Nanocomposite Materials Research Articles

Synthesis, and structural characterization of FeMoO4/r-GO nanocomposite as an electrode material for energy storage application

Improving the energy density of electrochemical supercapacitors requires the urgent development of novel electroactive materials. Metal molybdate-based nanostructures are promising candidates as effective electrode materials for the next generation of energy storage solutions. In the present work, a FeMoO4/r-GO nanocomposite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method and used as anode material for supercapacitor application. The structural, and topographical properties were investigated by XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM analysis. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of FeMoO4/reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) composites show an irregular, rod-like structure coated with r-GO sheets. The FeMoO4/r-GO nanocomposite electrode material exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 240 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g, which is significantly higher than the 167 F/g capacitance of pure FeMoO4. The continued charge–discharge (GCD) (5,000) life cycle performance of FeMoO4/r-GO was the retention and coulombic efficiency of 90 % to 86 % after 10 A/g.

Superior EMI shielding behavior of multi-layer structure of PVDF based laminated nanocomposite material by controlling the size and distribution of W-type hexaferrite magnetic nanofillers therein

The effects of size and distribution of magnetic filler materials with different loading percentages inside PVDF matrix having mono-layer and multi-layer structures for the modulation of EMI shielding behavior are discussed in the present report. W-type hexaferrites are prepared using the sol-gel method, followed by the manually mortared and ball-milled techniques and embedded inside the PVDF matrix separately. Phase analysis and morphological studies are performed and discussed herein to understand the effect of ball mill technique, over the manually mortared process of W-type hexaferrites. Magnetic and dielectric studies are performed and the influence of the ball mill technique on magnetic and dielectric behavior of nanofillers as well as nanocomposite systems are discussed. Various physical properties of the nanocomposite films are performed within the range of 8-12 GHz. Significant modulations of complex permeability and the complex permittivity with size, distribution and loading percentage of the W-type hexaferrite inside PVDF matrix are found and the effect of impedance matching on EMI shielding behavior are also discussed. EMI shielding behavior of the resultant W-type hexaferrite-PVDF films in the 8-12 GHz frequency region shows the modulations of their absorption and/or reflection effectiveness due to the variation of the size, distribution and loading percentage of magnetic filler materials inside PVDF matrix. Both mono-layer and multi-layer structures of W-type hexaferrite-PVDF films are considered and the effect of thickness on the various parts of EMI shielding behavior is also reported.

Sustainable visible light-driven catalysis using Ca-doped ZnO nanoparticles via sol-gel methodology

In current research, we investigated the optical parameters of ZnO based nanomaterials (pure and Ca-doped ZnO nanostructures). X-ray diffraction study examined that nanostructures had good crystallinity and phase purity. Furthermore, energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy reported the composition of nanomaterials and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated the surface morphology of nanomaterials. Photoluminescence and UV-visible spectroscopy were employed to explore the optical features. It was observed from results that 3% calcium-doped zinc oxide exhibited highest efficiency in the degradation of both MB and MO dyes. Notably, the highest degradation efficiency achieved for MB and MO was 84% and 89%, respectively.

High Modulus Epoxy/GO-PANI Self-Healing Materials Without Catalyst by Molecular Engineering and Nanocomposite Fabrication.

Nowadays, self-healing materials have been studied actively in electronics, soft robotics, aerospace, and automobiles because they can prolong the life span of the materials. However, overcoming the trade-off relationship between mechanical properties and self-healing performance is challenging. Herein, graphene oxide-polyaniline (GO-PANI) filler was introduced to overcome this challenge because GO has a highly excellent modulus, and nitrogen atoms in PANI can endow a self-healing ability through hydrogen bonds. Aside from the hydrogen bond in PANI, the hydrogen bond in the carbonyl group and the disulfide exchange bond in the epoxy matrix also helped the materials heal efficiently. Therefore, the modulus of SV-GPN1 (Self-healing Vitrimer-GO-PANI1) reached 770 MPa, and a 65.0% healing efficiency was demonstrated. The modulus and self-healing efficiency were enhanced after adding GO-PANI filler. The self-healing ability, however, deteriorated when adding more GO-PANI filler because it hindered the collision between the molecules. Meanwhile, SV-GPN1 was excellent in reproducibility, which was proven by the experiment that 16.50 mm thick SV-GPN1 also displayed a self-healing ability. Thus, SV-GPN1 can be applied to structural materials in industries like aerospace because of its self-healing ability, excellent modulus, and reproducibility.

