Nanoparticle Concentration Distribution Research Articles

Impact of Brownian motion and thermophoresis in magnetohydrodynamic dissipative: Radiative flow of chemically reactive nanoliquid thin films on an unsteady expandable sheet in a composite media

AbstractThis study comprehensively examines magnetohydrodynamic heat transport characteristics within a thin nanofluid film on a stretchable sheet embedded in a composite medium. By considering factors such as the unsteady nature of sheet velocity, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, thermally radiative heat, irregular heat generation/sink, chemical reactions, and dissipation due to viscous fluid, the research provides valuable insights into the variations in fluid velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration. The computational solution utilizes the efficient numerical method that enables accurate predictions of system behavior under varying conditions. Notable findings include the influence of Schmidt numbers on nanoparticle concentration distribution, the opposing impact of thermophoresis parameter values, and the influence of Brownian motion and heat source/sink on temperature profiles in thin nanofluid film. Also, nanoliquid film thickness is reduced by enhancing the porous parameter values and Hartmann number values. The nanoliquid film becomes thinner when the space‐dependent heat source/sink parameter is considered compared to the temperature‐dependent heat source/sink coefficient. In space‐dependent and temperature‐dependent cases, the increase in these parameters leads to a decrease in the temperature gradient. Furthermore, it is observed that higher thermophoresis values correspond to reduced nanoparticle concentration gradient profiles. Also, enhancement in the chemical reaction values leads to an expansion in the solutal boundary region surrounding nanoparticles, and as a consequence, the concentration gradient of nanoparticles is enhanced. This research has significant potential for optimizing heat performance and advancing innovation in industrial and engineering processes.

RETNet: Resolution enhancement Transformer network for magnetic particle imaging based on X-space

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) can visualize the concentration distribution of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in tissues with the advantages of high sensitivity and high temporal resolution. However, the low spatial resolution of MPI limits its application. Increasing the gradient strength of the selection field can improve the resolution of MPI, but also increase power consumption and noise. A feasible and cost-effective method to address this limitation is to reconstruct high gradient (HG) image from low gradient (LG) image using algorithms. Deep learning has been a powerful tool for improving the resolution of medical imaging techniques. In this study, we propose a Resolution Enhancement Transformer Network (RETNet) for reconstructing HG image with high-resolution from LG image with low-resolution as input, avoiding high power consumption and high noise in the system with HG field. RETNet leverages a shallow feature extractor to capture shallow features, a cross-scale-Transformer (CST) to focus on textural features, a residual-swin-Transformer (RST) to focus on structural features, and an image reconstruction module to aggregate these three types of features and reconstruct the HG image. Textural and structural features extracted can ensure the integrity of the details and the realization of high definition in the reconstructed image. Ablation experiments demonstrate the significant contribution of these two modules to reconstruct the HG image. Comparative experiments, including experiments at noise-free and multiple noise levels, confirm the high robustness of RETNet. Simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments consistently demonstrate that RETNet outperforms competing methods and effectively improves the resolution of MPI.

Robin and zero‐mass diffusion analysis for radiated unsteady flow of Maxwell nanofluid due to porous stretched regime: Analytical simulations

AbstractOwing to the multidisciplinary applications of nanomaterials, a wide range of research has been conducted on this topic recently. The aim of current research is to analyze the enhancement of heat transfer due to the unsteady flow of Maxwell nanofluid associated with the zero mass thermal constraints. The applications of the radiated phenomenon and magnetic force are contributed to the current flow problem. The analysis is subject to the implementation of Robin and zero‐mass diffusion constraints. A bidirectional moving porous surface endorsed the flow. The appropriate variables are taken for simplifying the system. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to compute the solution procedure. The obtained results are confirmed with already performed studies. It has been observed that the temperature and nanoparticle concentration distributions decrease for higher unsteady parameter values.

Seasonal distributions of Ti-containing NPs in the main tributaries of the Tamsuei River Basin in northern Taiwan

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize seasonal variations in Ti-containing nanoparticles in the Tamsuei River Basin, situated in northern Taiwan, using sp-ICPMS. The highest particulate mass concentrations were present in the Dahan River, 0.80 − 1.64 ng/mL and 5.65 − 9.94 ng/mL in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed in the Xindian River, 0.05 − 0.31 ng/mL and 0.34 − 1.92 ng/mL in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The highest particulate number concentrations were found in the Keelung River, 170 × 103 − 231 × 103 part./mL in the dry season and 1,372 × 103 − 4,110 × 103 part./mL in the wet season, while the lowest ones presented in the Xindian River. Notably, both particulate mass and number concentrations were significantly elevated during the wet season compared with the dry season, exhibiting a general increase from upstream to downstream. Moreover, a higher proportion of Ti in particulate form was observed in all samples during the wet season. The most frequent sizes for particles present in the samples of the Dahan River were larger during the dry season, 60 − 72 nm, in contrast to the wet season, 38 − 52 nm. These findings suggest that local geology and land use patterns may contribute to variations in Ti-containing nanoparticle concentration distributions among different rivers, particularly during the wet season.

Numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamic free stream and radiative heat transfer flow of nanofluid in a permeable medium over a linearly stretched cylinder with Arrhenius activation energy

This research article explores the transport characteristics of magnetohydrodynamic Newtonian nanofluid flowing past a stretching cylinder in a permeable medium, considering the activation energy effects using Buongiornos mathematical model. Unlike conventional studies employing constant temperature, concentration and density boundary conditions, convective boundary conditions are utilized in this investigation. The analysis incorporates various significant parameters such as magnetic field, joule heating, viscous dissipation, thermophoresis, Brownian motion, Arrhenius activation energy, and chemical reaction. The governing equations in the form of ODEs are obtained by employing similarity variables.The MATLAB built-in solver bvp4c is employed for obtaining the solutions. The impacts of these parameters on the velocity profile, temperature profile, concentration profile, density profile, skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number are elucidated through graphical and tabular representations. The results indicate that an increase in the chemical reaction parameter leads to higher nanoparticle concentration distributions, while the activation energy parameter exhibits the opposite trend. This study holds relevance for various practical applications in applied sciences, including nuclear reactor cooling, geothermal reservoirs, chemical engineering, and thermal oil recovery.

Magneto-Stefan blow enhanced heat and mass transfer flow in non-Newtonian ternary hybrid nanofluid across the nonlinear elongated surface

The present article explores the flow and heat transfer properties of a non-Newtonian ternary nanofluid over a nonlinear stretched surface by considering magnetic, chemical reaction, and Stefan blow effects. The ternary nanoliquid considered here are of three distinct nanoparticles such as Ag, MoS2, and SiO2 due to their high thermal conductivity, thermal stability and lubricating particles each dispersed in a base fluid (H2O). Using similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) that describe the flow, heat transfer, and nanoparticle concentration distribution are turned into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In order to deal with this system, the shooting strategy is utilized – a numerical method renowned for its efficacy in solving nonlinear boundary value problems. Furthermore, the effects of critical parameters such as the Jeffrey parameters, magnetic field strength, Stefan blow parameter, and nanoparticle volume percentage on flow and heat transmission characteristics are comprehensively investigated. It is observed that the velocity field augments when Stefan blow parameter Sb > 0 (mass blowing) and reduces when Sb < 0(mass suction). It is noteworthy to observe that an increase in the Prandtl number (Pr) corresponds to a decrease in the temperature field. The findings of this research possess the potential to provide practical ramifications in diverse technical, biomedical, and industrial sectors, including but not limited to polymer processing and nanomaterial creation. These findings hold significant value in situations where precise control of fluid flow and heat transfer is essential for maximizing overall performance and efficiency.

Effects of Arrhenius kinetic on the magnetized nanofluid flow through a porous stretchable cylinder with slip conditions

ABSTRACT This research addresses the implications of slip on the magnetohydrodynamic transport properties of Newtonian nanofluids. The study employs Buongiorno’s theoretical framework and focuses its attention on a cylindrical object that experiences tensile deformation inside a medium characterized by porosity. In contrast to the often observed boundary conditions that presume a constant temperature and concentration, the current research utilizes hydrodynamic and thermal slip conditions. The recognition of many significant elements, including the Arrhenius activation energy, magnetic field, and viscous dissipation, also has important significance. The phenomena of interest pertaining to fluid flow is first defined and afterward converted into a nondimensional form by including relevant commonalities. In order to do a thorough examination of the current situation, the shooting algorithm and the bvp 4 c technique are used. Graphical and tabular representations are used to demonstrate the implications of several emerging features on the velocity, temperature, and dispersion of nanoparticles. The observed data suggests that a rise in chemical reaction parameters leads to a drop in nanoparticle concentration distributions, but the activation energy parameter exhibits an opposite tendency. It is discovered that the boundary layer thickness under slip flow circumstances differs from that seen without slip flow. The Sherwood number rises when the chemical reaction parameter gets higher, whereas the activation energy parameter escalates in the opposite direction. The present research covers a broad variety of applied sciences applications, with a special emphasis on thermal oil recovery, geothermal reservoirs, chemical engineering, and nuclear reactor cooling.

