Nickel Nanoferrites Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of structural properties—RT and temperature-dependent dielectric behavior of Gd-substituted nickel nanoferrites

Synthesis and characterization of structural properties—RT and temperature-dependent dielectric behavior of Gd-substituted nickel nanoferrites

Radio Frequency (RF) Mediated Hyperthermia of Nickel Ferrites-A Potential Application of Cancer Therapy

We present an invitro study of the hyperthermia application of nanomaterials for the cancer treatment by Radiofrequency (RF). Nickel-ferrite nano materials are synthesized by using microwave hydrothermal method at different pH values under a lower temperature of 160°C for a short holding time of 30 minutes. RF source generator is being used that opeartes at 100 KHz and a temperature regulator monitors the temperature of the solution.The in-vivo experimemnt was conducted with the nanomaterials dispersed in the ferrofluid, and RF energy is appiled when the solution is being placed in a magnetic stirrer. The results shows that the temperature of the nanomaterials has increased beyond 40°C and went up to 45°C with the increase in frequency of the RF under the constant magnetic field of 100 Oe. As the strength of the magnetic field increases the Nanomaterials have shown rapid variation in their temperature Characteristics. The nickel-ferrites have shown linear temperature characteristics under the magnetic field of 100Oe with the RF frequency of 100 KHz. Hence the nickel-ferrites are most suitable for the Hyperthermia application of cancer treatment..The cancerous cells are destroyed by ‘Active cell destruction’ or they are swollen till the cells burst. The superconductivity property of nano particles and Radio Frequency coils used plays the major role in the treatment.

Synthesis and characterization of zinc doped nickel nanoferrites via sol-gel auto-combustion technique

Over the last few decades, numerous researchers have made significant contributions to the development of spinel ferrite owing to its unique and versatile structural, spectroscopic, and magnetic characteristics. These ferrites are extensively used in various applications such as microwaves, drug delivery, gas sensors, and electronic devices. Their technological applications require low porosity, high density, and specified microstructure. In this work, we prepared Zinc-doped Nickel nanoferrites Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (x= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) using the sol-gel auto-combustion technique. Structural analysis of prepared samples was done using X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy, the elemental composition was examined using EDAX and optical studies using UV-visible spectroscopy. The average crystallite size was found in the 40.6 to 64.92 nm range. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of expected elements in the samples. From UV-visible spectroscopy characterization studies it was observed that as particle size increases, there will be an increase in the band gap energy of ferrite nanoparticles. The Nickel-Zinc nanoferrite absorbs energy in the range of 233nm to 237nm.

Optical and Dielectric Characteristics of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)/Polyethylene Oxide/Carbon Nanoparticle Composites Loaded with Nano NiFe2O4

The current study proposes a simple, low-cost, and functional method of doping a pure matrix of poly (methyl methacrylate)/polyethylene oxide/carbon nanoparticles (PMMA/PEO/CNPs) with nano nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) as a filler. To create NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, a straightforward chemical growth, sol-gel auto-combustion system was used. Next, environmentally friendly and cost-effective, undoped and blended polymers doped with NiFe2O4 using a solution-casting method were synthesized. Rietveld refinement analysis was used to investigate the structure and microstructure of the NiFe2O4. Transmittance electron microscopy was used to confirm the nano nature of the filler. X-ray diffraction was used to verify the crystallite nature of the undoped and doped PMMA/PEO/CNPs blends with NiFe2O4. The linear optical characteristics of the proposed blends were obtained using a diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. The measured optical parameters included transmittance, absorbance, reflectance, direct and indirect optical bandgaps, absorption coefficient, linear refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constant, energy loss functions, in addition to optical and electrical conductivities. Also, nonlinear optical constants for the synthesized blends, such as the linear and third nonlinear susceptibilities, nonlinear refraction coefficient and nonlinear absorption coefficient, were calculated. The direct and indirect optical band gap energies of the PMMA/PEO/CNPs blends were 4.97 and 4.8 eV, respectively. As the NiFe2O4 doping level increased in the blend to 2.5 wt%, the optical band gap energy values decreased to 4.54 and 4.64 eV, respectively. The fluorescence spectra of the undoped and doped PMMA/PEO/CNPs blended polymers with nano NiFe2O4 were also explored. The effect of NiFe2O4 doping amount on the energy density, electric dielectric constant, ac conductivity and electric moduli of the host blend was also studied. In conclusion, the considered NiFe2O4-doped PMMA/PEO/CNPs blends have an effective and promising role in optoelectronic applications.