Introducing the SNW-1 Covalent Organic Framework to the Polyamide Layer of the TFC-RO Membrane with Enhanced Permeability and Desalination Performance.

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of Schiff base network-1 (SNW-1) covalent organic framework (COF) nanomaterials and their application in the fabrication of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes. The embedding of SNW-1 COF in reverse osmosis (RO) membranes with a polysulfone (PSf) substrate was done using the interfacial polymerization method. The result of the study demonstrated that the porous and hydrophilic structure of the COF increased the hydrophilic properties of the produced RO membranes. When the COF was embedded with a concentration of 0.02 wt %, the hydrophilicity of the RO membrane was higher than that of the other membranes, with a contact angle value of 45.2°. Pure water flux, saline solution flux, and humic acid (HA)/sodium chloride (NaCl) foulant solution flux were measured to determine the membrane performance, and it was found that as the COF ratio increased, the fluxes increased up to a certain concentration rate. The RO membrane with a SNW-1 concentration of 0.005 wt % had the highest values of pure water flux and saline solution flux with high salt rejection (34.2 and 32.2 LMH, 97.1%, respectively) and was the most resistant membrane against fouling. This study presents the potential of the SNW-1 COF with precise design capabilities and controlled unique properties as an additive for desalination applications.

Chemoresistive H2S sensor based on PANI/TiO2/CuCl2 nanocomposite impregnated conductive fabric using TOPSIS and Taguchi method

Abstract Conductive polymer/metal oxide nanocomposites have been widely used for chmoresistive gas sensors. PANI/TiO2/CuCl2 nanocomposite(PTCN) impregnated conductive fabric was prepared by in-situ synthesis method. To improve the performance of PTCN impregnated fabric for detecting H2S gas, Taguchi orthogonal array(TOA) is used to experimental design, and best values of factors affecting to the sensing performance are determined using Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Taguchi optimization method. PTCNs were charactierized by SEM, XRD, FTIR. The sensing performances of the proposed sensor such as linear detection range, sensitivity, repeatability and effect of humidity for hydrogen sulfide gas were evaluated.

Versatile platform of 3D/2D/1D:ZnFe2O4/NiAl-LDH/MWCNTs nanocomposite for photocatalytic purification of dinoseb and electrocatalytic O2 evolution reaction

Integrating photocatalysis with electrocatalysis may represent a synergistic approach to address environmental and energy challenges. In this context, we explored synthesizing a series of nanocomposite materials using a solid-state approach involving simple grinding and subsequent thermal treatment for the photocatalytic purification of dinoseb and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution (OER). Interestingly, among the series of synthesized materials, 40 wt percentage of 3D/2D/1D:ZnFe2O4/NiAl-LDH/MWCNTs ternary nanocomposite (40-NZM) showed highly improved dinoseb detoxification and OER efficiencies compared to those of pure materials. Importantly, approximately 98% detoxification of dinoseb was observed within 75 min of irradiation time under a visible light source. Remarkably, the 40-NZM nanocomposite exhibited the highest rate constant value (k = 4.1 × 10−2 min−1) with a favorable R2 (0.98) parameter. Furthermore, 40-NZM showed promising electrocatalytic OER performance, requiring only 217 mV of overpotential to achieve 10 mAcm−2 of current density with a smaller Tafel slope of 66.6 mVdec−1. Additionally, long-term stability was tested by recording 2000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles. The results revealed that 40-NZM could maintain its catalytic activity for a longer duration as it required only 227 mV to attain 10 mAcm−2 even after 2000 CV cycles. Consequently, these outstanding characteristics of 40-NZM nanocomposite underscore the significant potential for catalytic water purification and sustainable energy conversion.