Sensitivity analysis for MHD bionanofluid slip flow model in fluid-permeable plate

Diagnostic and therapeutic purpose on human healthcare is moving to a trend of combined engineering principles and design concepts. It is therefore beneficial to refine the study on thermodynamic properties of bionanofluid towards a better state of diagnoses and treatments. This paper aims to determine the characteristics of a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) bionanofluid slip flow model in a fluid-permeable plate. A Buongiorno mathematical model describing steady two-dimensional MHD bionanofluid slip flow across a permeable plate is constructed. Numerical analysis by shooting technique and sensitivity analysis under the principle of RSM is configured to determine the correlation between input parameters and output responses. The relationship between the four parameters of interest namely skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number and local density of motile microorganism with respective velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration and microorganism density distributions to the selected input parameters are investigated. Skin friction coefficient and local density of motile microorganism increase with suction and Schmidt number respectively, signifying positive sensitivity. Local Sherwood number is conditionally more sensitive to Brownian motion parameter or else Lewis number. While, local Nusselt number is always gaining negative sensitivity from Lewis number, thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters. Extensive numerical studies on boundary layer problem have been done; yet this is the first study invoking sensitivity analysis to discuss the sensitivity of parameters of interest to the input thermophysical parameters.

Numerical Investigation of MHD Carreau Nanofluid Flow with Nonlinear Thermal Radiation and Joule Heating by Employing Darcy–Forchheimer Effect over a Stretching Porous Medium

Heat transfer in fluid mechanisms has a stronghold in everyday activities. To this end, nanofluids take a leading position in the advent of the betterment of thermal conductivity. The present study examines numerical investigations of incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Carreau nanofluid by considering nonlinear thermal radiation, Joule heating, temperature-dependent heat source/sink, and chemical reactions with attached Brownian movement and thermophoresis above a stretching sheet that saturates the porous medium. Pertaining similarity assumptions are used to change the flow equations into tractable forms of higher order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The continuation technique is adopted in the MATLAB bvp4c package for the numerical outcomes. The velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration distributions in contrast to the leading parameters are availed in graphical and tabular descriptions. Among the many outcomes, increasing the radiation parameter from 0.2 to 0.8 surged the heat transfer rate by 47.78 % at n = 1.5 and lifted it only by 8.5 % at n = 0.5. By boosting the magnetic parameter from 0 to 1.5, respective 37.64 % and 20.17 % rises in local drag forces are achieved in shear-thickening and thinning regions. On top of that, chemical reactions and Brownian motion parameters decay the concentration field. The distinctiveness of this method is that a solution is secured for the problem, which is highly sensitive to initial and boundary conditions. It will be worth mentioning that these fluid flow models will be applicable in various fields, such as engineering, petroleum, nuclear safety processes, and medical science.

Numerical treatment and global error estimation for thermal electro-osmosis effect on non-Newtonian nanofluid flow with time periodic variations

The essential purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of time-periodic variations on mixed convection heat transfer for MHD Eyring-Powell nanofluid. The fluid flows through a non-Darcy porous medium over an infinite vertical plate. The effects of viscous dissipation, Ohmic dissipation, electro-osmosis force, heat source, thermal radiation, Dufour feature, and chemical reaction are presumed. The system of partial differential equations which governs the problem is transformed into a system of non-linear algebraic equations and then an explicit finite difference approach is espoused to solve these nonlinear algebraic equations. The numerical results for the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticles concentration distributions are computed and displayed through a set of graphs. Also, the skin friction coefficient, reduced Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are computed numerically for various values of the physical parameters. It is found that the velocity becomes greater with an elevation in the value of the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity. Meanwhile, it enlarges with rising in the value of the electro-osmotic parameter. The rise in the value of the thermal radiation parameter causes a dwindling influence on both temperature and nanoparticles concentration. Investigations of these effects together are very useful due to their important vital applications in various scientific fields, especially in medicine and medical industries, such as endoscopes, respirators, and diverse medical implementations, as nanoparticles can be utilized in the remedy of cancer tumors. Additionally, electroosmotic flow is important due to its ability to control fluid movement and enhance mass transport, making it valuable in various application such as sample separation, drug delivery, and DNA analysis, offering enhanced efficiency and sensitivity.