Synthesis of NFO-immobilized yeast nanobiocomposite for ultrasound-assisted photo-fenton degradation of methylene blue by using central composite design

In this study, we synthesized nano-NiFe2O4-immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast composites (NFO-SC) and investigated their photo-deterioration efficiency for methylene blue (MB) using central composite design (CCD). The morphological features of NFO-SC were comprehensively characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–VIS spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Initial XRD analysis of pristine NFO indicated an average particle size of 20 nm. Subsequent XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV–VIS analyses were performed before and after immobilization, confirming the surface modification of yeast cells by NFO. The XRD results for NFO-SC revealed a reduced average particle size of nickel nano-ferrite (NFO) to 14 nm. The NiFe2O4-SC composite exhibited an impressive 99% MB deterioration efficiency under optimized conditions: 0.020 g of NFO-SC dosage, pH 4.5, initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, and a photo-irradiation time of 120 min. Photo-catalytic activity was evaluated through UV–VIS spectroscopy and FTIR analysis, demonstrating that the NiFe2O4-SC composite outperformed pristine yeast and pure NFO in MB degradation efficiency. This study highlights the potential of the NiFe2O4-SC composite as an photo-catalyst for dye degradation, showcasing its promise for applications in environmental remediation processes.

Recent developments in the organic synthesis using nano-NiFe2O4 as reusable catalyst: A comprehensive synthetic & catalytic reusability protocol

Due to the alarming environmental hazards of the production of fine chemicals, medicines, and various kinds of compounds and minerals, the development of environmentally-friendly catalytic techniques has recently become of special interest. Accordingly, intensive research work was carried out in pursuit of abundant and sustainable catalysts that are eco- friendly. In particular, the employment of nano-nickel ferrite as a catalyst mitigates the waste impact of the and provides affordable synthetic approaches. This review paper addresses the recent advancements in synthetic organic processes that use nano-nickel ferrites as eco-friendly catalysts. In this review, we go over a number of frequently performed chemical reactions with nano-nickel ferrite acting as a catalyst. These include C-C and C-X (X = N, O, S) cross-coupling, cycloaddition, C-H annulation/functionalization, hydrogenation, aldehyde/ketone alkylation, oxidation, functional group removal and synthesis of heterocycles etc. The review paper also highlights the mechanistic course of reactions, recyclability protocols, synthetic processes, and their applications in organic synthesis.

Structural, magnetic, and dielectric studies of bismuth-doped nickel nanoferrites synthesized via sol–gel autocombustion method

Structural, magnetic, and dielectric studies of bismuth-doped nickel nanoferrites synthesized via sol–gel autocombustion method

Effect of morphology and particle size on the electrical properties of nano-nickel ferrite

Four powder samples of Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) with different morphology and nanoparticle size have been synthesized by various methods: electrospinning, hydrothermal, green, and sol-gel. Through the use of XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and BET techniques, the prepared powders were characterized. The produced ferrite displayed a cubic spinel phase with various nanofiber, nanotube, nanorod, and nanosphere morphological structures. The electrical conductivity values for each sample increased with increasing temperature indicating the semiconducting behavior of all samples. The conductivity values were found to be dependent on each nanoparticle's size and morphology. The variation of dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε′′), and ac conductivity for the investigated samples at different temperatures and frequencies has been studied. Both dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (ε′′) were decreased with the increase of frequency while A.C. conductivity increased. Knop's phenomenological theory explains the frequency variation of (ε′ and ε′′). The hopping of electrons and holes is suggested to be the electrical conduction mechanism.

Study of Electrical and Optical Property of Nickel Ferrite Synthesised by Solution Combustion Method

Nickel Nano Ferrite particles are synthesized by solution combustion method using urea as fuel and then obtained sample is characterized with XRD and FTIR. XRD spectra confirms the cubic spinel structure of ferrites and the crystallite size is in range of 20-40 nm. Chemical structure is analyzed with FTIR spectra. UV-Visible spectrophotometer is carried out to study the optical properties and the direct optical energy band gap is evaluated. Dielectric properties and AC conductivity is studied. The conductivity increases with increase of frequency and is consistent with Koop’s phenomenological theory.