Novel N-doped ZnO and O-doped g-C₃N₄ heterojunction: Enhanced photocatalytic degradation and robust electrochemical biosensing of ascorbic acid

ZnO and g-C₃N₄ are known for their potential in photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical applications, but their limited band gaps and electrical conductivity hinders performance. Doping is a strategy to modify these properties. This study reports the synthesis of nitrogen-doped ZnO (N-ZnO) and oxygen-doped g-C₃N₄ (OCN) nanocomposites using an in-situ hydrothermal process. Structural and compositional analysis confirmed successful synthesis, while FESEM and HRTEM revealed N-ZnO nanorods decorating OCN sheets. Optical analysis indicated a band gap of 2.54 eV, making the material active under visible light. The nanocomposites demonstrated 90 % photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) within 20 min, with a high rate constant (k = 0.1269 min−1), facilitated by a Z-scheme heterojunction. The catalyst remained stable even after 5 cycles. Moreover, electrochemical biosensing of ascorbic acid (AA) showed a regression value of 0.9965 with high anodic current response and small limit of detection (LOD) value, underscoring the potential of nanocomposite material for commercial applications in both photocatalysis and diagnostics.

Development of novel reduced graphene oxide/metalloporphyrin nanocomposite with photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity for potential wastewater treatment and medical applications

This research investigates a novel nanocomposite material composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nickel-5,15-bisdodecylporphyrin (Ni-BDP) nanoparticles for the effective removal of methyl orange (MO), a harmful synthetic dye, from water. The structure and composition of the synthesized rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The study demonstrates the material’s efficacy as both a catalyst and adsorbent for MO removal. Optimal performance was observed at pH 3.0, where the positively charged nanocomposite surface facilitated strong interactions with negatively charged MO molecules, leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity. Under these conditions, 0.01 g of the nanocomposite achieved an impressive 86.2% MO removal efficiency. Furthermore, the study explored the reusability of the rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite in repeated cycles of photocatalytic MO degradation under visible light irradiation. While exhibiting some decrease in efficiency over five cycles, the nanocomposite maintained a respectable degradation rate even after multiple uses. Finally, the antimicrobial properties of the nanocomposite were evaluated against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria exhibiting a zone of inhibition measuring 23 mm and 26, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.50 µg/ml and 1.25 µg/ml for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The results revealed significant antibacterial activity, demonstrating the broad-spectrum efficacy of the rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite. This research underscores the potential of the rGO/Ni-BDP nanocomposite as a versatile material for environmental remediation and antibacterial applications.

Point‐of‐care testing of DNA damage markers‐8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine based on cobalt‐iron‐platinum‐ruthenium/N doped ordered mesoporous carbon

AbstractIn this work, we achieved point of care detection of DNA damage marker 8‐hydroxy‐2’‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OH‐dG) on tetrapartite metal nanoparticles loaded ordered mesoporous carbon composite nanomaterials (Co‐Fex‐Pt−Pd@NOMC). Nitrogen doping and co‐metal loading were achieved using dopamine as nitrogen, carbon sources and metal linker. In addition, the presence of catechol groups in dopamine with strong affinity for metal ions, make the simultaneous confinement of metals inside and outside the pores of ordered mesoporous carbon. Then, Fe, Pt and Pd metal nanoparticles were introduced to interact with Co nanoparticles to form four‐in‐one alloy nanoparticles by oil bath and carbonisation. The finally formed Co−Fe6‐Pt−Pd@NOMC nanocomposites exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the determination of 8‐OH‐dG. A lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.044 μM, a wide linear range (0.175 μM–118.375 μM) and strong stability, reproducibility and selectivity were obtained. In addition, Co−Fe6‐Pt−Pd@NOMC realised the detection of 8‐OH‐dG in real human urine sample. At the same time, 8‐OH‐dG after DNA damage and guanine damage were also studied in this work. The electrochemical response of 8‐OH‐dG was combined with DNA damage to verify the mechanism of DNA damage. New solutions and idea were provided for the preparation of inorganic nanocomposites for the detection of 8‐OH‐dG in this work.

