrete heating. The governing equations are numerically solved using the finite volume method (FVM) employing ANSYS FLUENT. The results are presented with diverse scopes of pertinent parameters, including non-dimensional heater length (L/H = 0.25, 0.5, and 1), Rayleigh Number (Ra = 104, 105, and 106), nanoparticles volume fraction (φ = 0, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09), and free stream Reynolds number (Re∞ = 102, 103, 104 and 105). The impact of each of these parameters is depicted on the isotherms (θ) lines, stream function (ψ) contours, and the average Nusselt number (Nuavg) plots on the heated lower wall. The findings showed the subsequent enlargements in Nuavg with an increase in Ra by 515 %, L/H by 130 %, Re∞ by 43 %, and φ by 137 %, indicating an enhancement in the heat transfer rate with these parameters. Besides, extra secondary eddies will be generated inside the cavity when Ra becomes more extensive, while the flow configuration is not influenced by the enlargement of φ, Re∞, and L/H. The present model findings have been compared with other work from the literature and showed an acceptable agreement with a maximum error of less than 1 %.

Analyzing heat transfer behavior in two-dimensional Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium using magnetized nanoparticles

This study investigates the two-dimensional boundary layer flow and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid over a plate embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium of magnetite ternary hybrid ferrofluid in the presence of suction or injection. It uniquely includes the effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation in the energy equation, offering a comprehensive analysis of the phenomena involved. The research focuses on three nanoparticle (NP) combinations of ferrofluid particles ( Fe 3 O 4 ) and metal oxide NPs ( CuO / TiO 2 ) dispersed in an aquatic base fluid with different volume fractions. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and solved using the Runge–Kutta-based shooting technique. The study evaluates key physical quantities, such as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, and examines the effects of dimensionless parameters, including the absorbent Reynolds number (Re), expansion ratio (α), Peclet number (Pe), Eckert number (Ec), NP volume fractions ( φ 1 , φ 2 , and φ 3 ) , porous medium parameter (r), and Darcy-porous medium parameter (F), on velocity and temperature profiles. The results indicate that increasing the porous medium parameters r and F leads to opposite shear stress effects in the dual-porosity medium. Higher Peclet number (Pe) and Eckert number (Ec) values enhance heat transfer rates within the thermal boundary layers. Moreover, elevated Reynolds number (Re) and expansion ratio (α) values result in opposing radial velocity profiles within the momentum boundary layers. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the complex interactions governing ternary ferrofluid flow and thermal performance in dual-porosity media, contributing to advancements in fluid system applications.

Enhancing Natural Convection Heat Transfer Through Dome-Shaped Nanofluid Enclosures: Two-Phase Simulation Analysis

This study utilizes numerical analysis to investigate laminar flow and natural convective heat transfer of nanofluids (NFs) within dome-shaped enclosures (DSEs). The horizontal walls of the enclosure are adiabatic, while the vertical walls on the right and left are maintained at isothermal conditions with low and high temperatures, respectively. The study focuses on examining the impact of DSEs on flow patterns and natural convection (N.C.) under varying parameters, including Rayleigh numbers (Ra), Lewis numbers (Le), enclosure inclination angles, dome angles, and buoyancy ratio number (Nr). The Prandtl number (Pr) and nanoparticle volume fraction are consistently maintained at 10 and 0.05, respectively. The governing equations have been resolved by applying the Eulerian–Eulerian two-phase model. The study reveals that the DSE significantly influences flow dynamics, leading to smoother circulation patterns that intensify convection currents. This movement of hot fluid toward cooler regions within the enclosure enhances natural convective heat transfer. Across all enclosure inclination angles, the average Nusselt number (Nu) increases with higher Ra, while the Le remains constant at 4. Significantly, due to its robust convective currents, the average Nu in the DSE with a 45° dome angle surpasses those of corresponding square and rectangular enclosures.

Darcy-Forchheimer MHD micropolar water based hybrid nanofluid flow, heat and mass transfer features past on stretching/shrinking surface with slip and radiation effects

Hybrid nanofluids (HNF) play a vital role in enhancing the heat transfer characteristics of all types of traditional fluids, both in industrial and experimental applications. In this regard, the laminar two-dimensional (2D) boundary layer magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy-Forchheimer flow, heat transfer, and mass transfers characteristics of Cu–MoS2/micropolar water-based hybrid nanofluid have been considered over a stretching/shrinking surface. The thermal radiation and partial slip effects are considered in a porous medium. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate similarity transformations. The equations are numerically solved using the shooting method in Maple software, and dual solutions are obtained for different ranges of the applied parameters. The effects of the different physical parameters and nanoparticle volume fractions on velocity, microrotation, temperature, and concentration profiles along with skin friction, couple stress, Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are examined. The main findings of this study show that the velocity profiles decrease with an increase in the suction, the Darcy-Forchheimer number, velocity slip, magnetic and micromaterial parameters, while oppositely, it increases with an increase in nanoparticle volume fractions. Moreover, an increase in the magnetic field, nanoparticle volume fractions, and thermal radiation increases the temperature profiles, while an increase in the Prandtl number, suction, and thermal slip parameters decreases it. An increase in nanoparticle volume fractions decreases skin friction, the couple stress coefficient, and the Nusselt number, but increases the Sherwood number with the variation of suction.