Influence of gadolinium doped in nickel nanoferrites on structural, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties

The sonochemical reaction approach was used to make NiGdxFe2-xO4 nanoferrites (x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09). X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultra violet-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the optical, magnetic, electrical, and structural properties of NiGdxFe2-xO4 nanoferrites. The creation of a cubic spinel structure was confirmed by analyzing the XRD pattern of these NiGdxFe2-xO4 nanoferrites. The average crystallite diameters of the nanoparticles for the compositions x = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09 were 57, 53, 48, 45, and 41 nm, respectively. To investigate the dielectric behavior of the produced nanoferrites, an impedance study was performed. The addition of Gd to NiFe2-xO4 nanoparticles increased the dielectric characteristics of the produced nanoferrites, according to characterization experiments. A cation distribution has been proposed for the determination of various important theoretical parameters for these samples. The addition of Gd3+ nanoparticles has shown the ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature confirmed by VSM analysis. A specific correlation between magnetic interaction and lattice strain was observed in Gd3+ substituted nickel ferrite. An increase in Gd concentration in the manufactured nanoferrites resulted in a rise in saturation magnetization and a decrease in coercivity.

Investigation of gamma-rays and fast neutrons attenuation parameters for NixCo1-xFe2O4 nickel ferrites

The present work aims to study the radiation shielding parameters of new composite nickel ferrites in micro and nano-size. Synthesis of nickel-nano ferrites was carried out using the chemical co-precipitation technique. The measurement of gamma shielding parameters for nano-sized nickel ferrites was done experimentally. In addition, the calculations of the shielding parameters for the micro-sized nickel ferrites were carried out using FLUKA-Monte Carlo and WinXCom software. The shielding parameters were given in terms of mass and linear attenuation coefficients, half and tenth-value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, and effective density of electrons values. Besides, the build-up factor and its parameters were calculated for the proposed shielding material. Fast neutrons effective removal cross-sections were also estimated for the NiCoFe2O4 composite at different Ni/Co ratios. It was found that the highest nickel content (W4), the best gamma radiation attenuation parameters for the proposed composite, with a slight difference between nano and micro-sized samples. The maximum obtained value of mass attenuation coefficient at 661.7 keV was 0.0753 and 0.0751 (cm2/g) for nano- and micro-sized ferrite samples. Furthermore, the highest fast neutron removal cross-section was 0.1562 cm−1 which was achieved with the highest cobalt content sample (W1).

Studies on structural and magnetic properties of cobalt substituted nickel nano ferrites prepared by microwave assisted self-propagating high temperature route

The Ni1-xCoxFe2O4(x = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by novel Microwave assisted self-propagating route. The ferrite sample were studied using as ‘X-ray diffraction (XRD)’, ‘Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)’, ‘Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)’ and its magnetic properties. The XRD pattern reveals the single phase spinel structure confirmation Nickel ferrites with cobalt composition with crystallite size 30 nm. A decreasing pattern was observed in variation of porosity with Co content from 20.6 to 15.31%. The FTIR study describes, the sintering temperature affects the shift in tetrahedral site to lower frequency and preferences for site occupancy for Co and Fe ions. The SEM image shows average size of nano nanoparticles synthesized at 50 and 90O C about 50 and 60 nm. The increase in saturation magnetization from 29 to 37 emu/gm with increase in Co content due to its quick magnetic interaction. The said composition a may pplication of electronic memory devices, magnetic recording media.

Recent advances on nickel nano-ferrite: A review on processing techniques, properties and diverse applications

Ferrites belong to the wonder class of materials which are known for their wide application range. Among ferrites, spinel ferrites belong to the most promising soft magnetic materials with excellent properties like engineered band gap, high saturation magnetization, coercivity, and better thermal and electrical properties. Among spinel ferrites, Nickel ferrites: a soft, highly magnetic material that exhibit excellent electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics. Nickel ferrites find their space in a variety of applications because of their unique properties when compared to other ferrite family members. These properties include high saturation magnetisation, less coercivity, high resistivity and permeability. In addition, nanometric Ni ferrites are unique in several properties with modified applications, such as high frequency applications, electronic devices with low loss, biomedical applications, and environmental remedial applications also. This review aim to explore possible synthesis routes, unique properties and diverse applications of Ni ferrite.