Analytical analyzing mixed convection flow of nanofluid in a vertical channel using python approach

This study uses analytical methods to investigate the impact of parameters on the mixed convection flow of nanofluid in a vertical channel. The research aims to explore the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids for more efficient heat transfer in devices. The study analyzes the influence of the Reynolds, Grashof, and Prandtl numbers on nanofluid flows. It also examines the effects of temperature and nanoparticle concentration distributions on parameters such as Brownian motion (Nb), thermophoresis (Nt), and Lewis number (Le). The presence of nanoparticles significantly enhances the heat transfer characteristics in the flow problem. Reynolds number, Grashof number, and Prandtl number significantly impact flow behavior. Velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction profile trends are thoroughly investigated and found to vary. Akbari-Ganji's method (AGM) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) demonstrate the potential of computational tools in analyzing nanotechnology fluid dynamics. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed analytical techniques are confirmed through comparisons with a numerical method. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of parameter effects on the mixed convection flow of nanofluid, the enhanced heat transfer characteristics in the presence of nanoparticles, and the unique contributions offered by the utilization of Python programming in this field. The outcomes of this study provide insights for designing and optimizing heat transfer systems using nanofluids, contributing to advancements in nanotechnology.

Numerical analysis for tangent-hyperbolic micropolar nanofluid flow over an extending layer through a permeable medium

The principal purpose of the current investigation is to indicate the behavior of the tangent-hyperbolic micropolar nanofluid border sheet across an extending layer through a permeable medium. The model is influenced by a normal uniform magnetic field. Temperature and nanoparticle mass transmission is considered. Ohmic dissipation, heat resource, thermal radiation, and chemical impacts are also included. The results of the current work have applicable importance regarding boundary layers and stretching sheet issues like rotating metals, rubber sheets, glass fibers, and extruding polymer sheets. The innovation of the current work arises from merging the tangent-hyperbolic and micropolar fluids with nanoparticle dispersal which adds a new trend to those applications. Applying appropriate similarity transformations, the fundamental partial differential equations concerning speed, microrotation, heat, and nanoparticle concentration distributions are converted into ordinary differential equations, depending on several non-dimensional physical parameters. The fundamental equations are analyzed by using the Rung-Kutta with the Shooting technique, where the findings are represented in graphic and tabular forms. It is noticed that heat transmission improves through most parameters that appear in this work, except for the Prandtl number and the stretching parameter which play opposite dual roles in tin heat diffusion. Such an outcome can be useful in many applications that require simultaneous improvement of heat within the flow. A comparison of some values of friction with previous scientific studies is developed to validate the current mathematical model.

Development of a Compensated Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Imaging for Improved Assessment of the Intrapulmonary Distribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Inhalation-based drug delivery systems have gained attention as potential therapeutic options for various respiratory diseases. Among these systems, nanoparticles are being explored as drug carriers because of their ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly to the lungs. It is essential to accurately evaluate the intrapulmonary behavior of nanoparticles to optimize drug delivery and achieve selective targeting of lung lesions. Prior research used the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) phenomenon to study the in vivo behavior of nanoparticles as drug carriers. In this study, image reconstruction involving bleed-through compensation was used to quantitatively assess the behavior of FRET nanoparticles in the lungs. When the nanoparticles for FRET fluorescence imaging, which employed 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (DiD) as the donor and as 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine iodide (DiR) the acceptor, were administered to mouse lungs, whole-body in vivo imaging could not compensate for the influence of respiration and heartbeat. However, ex vivo imaging of excised lungs enabled the quantitative evaluation of the time–concentration profiles and distribution of nanoparticles within the lungs. This imaging technique is particularly useful for the development of inhalable nanoparticles that specifically target the lesions and exhibit controlled-release capabilities within the lungs.

Modified Jiles-Atherton Model for Dynamic Magnetization in X-Space Magnetic Particle Imaging.