The volume fraction of nanoparticles and temperature effects on thermal conductivity of SWCNT–Fe3O4–CuO/ethylene glycol–water ternary hybrid nanofluid: experimental, numerical, and statistical investigations

The volume fraction of nanoparticles and temperature effects on thermal conductivity of SWCNT–Fe3O4–CuO/ethylene glycol–water ternary hybrid nanofluid: experimental, numerical, and statistical investigations

Scaling variation in the pinch-off of colloid-polymer mixtures

Hypothesis: The scaling laws of drop pinch-off are known to be affected by drop compositions including dissolved polymers and non-Brownian particles. When the size of the particles is comparable to the characteristic length scale of the polymer network, these particles may interact strongly with the polymer environment, leading to new types of scaling behaviors not reported before.Experiments: Using high-speed imaging, we experimentally studied the time evolution of the neck diameter hmin of drops composed of silica nanoparticles dispersed in PEO solution when extruded from a nozzle.Findings: After initial Newtonian necking with hmin ∼ t2/3, the subsequent stage may exhibit scaling variation, characterized by either exponential or power-law decay, depending on the nanoparticle volume fraction ϕ. The exponential decay hmin ∼ e-t/τ signifies the coil-stretch transition in typical viscoelastic suspensions. We conducted an analysis of the power-law scenario hmin ∼ tα at high ϕ, categorizing the entire process into three distinct regimes based on the exponents α. The dependences of critical thicknesses at transition points and exponents on polymer concentration offer initial insights into the potential transition from heterogeneous to homogeneous thinning in the mixture. This novel scaling variation bears implications for accurately predicting and controlling droplet fragmentation in industrial applications.

Heat transfer across an array of cylinders arranged in inline and staggered formation in a heat exchanger: effect of nanoparticle volume fraction, nanoparticle diameter, and Richardson number

Heat transfer across an array of cylinders arranged in inline and staggered formation in a heat exchanger: effect of nanoparticle volume fraction, nanoparticle diameter, and Richardson number

Optimizing heat transport in a permeable cavity with an isothermal solid block: Influence of nanoparticles volume fraction and wall velocity ratio

Abstract This study examines the influence of wall velocity ratio on mixed convective heat transport in a permeable cavity containing an isothermal solid block at its center. The analysis considers the characteristics of various flow variables, i.e., Darcy number, wall velocity ratio, Richardson number, and volume fraction of suspended nanoparticles, on heat transport and material flow characteristics. The principal equations are solved implementing the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations algorithm, and the outcomes are compared with existing literature. The study shows that rising estimations of Darcy number, velocity ratio, Richardson number, and nanoparticles volume fraction lead to improved heat transfer rates. For example, at high Richardson number (100) and solid volume fraction (0.05), increasing the velocity ratio from 0.5 to 1.5 results in a 6% (5%) upsurge in heat transport rate. Conversely, at smaller Richardson number (0.01), the heat transport rate upsurges by 29% (28%). Similarly, at high Darcy numbers and low wall velocity ratios, a 3% (4%) escalate in heat transport rate is observed with an increase in nanoparticles concentration from 0 to 0.05, while a 9% (8%) increase in thermal performance is achieved at low Darcy numbers. The study emphasizes the importance of optimizing the combination of nanoparticles volume fraction, Darcy number, velocity ratio, and Richardson number to maximize thermal performance in the porous cavity.

Multiple shape factor effects of nanofluids on marangoni mixed convection flow through porous medium

This study explores the effects of multiple shape factors on nanofluids within Marangoni mixed convection flows through porous media. Nanofluids, containing nanoparticles in a base fluid, show unique thermal properties, making them valuable in cooling systems, energy storage, and medical devices. Marangoni mixed convection, driven by surface tension gradients, adds complexity to fluid dynamics and heat transfer in porous media. Analytical and numerical analyses examine how various particle geometries, nanoparticle volume fractions, and porous medium configurations influence transport phenomena. Entropy analysis calculates thermodynamic irreversibilities. Findings reveal relationships between shape factors, heat transfer rates, velocity profiles, temperature distribution, and entropy generation rates, offering insights for optimizing nanofluid-based systems. The study also investigates magnetic forces, heat source/sink effects, and viscous dissipation on thermal energy transfer in Graphene oxide/water and Molybdenum disulfide/water nanofluids. Using similarity transformations, Partial Differential Equations are converted into Ordinary Differential Equations, solved with HAM and NDSolver by using the Wolfram tools. Results graphically depict velocity, temperature, entropy, and skin friction values, providing practical insights for engineering applications.