Evaluation of micro-structural and magnetic properties of nickel nano-ferrite and Mn2+ substituted nickel nano-ferrite

The spinel ferrites have remarkable applications in electronic technology owing to their elevated saturation magnetization, steadiness, resistivity and little loss energy over a broad array of frequencies. The features with respect to structure and magnetism of manganese doped NiFe2O4 nano ferrite are extensively probed. The lattice parameter value and volume of unit cell rises with manganese substitution. The cation distribution indicates that the Ni2+ ions inhabit B-sites and Mn2+ ions dwell in tetrahedral A-spot and the Mn2+ ions swap Ni2+ from tetrahedral spot. The saturation magnetization and magnetic moment of the NiFe2O4 is lower than the manganese substituted ferrite. Spectra pertaining to electron spin resonance exhibit a lone signal wide enough showing the occurrence of Fe3+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions with a 'g' approximately equal to 2.00.

UV-enhanced nano-nickel ferrite-activated peroxymonosulfate for the degradation of chlortetracycline hydrochloride in aqueous solution.

In this study, nano-nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and applied to the oxidative removal of chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTH) in the presence of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Several characterization methods were used to reveal the morphology and surface properties of nano-NiFe2O4, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopy. The removal efficiency of CTH, the factors affecting the reaction process and the reaction mechanism of PMS activated by UV combined with nano-NiFe2O4 (UV + nano-NiFe2O4/PMS) in aqueous solution were systematically studied. The results showed that the UV + nano-NiFe2O4/PMS system led to a higher removal efficiency of CTH than other parallel systems. The results also showed that the CTH removal efficiency was enhanced under optimal conditions ([nano-NiFe2O4] = 1 g L−1, [PMS] = 1 g L−1, [UV wavelength] = 254 nm and [pH] = 11) and that a removal efficiency of 96.98% could be achieved after 60 min. In addition, the influence of the PMS concentration, CTH concentration, dosage of added nano-NiFe2O4 and pH on the PMS activation efficiency and CTH oxidative degradation effect was studied. Inorganic anions such as Cl−, HCO3−, CO32− and NO3− increased the removal efficiency of CTH by 21.29%, 27.17%, 25.32% and 5.96% respectively, while H2PO4− inhibited CTH removal, and the removal efficiency of CTH decreased 6.08% after 60 min. Free radical identification tests detected SO4−˙, OH˙ and 1O2 and showed that these species participated in the degradation reaction of CTH. The results of LC-MS and TOC analysis showed that CTH was degraded in the UV + nano-NiFe2O4/PMS system through hydroxylation, demethylation, deamination, and dehydration reaction and finally mineralized into CO2. These findings confirmed that nano-NiFe2O4 is a green and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for activation of PMS and demonstrates potential applicability in the treatment of antibiotic wastewater.

Emergence of large exchange anisotropy in Pr doped nanocrystalline spinel ferrites

This paper reports the influence of rare earth Pr3+ doping on microstructural and magnetic properties in soft nickel nanoferrites. All the samples were prepared by soft chemical co-precipitation route with the generic formula NiPrxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.12). The prepared nanoparticles were single-phase as verified by x-ray diffractograms. Mean crystallite sizes of all the samples were found in the range of 4 nm–15 nm from the Williamson-Hall plot. Raman spectra signalled the lowering of crystal symmetry of octahedral co-ordinated sites due to the doping of large size Pr3+ ions. Field cooled M(H) loops registered at 5 K detected the existence of significant exchange bias field and large coercivity in the samples. The superparamagnetic behavior of prepared nanoferrites at room temperature became more prominent for higher Pr concentration as confirmed by both hysteresis loops and M(T) curves.