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a promising medical modality that can image superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle (SPIO) concentration distributions safely and with high sensitivity. In the x-space reconstruction algorithm, the Langevin function is inaccurate in modeling the dynamic magnetization of SPIOs. This problem prevents the x-space algorithm from achieving a high spatial resolution reconstruction. We propose a more accurate model to describe the dynamic magnetization of SPIOs, named the modified Jiles-Atherton (MJA) model, and apply it to the x-space algorithm to improve the image resolution. Considering the relaxation effect of SPIOs, the MJA model generates the magnetization curve via an ordinary differential equation. Three modifications are also introduced to further improve its accuracy and robustness. In magnetic particle spectrometry experiments, the MJA model shows higher accuracy than the Langevin and Debye models under various test conditions. The average root-mean-square error is 0.055, 83% and 58% lower than the Langevin and Debye models, respectively. In MPI reconstruction experiments, the MJA x-space improves the spatial resolution by 64% and 48% compared to the x-space and Debye x-space methods, respectively. The MJA model shows high accuracy and robustness in modeling the dynamic magnetization behavior of SPIOs. By integrating the MJA model into the x-space algorithm, the spatial resolution of MPI technology was improved. Improving the spatial resolution by using the MJA model helps MPI have a better performance in medical fields, including cardiovascular imaging.

Extraction method of nanoparticles concentration distribution from magnetic particle image and its application in thermal damage of magnetic hyperthermia

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) technology can generate a real-time magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) distribution image for biological tissues, and its use can overcome the limitations imposed in magnetic hyperthermia treatments by the unpredictable MNP distribution after the intratumoral injection of nanofluid. However, the MNP concentration distribution is generally difficult to be extracted from MPI images. This study proposes an approach to extract the corresponding concentration value of each pixel from an MPI image by a least squares method (LSM), which is then translated as MNP concentration distribution by an interpolation function. The resulting MPI-based concentration distribution is used to evaluate the treatment effect and the results are compared with the ones of two baseline cases under the same dose: uniform distribution and MPI-based distribution considering diffusion. Additionally, the treatment effect for all these cases is affected by the blood perfusion rate, which is also investigated deeply in this study. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to effectively reconstruct the concentration distribution from MPI images, and that the weighted LSM considering a quartic polynomial for interpolation provides the best results with respect to other cases considered. Furthermore, the results show that the uniformity of MNP distribution has a positive correlation with both therapeutic temperature distribution and thermal damage degree for the same dose and a critical power dissipation value in the MNPs. The MNPs uniformity inside biological tissue can be improved by the diffusion behavior after the nanofluid injection, which can ultimately reflect as an improvement of treatment effect. In addition, the blood perfusion rate considering local temperature can have a positive effect on the treatment compared to the case which considers a constant value during magnetic hyperthermia.

In-silico investigation of intratumoural magnetic hyperthermia for breast cancer therapy using FePt or FeCrNbB magnetic nanoparticles

In this work, we conduct a numerical study on magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for the treatment of a breast tumour. The geometry of the problem is comprised of a deformed ellipsoidal tumour region, a healthy glandular tissue region, a fat tissue layer and a skin tissue layer. An aqueous suspension of magnetic nanoparticles (FeCrNbB or FePt) is directly injected into the breast tumour using a syringe. The perfusion of blood through the tissue regions is modelled using the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer equation, and the shear-thinning behaviour of blood is described by the Carreau–Yasuda model. The transport and deposition of nanoparticles within the tissues, the temperature distribution during therapy, and the survival rates of healthy cells and cancer cells are also considered. The governing equations with their associated initial and boundary conditions are solved using the finite element method, and the solution algorithm developed in FreeFEM++ was validated against results from the existing literature. Subsequently, the influence of the nanoparticle solid volume fraction, injection time, and magnetic field amplitude and oscillation frequency on the velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration distribution, duration required for effective hyperthermia, and thermal damage to healthy tissues was examined. The numerical results reveal that the cell damage is greater in skin tissue than the healthy gland and fat tissues. For small injection time (tinj=0.4), the healthy gland tissue damage is greater for FePt nanoparticles than FeCrNbB nanoparticles. However, this trend is reversed for larger injection times (tinj=0.5, 0.6). For small magnetic field frequency (ω=5×104, 105), the maximum tissue temperature is higher with FePt nanoparticles than FeCrNbB nanoparticles, but a reversal in trend occurs for larger values of ω (ω=2×105). The findings show that the time duration required for effective magnetic hyperthermia and thermal damage to the healthy tissue regions is reduced with increased injected nanoparticle volume fraction, duration of nanoparticle injection, and the amplitude and frequency of the alternating magnetic field. Moreover, the effective hyperthermia duration and the healthy tissue damage are less for FePt nanoparticles than FeCrNbB nanoparticles.