Effects of Arrhenius Activation Energy on Thermally Radiant Williamson Nanofluid Flow Over a Permeable Stretching Sheet with Viscous Dissipation

This paper explores the role of viscous dissipation, Arrhenius activation energy, and thermal radiation of Williamson nanofluid flow over a permeable stretching sheet. The governing partial differential equations have been simplified through a transformation process, resulting in a set of non-linear differential equations. To find a solution for these equations, a numerical approach is employed, specifically the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Additionally, a shooting technique is utilized to enhance the accuracy of the numerical solutions. Overall, the study involves reducing complex equations, solving them numerically, and refining the results through a combination of methods. The study investigates the impact of different physical parameters on key factors like velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient, nano particle volume fraction, and rates of mass and heat transfer. This study exhibits that activation energy parameter enhances concentration profiles, whereas fitted rate constant shows opposite behavior. The activation energy into heat transfer model allows for the optimization of heat transfer systems utilizing Williamson nano fluids.

Comparative approach of Darcy–Forchheimer flow on water based hybrid nanofluid ([formula omitted]) and mono nanofluid ([formula omitted]) over a stretched surface with injection/suction

The hybrid nanofluids are crucial for enhancing heat transfer efficiency in different technological and industrial operations like nuclear reactor cooling, fuel cells, drug delivery systems, etc. Taking this factor into account, the current investigation focused on the MHD Darcy–Forchheimer flow of water-based hybrid nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3) and mono nanofluid (Cu) past a stretched surface with injection/suction. Additionally, the investigation focuses on analyzing the consequences of nonlinear thermal radiation and heat consumption/generation. The governing higher-order PDEs are rehabilitated into ODEs through a suitable transformation process. Finally, we solve these equations using the quantitative approach of the Bvp4c algorithm in MATLAB and visualize the results in tables and graphs. Our study revealed that the intensified magnetic field, porosity, and injection/suction parameters suppress the fluid velocity. The fluid heat is enhanced when intensifying the radiation, and nanoparticles volume fraction parameters. Augmenting the magnetic field parameter results in a reduction in the skin friction coefficient. It is also found that the highest dwindling percentage of the skin friction coefficient is 24% (HNF), 33.38% (NF), and 25.70% (VF) when the magnetic field parameter changes from 0 to 1. The largest growing percentage of the local Nusselt number is 34.02% (HNF), 36.75% (NF) and 39.52 (VF), which occurs when the suction/injection parameter is modified from −0.3 to 0.

Explicit computational analysis of unsteady maxwell nanofluid flow on moving plates with stochastic variations

It is imperative to investigate the proposed computational scheme for the resolution of two-dimensional partial differential equations that result from non-Newtonian nanofluid flow over flat and oscillatory sheets, taking into account the effects of the magnetic field and chemical reactions, as it is designed to address stochasticity, unstable flow conditions, and Maxwellian behaviour. Consequently, it offers valuable insights into the dynamics of nanofluids. A stochastic computational scheme is suggested to address the two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) caused by non-Newtonian nanofluid flow over flat and oscillatory sheets in the presence of a magnetic field and chemical reaction effects. The Taylor series analysis is employed to construct a scheme. The two-stage approach can be employed to discretize the time derivative in the differential equations. The stability study results and the consistency by mean square measure are also included. The continuity equation in the given partial differential equations (PDEs) is discretized using the first-order finite difference approach. The remaining equations, including the energy equation, the nanoparticle volume fraction, and the Navier-Stokes equation, are discretized using the second-order difference in space scheme that is proposed. Three separate figures show how the various parameters affect the nanoparticle volume fractions, velocity, and temperature. Through a focus on a specific computational technique designed to handle the challenges given by stochasticity, unstable flow conditions, and the Maxwellian behaviour shown by these nanofluids, this study introduction serves as a portal into the involved domain of nanofluid dynamics.