Structure, magnetic, photocatalytic and blood compatibility studies of nickel nanoferrites prepared by laser ablation technique in distilled water

The main objective of this study is to investigate the structural features, magnetic behaviour, photocatalytic properties and blood compatibility of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) obtained by subnanosecond laser ablation in water. Structure and size distribution of NPs were studied using X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The photocatalytic properties of NPs were evaluated by photo-degradation of Methylene Blue (MeB) dye under ambient visible light illumination. Four different kinetic models were used to identify the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles and it was found that the pseudo-second-order model was the most suitable type to interpret the experimental kinetic data of MeB photodegradation. The hemocompatibility of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was studied by hemolysis tests using human erythrocytes drawn from healthy volunteers. NiFe2O4 nanoparticles caused undesirable hemolysis ratios at 0.05, 1 and 5 mg/ml concentrations, while the biologically safe concentration of these nanoparticles was found to be below 0.01 mg/ml.

Crystallographic and magnetic phase stabilities of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles at shocked conditions

In the present article, we have reported the crystallographic and magnetic phase stabilities of nickel ferrite nano particles (NiFe2O4 NPs) at different number of shock wave-loaded conditions. Series of shock pulses have been loaded on the test samples such as 50,100 and 150 shock pulses with Mach number 2.2. Powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) are utilized to examine the crystallographic, electronic and magnetic phase stabilities. The observed XRD, DRS and VSM results indicated that no crystallographic, electronic and magnetic phase transitions occurred by the impact of shock waves. Fascinatingly, SEM images show the shock wave assisted shape modification at 150 shocks. The accomplished magnetic phase stability results have compared with our previous report on Fe2O3 NPs for better understanding the structure-property stabilities of title ferrite against the impact of shock waves. Based on the observed results, we wish to suggest that the title material is a suitable candidate for high pressure, high temperature applications and for aerospace applications due to the outstanding shock resistance properties.

Structural and paramagnetic resonance properties correlation in lanthanum ion doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles

La3+ ion doped in nickel nanoferrite with different compositions were prepared by sol-gel route and characterized by different techniques. La3+ions substitution induces dislocation and deformity in lattice to soften the lattice. XRD patterns confirmed the polycrystalline nature of nanoparticles with no extra phase as per JCPDS card no. 071–1232 with increase in lattice constants on substitution of larger ionic radii La3+ions at Fe3+sites. ν1Fe-O stretched vibrations of A- (Tetrahedral) and ν2Fe-O of B- (Octahedral) complexes are observed at 598 cm−1and 419 cm−1respectively in IR transmission graphs. The broadening of both stretching vibrational modes with La3+ion content is attributed to the reduction in grain size arising from the lattice distortion by cation distribution, interactions among nanoparticles and La3+ion concentration. On increasing La3+ion concentration, the variations in the intensity of ν1band are more pronounced as compared to ν2band which confirms the preferred substitution of La3+ion at octahedral site by expanding the B-site radii. FESEM micrographs exhibit the homogeneous and agglomerated nanoparticles pattern of these doped analogues. EPR spectra exhibit broad ferromagnetic signal with no characteristic peak of SPM feature. The peak to peak line width and g-value increases on increasing La3+ion concentration in samples. These morphological and magnetic properties can be exploited for their use in the development of stable ferrofluid for heat sink application and as sensing electrode in chemical/bio sensors.

Canted surface spins driven exchange anisotropy in erbium substituted nickel ferrite nanoparticles

Single-phase nickel ferrite nanoparticles doped with rare earth Er3+ ions have been prepared using conventional chemical co-precipitation technique. Existence of pure spinel cubic structure of all samples was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction profiles and Raman modes. Average crystallite sizes ranged from 4 nm to 15 nm were estimated using Williamson-Hall plot. The crystallite size was found to decrease with increasing Er dopants in nanosized nickel ferrites. Compressive microstrain was detected for all the synthesized nanoferrites. Lattice constant increased with the increase of Er concentration due to its large ionic diameter. The crystal symmetry of octahedral sublattices was lowered for higher Er content nanoferrites as detected by the Raman spectra. Indirect optical band gaps increased with Er doping as observed in Tauc plots. Existence of exchange anisotropy in Er content nickel nanoferrites was seen by field cooled (7 T) M(H) plots recorded at 5 K. Both the exchange bias and coercivity were observed to increase at 5 K with the increment of Er percentage. Saturation magnetization also decreased with the increase of Er content. The highest Er content nanoferrites exhibited superparamagnetic nature at room temperature as seen from M(T) plots. The irreversibility temperature as well as blocking temperature was reduced because of mean size reduction of nanoparticles with increasing Er percentage.