Physical and biological characteristics of electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol) and reduced graphene oxide nanofibrous structure

The fabrication of graphene-based nanocomposites has been a topic of increasing interest due to graphene’s exceptional physical properties and the ability to enhance the properties of various polymeric materials. Evaluating the biocompatibility of these nanocomposites is crucial to ensure their safe and effective use in biomedical applications. This study characterized and assessed the biocompatibility of previously fabricated electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/reduced graphene oxide rGO fibrous structures by conducting a comprehensive assessment of their physical and biological characteristics. Contact angle measurements revealed that adding rGO to electrospun PVA fibers enhanced the surface wettability, improving the fibrous structure’s PBS absorption capacity and degradation behavior. Including the rGO content resulted in a higher water vapor transmission rate, reaching ∼48 g/m2·day for PVA + 0.5 wt.% rGO and ∼45 g/m2·day for PVA + 1.0 wt.% rGO, compared to ∼40 g/m2·day for electrospun PVA fibers. Cell culture studies, including MTT assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity analysis, alizarin red staining, fluorescence microscopy, and SEM analyses, demonstrated that electrospun PVA + 1.0 wt.% rGO nanocomposites exhibited superior cell viability, proliferation, and growth compared to other samples, due to the improved physical properties of the PVA + 1.0 wt.% rGO fibrous structure.

Recent Advances in Hybrid Nanocomposites for Aerospace Applications

Hybrid nanocomposites have emerged as a groundbreaking class of materials in the aerospace industry, offering exceptional mechanical, thermal, and functional properties. These materials, composed of a combination of metallic matrices (based on aluminum, magnesium, or titanium) reinforced with a mixture of nanoscale particles, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and ceramic nanoparticles (SiC, Al2O3), provide a unique balance of high strength, low weight, and enhanced durability. Recent advances in developing these nanocomposites have focused on optimizing the dispersion and integration of nanoparticles within the matrix to achieve superior material performance. Innovative fabrication techniques have ensured uniform distribution and strong bonding between the matrix and the reinforcements, including advanced powder metallurgy, stir casting, in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and additive manufacturing. These methods have enabled the production of hybrid nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties, such as increased tensile strength, fracture toughness, wear resistance, and enhanced thermal stability and electrical conductivity. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in preventing nanoparticle agglomeration due to the high surface energy and van der Walls forces and ensuring consistent quality and repeatability in large-scale production. Addressing these issues is critical for fully leveraging the potential of hybrid nanocomposites in aerospace applications, where materials are subjected to extreme conditions and rigorous performance standards. Ongoing research is focused on developing novel processing techniques and understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern the behavior of these materials under various operational conditions. This review highlights the recent progress in the design, fabrication, and application of hybrid nanocomposites for aerospace applications. It underscores their potential to revolutionize the industry by providing materials that meet the demanding requirements for lightweight, high-strength, and multifunctional components.