Effects of magnetic fields and nanoparticle concentration on hydro-thermal performance of a surface enhanced microchannel

This article numerically investigates fluid flow and heat transfer in plain wall (PWMC) and oblique fin (OFMC) microchannels under varying magnetic fields using water- Al2O3 nanofluid as a working fluid. Effects of magnetic flux (Hartmann number, Ha = 0–30), fluid velocity (Reynolds number, Re = 100–500), and nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ = 0%–2%) on the overall thermo-fluid performance are analyzed. Magnetic fields can significantly improve the heat transfer in OFMC in a higher rate compared to the PWMC. Also, there is a less increment on the pressure drop in the OFMC in comparison to PWMC. In addition, individual, as well as combined effect of Joule and viscous heating on the thermo-fluid performance is investigated. Due to the combined effect of Joule and viscous heating, the Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) in OFMC can be improved by 21%. However, the PEC in OFMC can be enhanced by 55% without considering the combined effect. The detailed characteristics flow and heat transfer are also studied by analyzing the velocity contours, isotherms, streamlines, friction factors, and Nusselt numbers. The present study concludes the importance of consideration of Joule and viscous heating for an accurate modeling, where the viscous heating plays the dominant role. The present findings can be instrumental in enhancing the performance of micro heat sinks to optimize hydrothermal performance in high powered motors, nuclear fusion reactors etc., where magnetic field is present.

Investigating the convective flow of ternary hybrid nanofluids and single nanofluids around a stretched cylinder: Parameter analysis and performance enhancement

Within this research, we examined the convective flow of a blend of ternary hybrid nanofluids and single nanofluids with a stagnation point caused by a stretched cylinder. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using a ternary hybrid nanofluid instead of a single nanofluid. Water is used as the base fluid in this investigation. The single nanofluid is made of copper and the ternary hybrid nanofluid is made of Molybdenum disulfide, copper, and silver. The impact of the curvature parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, mixed convection parameter, velocity ratio, shape factor, conjugate number and Eckert number parameters on temperature and velocity profiles has been investigated. Differential equations with partial derivatives were transformed to equations of ordinary differential type. The ODEs were then solved using the RK5th method. The ternary hybrid nanofluid has greater advantages than the single nanofluid and enhances the velocity and temperature compared to the single nanofluid, according to this study. Furthermore, the results showed that when curvature parameter, volume fraction and shape factor improved, so did the velocity and temperature profile. The results showed that moving from a single nanofluid to a ternary hybrid nanofluid at shape factor equal to 16.2 (Lamina) boosts the velocity by 20 %. Also, in Eckert number equal to 0.45, and substituting the ternary hybrid nanofluid boosts the temperature tenfold.

Heat transfer in radiative hybrid nanofluids over moving sheet with porous media and slip conditions: Numerical analysis of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity

Our current numerical investigation aims to estimate the thermal transport properties of hybrid nanofluids on a moving surface that is being shrinked horizontally. The hybrid nanoparticles consist of alumina (Al2O3) and copper (Cu), suspended in water as the base fluid. The transportation phenomenon takes place in a Darcy-Forchheimer medium, which is a porous material that exhibits thermal radiation, variable viscosity, variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the effects of velocity and thermal slip conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted using suitable similarity transformations into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The equations were solved using the shooting technique with the RK-IV algorithm in the MATHEMATICA program. Dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt numbers all provide numerical outcomes. Graphs and tables show the results of an investigation into the influence of different physical characteristics on these numbers. The velocity profile exhibits an upward trend when the velocity slip and nanoparticles volume fraction rise, but a downward trend when the viscosity and Prandtl number are varied. if the thermal slip and variable Prandtl number grow, the temperature profile falls. Conversely, if the nanoparticles volume fraction and variable thermal conductivity increase, the temperature profile increases. The skin friction and Nusselt number exhibit an upward trend as the volume percentage of nanoparticles and the viscosity of the system rise. At a Prandtl number of 6.2 and a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1 %, the Xue model demonstrates a heat transfer rate increase that is 5.32 % superior to the Yamada-Ota model and 3.18 % superior to the Hamilton-Crosser model for nanofluid. In the case of hybrid nanofluid, the Xue model exhibits a 19.01 % superiority over the Yamada-Ota model and 12.197 % superior to the Hamilton-Crosser model.

Mixed Convection Boundary Layer Flow over a Solid Sphere in AL203-Ag/Water Hybrid Nanofluid with Viscous Dissipation Effects

The current study aims to investigate how heat transfer and skin friction develop by modifications in the fundamental advantages of fluids in the presence of mixed convection boundary layer flow over on a sphere in hybrid nanofluids. The numerical solutions for the reduced Nusselt number, local skin friction coefficient temperature profile, and velocity profiles are discovered and clearly presented. The Eckert number, the mixed convection parameter λ, and the nanoparticle volume fraction are all investigated and described. It is found that increasing the volume percentage of nanomaterial in nanofluid enhanced the value of the skin friction coefficient. The low density of nano oxides in hybrid nanofluids, such as alumina, also contributes to reduced friction between fluid and body surface. The findings of a computational investigation demonstrate that the use of a hybrid nanofluid, composed of nanometal and nano-oxide in the form of , has the potential to decrease skin friction while maintaining heat transfer characteristics comparable to that of Ag/water nanofluid. The findings in this publication are new and will be useful to boundary layer flow researchers. It can also be applied as a guideline for experimental investigations with the goal of reducing the cost of operation