Activation of silver nanoparticles by hydrophilic encapsulation for antimicrobial powder coated surfaces

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are known as an antimicrobial agent, but they cannot be efficiently converted to active silver ions due to the lack of hydrophilic reaction environment when incorporated into a dry powder coating film. To make these agents effective in the powder coated surface, a novel encapsulation approach was proposed. Silver nanoparticles were first synthesized on the surface of synthetic zeolite A by in-situ chemical reduction method, which was followed by the addition of copper ions through ion exchange. The functionalized zeolite was then encapsulated with different water-soluble hydrophilic polymers to facilitate the generation of silver ions from nanoparticles. The encapsulated additives were incorporated into the resin system for making the antimicrobial powder coating film. The properties of the additives and films were carefully analyzed, and results show that appropriate loading of silver guarantees a high concentration and uniform distribution of silver nanoparticles on the zeolite surface. The strength of the encapsulation with the additive is found to depend on the cations present in the additives. Anionic polymer encapsulation is the most effective solution for releasing silver ions from antimicrobial coated surface. Excessive hydrophilicity is not beneficial to antimicrobial ability and brings cracks on the surface. Additives with non-polymeric hydrophilic encapsulation made from the precipitation of calcium nitrate and sodium phosphate also shows acceptable antimicrobial efficiency. The proposed hydrophilic encapsulation method can well facilitate the activation of silver nanoparticles and ensure an effective antimicrobial property of the powder coating film.

Significance of heat source and activation energy on MHD peristaltic transport of couple stress hyperbolic tangent nanofluid through an inclined tapered asymmetric channel

This study has significant applications in an intra-uterine fluid motion with tiny particles in a non-pregnant uterus, and this situation is vital in inspecting the embryo motion in the uterus. This paper presents the influence of chemical reaction and activation energy on peristaltic flow of MHD hyperbolic tangent nanofluid with heat and mass transfer through a non-Darcy porous medium in an inclined tapered asymmetric channel with different wave forms. Brownian motion, thermophoresis, viscous dissipation, couple stresses, Joule heating, Hall currents, radiation, heat generation/absorption, and thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo effects are involved. The coupled non-linear equations that govern the flow are simplified by using the long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Then, an analytical method called homotopy perturbation method (HPM) have been used to solve the simplified equations. Graphical results are obtained to examine the behaviour of various parameters on the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration distributions. Graphical representations of heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, Sherwood number and entropy generation are sketched. Physical explanations for the results are provided. Findings revealed that Weissenberg number We has a dual behaviour on the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration profiles. The chemical reaction parameter ξ, activation energy parameter E, and temperature difference parameter ρ_1 enhances the velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration profiles.

Numerical Scrutinization of Ternary Nanofluid Flow over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet with Gyrotactic Microorganisms

In the modern age, the study of nanofluids over the stretching sheet has received much attention from researchers due to its significant role in the polymer industry, for instance in the production of fibre sheets and the extrusion of molten polymers through a slit die. Due to these affordable applications, the current study focusses on the motion of metallic ternary nanofluids (Ag-Au-Cu/H2O) past an exponential stretching sheet, taking diverse effects such as gyrotactic microorganisms, activation energy, buoyancy forces and thermal radiation into consideration. The model was created with the complex system of partial differential equations. Suitable similarity transformations and non-dimensional quantities were utilized to transform the complex system of partial differential equations to a set of ordinary differential equations. The resultant system is solved with the help of Matlab software. The computational outcomes are presented through the tables and pictorial notations. It is observed from the current analysis that the nanoparticle temperature of the ternary nanofluid enhances with the enhancement of activation energy and Brownian motion parameters. For the rising values of Lewis and thermophoresis numbers there is a declination in the nanoparticle concentration distribution. The Brownian motion and radiation effects increase the microorganism profile.

Thermo-diffusion properties and active and passive control of migrated nanoparticles with zero and non-zero mass fluxes

Recently, the research in nanoparticles is widely focused by researchers owing to the role of such nanomaterials is various industrial and thermal systems. However, the control of thermal enhancement in heat transfer with interaction of nanoparticles is quite necessary in engineering processes to maintain the energy level. Following to such motivations, current research model communicates the thermal control of nanoparticles with applications of active and passive constraints. The flow is generated due to bidirectional nonlinear stretching surface. The heat transfer is studied with radiated chemical reaction effects subject to convective condition. The nanoparticles concentration distribution is assumed through Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects. The three-dimensional surface with nonlinear flow velocity originates the flow. The impulsion of tiny particles from the surface has been presented with zero and non-zero mass fluxes. The convergent simulation via homotopic analytical algorithm is performed against the formulated set of system. The heat and mass transfer effects are carried out through numerically and graphically for the various parameter of interest.