Improved hydrogen detection in SnO2-based materials using CuxPd bimetallic catalyst

Hydrogen (H2) holds promise as a replacement for conventional fossil fuels in future energy systems. However, developing a rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective H₂ sensor remains a significant challenge. This study first uses a low-cost-oriented CuxPd binary alloy for SnO2 for H2 sensing, and the corresponding properties are evaluated comprehensively. The results of H2 sensitivity demonstrate that our bimetallic CuxPd significantly enhances the sensitivity of SnO2, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of CuxPd bimetallic catalysts Our CuxPd/SnO2 nanocomposite materials not only exhibit high response (401 @ 1000 ppm at 100 °C), rapid response/recovery time (1/12 s @ 1000 ppm at 100 °C) and still maintains good response (1.42) to 1 ppm H2 gas. The introduction of Cu effectively stabilizes Pd and creates more oxygen vacancies, which provides a more catalytic effect than monometallic Pd. Therefore, this work provides a scenario for low-cost catalysis of H2 detection.

Liquid metal-enhanced MoS2 nanocomposite for self-healing colloidal anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Energy storage is pivotal in addressing global energy challenges, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at the forefront. However, their longevity is often limited by anode material degradation. Here, we introduce a novel LM/AgNWs@MoS2 nanocomposite anode material, synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, which integrates liquid metal's fluidity with silver nanowires' conductivity and MoS2's rapid lithium-ion diffusion. This composite demonstrates exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 468 mA h g−1 over 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1, and self-heals electrode cracks, offering a significant advancement for LIBs durability and safety. The LM/AgNWs@MoS2 nanocomposite addresses the critical need for durable, self-healing anode materials in LIBs, pushing forward the development of next-generation energy storage solutions.

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite based ammonia gas sensor

Pure TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method and polyaniline (PANI), while PANI/TiO2 (content TiO2:25 % and 50 %) nanocomposites were synthesized by using in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. X-RD, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for the structural analysis, elemental composition, and surface morphology. The XRD patterns of PANI/TiO2(25 %,50 %) composites reveals that the relative intensity of diffracted peaks increases with increasing the content of TiO2 indicating an increase of crystallinity in such case. FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups in the nanocomposite. In SEM surface morphology observed that highly porous nanograins are formed. The average particle sizes of PANI/TiO2(25 %) 339 nm and PANI/TiO2(50 %) 196 nm were obtained. The resistance change response of nanocomposite material were done by using a static two-probe unit by exposure to ammonia (NH3) gas. The maximum sensitivity of PANI/TiO2(50 %) nanocomposite was achieved on 500 ppm (parts per million) of ammonia gas at 40 °C. The fast response time (20 s.), and recovery time (28 s.) has obtained.

Enhanced carbon dioxide capture through composite of polyamide 6 nanofibers and zeolites: Preparation and performance evaluation

The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) demands innovative solutions for its capture and sequestration. Composite and nanocomposite materials have gained attention for their high surface area, adjustable properties, and improved adsorption capabilities. This manuscript explores the preparation, characterization, and performance assessment of a novel composite material consisting of polyamide 6 nanofibers combined with two types of zeolites, designed for CO2 capture. We detail the fabrication process, as well as the structural, chemical, and morphological characterization of the composites. The results confirmed the successful modification of polyamide 6 nanofibers with both types of zeolites. CO2 sorption measurements revealed that the composite with zeolite Y exhibited a notably high sorption capacity, with a maximum of 35.8 cm³/g, significantly surpassing the performance of amine-modified nanofibers, which demonstrated sorption capacities approximately three times lower. These findings highlight the potential of this composite for efficient CO2 capture, providing valuable insights into its practical application for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While the CO2 sorption capacities of the composite are lower than those of pure zeolites, the composite offers practical advantages, such as easier handling and simplified application.

Au@hydroxyapatite nanocomposite as a novel apoptosis Inducer and NF-κB translocation Inhibitor in prostate cancer cell line

In the current study, we used an environmentally friendly method called pulsed laser irradiation for the preparation of AuNPs and hydroxyapatite NPs alone and as a composite nanomaterials. The optical, morphology, and chemical bonding possessions of prepared AuNPs, hydroxyapatite NPs, and Au-hydroxyapatite composites were studied using different techniques like Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Ultraviolet–visible Spectram (UV–VIS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The anticancer activity of prepared Au NPs, hydroxyapatite NPs, and Au-hydroxyapatite composites against prostate cancer cell line (PC-3 cells) was evaluated by MTT assay as well the possible mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis. The consequences suggest that the nanoparticles can act against an antiproliferative agent against PC-3 cells-induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and reducing the NF-κB translocation pathway. The current study demonstrates the potential role of an Au-hydroxyapatite composite for anticancer applications via the activation of the apoptosis pathway through extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Fabrication of a natural nanocomposite from Syzygium cumini and squid bone waste decorated with Cu-Nps for simultaneous use in the triple method of photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy.

This work reports a new nano platform made from natural materials. For this purpose, calcium carbonate nanoparticles derived from Persian Gulf squid bones as a drug carrier, Syzygium cumini (dye extracted from the fruit of the Persian Gulf trees) as a photosensitizer, and Doxorubicin as a chemotherapy drug have been used. In addition, copper nanoparticles were added to the above composition to increase the efficiency of photothermal treatment. For phototherapy, samples were irradiated by an 808 nm laser (1 W). The results show that nanocomposites play an influential role in the reactive oxygen species process, and an increase of 21 degrees in temperature during 15 minutes of laser radiation is effective in photodynamic/photothermal therapy. The drug loading capacity of the nanocomposite was calculated as 49%. This new nanocomposite for simultaneous photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy holds great promise for future cancer treatment due to its excellent potential in treatment and reduced systemic toxicity.&#xD.

Continuously tunable negative pressure for engineering high-symmetry nanocrystalline phases

In this work, the phenomenon of strain induced by a mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between a thin film and its substrate is harnessed in a new context, replacing the canonical planar support with a three-dimensional (3-D), nanoconfining scaffold in which we embed a material of interest. In this manner, we demonstrate a general approach to exert a continuously tunable, triaxial, tensile strain, defying the Poisson ratio of the embedded material and achieving the exotic condition of "negative pressure." This approach is hypothetically generalizable to materials of low modulus and high thermal expansion coefficient, and we use it here to achieve negative pressure in perovskite-phase CsPbI3 embedded within the cylindrical pores of anodic aluminum oxide membranes. Through controlled thermal hysteresis, the perovskite crystal structure can be continuously tuned toward higher symmetry when confined in a scaffold with pore size <40 nm, in contrast with the symmetry-reducing action of any other mechanical perturbation. We use this effect to control the octahedral rotation angle that is critical to the remarkable photovoltaic attributes of halide perovskites. Under hundreds of megapascals of apparent negative pressure, the bandgap tunability is observed to follow the same quantitative trend observed for hydrostatic positive pressure, exploring the negative pressure region and demonstrating the relative dominance of bond stretching effects over average octahedral rotation angle on electronic structure. This study reveals and quantifies the structural and electronic consequences of 3D tensile strain present by design and provides a framework for understanding adventitious strain present in all nanocomposite materials.

Nanocomposites in Tire Development – Benefits, Challenges, and the Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

In the rapidly evolving automotive industry, enhancing vehicle performance and sustainability through innovative materials is paramount. Nanocomposite materials, incorporating nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and silica, have emerged as key enablers in redefining tire technology with improved durability, efficiency, and environmental impact. This review discusses the integration of these nanocomposites into tire manufacturing, emphasizing their role in enhancing mechanical properties, wear resistance, and rolling efficiency while reducing environmental footprints. Challenges such as dispersion uniformity within the rubber matrix and economic considerations due to high material costs are examined, alongside future research directions aimed at scalability and cost reduction. The paper predicts a significant increase in the adoption of nanocomposite tires, driven by technological advances and the shift toward sustainable manufacturing practices. By detailing the synergistic effects of nanocomposites, this review highlights their potential to revolutionize tire performance and contribute to the next generation of green automotive technologies.