Nanofluid Samples Research Articles

Modeling electrical properties of nanofluids using artificial neural network

This paper presents a theoretical study of the electrical properties of two different samples of nanofluids (MgO and Si–TiO2 nanoparticles in ethylene glycol EG as the base fluid) using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Experimental data were extracted from previous experimental studies and used as inputs. A learning ANN method was applied based on the back propagation technique. The optimal network structure, which produces the most acceptable performance, was attained. Electrical conductivity and permittivity in terms of nanoparticle concentration, temperature and frequency were simulated and predicted using the ANN model. A new nonlinear equation describing the behavior of electrical properties of nanofluids was obtained. The simulation results of the ANN model are highly accurate in comparison with experimental data. Predictions of values that are not involved in the experimental data range were carried out and provide excellent results. The mean squared error and regression coefficient were also determined. Their values support the success of the ANN model. The main purpose of the paper is to show the ability and power of an ANN model in estimating and predicting electrical properties of nanofluids. According to this research, the ANN model can be utilized as an efficient tool to predict the electrical properties of nanofluids. It can also achieve great links between practical and theoretical branches.

An experimental investigation for study the rheological behavior of water–carbon nanotube/magnetite nanofluid subjected to a magnetic field

This study aims at experimentally investigating the influence of magnetic field on the rheological behavior of water–carbon nanotube (CNT)/magnetite (Fe3O4) nanofluid. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and Gum arabic (GA) are respectively used to stabilize the nanofluid. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods were used to characterize the prepared nanofluid samples. Experiments were performed to evaluate the viscosity of water–CNT/magnetite nanofluid in the shear rate range of 1–100 s−1, volume fraction range of 0.5-1.5%, and magnetic field strength range of 0–480 mT. It was found that the presence of an external magnetic field causes an increase in the viscosity of the water–CNT/magnetite nanofluid. In addition, the results depicted that the viscosity of the nanofluid augments by boosting the concentration of the nano-materials. Moreover, it was reported that increasing the magnetic field strength to more than 360 mT has a negligible influence on the augmentation of nanofluid viscosity. Furthermore, the non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior was depicted because of the decrease in viscosity with intensifying the shear rates.

JATROPHA OIL WITH IRON NANOPARTICLES APPLICATION IN DRILLING PROCESSES

A performance of heat transfer fluids has a substantial influence on the size, weight and cost of heat transfer systems, therefore, a high-performance heat transfer fluid is very important in many industries. Over the last decades, nanofluids have been developed. According to many researchers and publications on nanofluids, it is evident that nanofluids have a high thermal conductivity. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the change of the workpiece temperature during drilling using Jatropha oil with iron nanoparticles and water with iron nanoparticles as lubricating and cooling fluids. These experiments were carried out with samples of nanofluid with different nanoparticles volume ratio, such as samples JN1, JN5 and JN10 of iron nanoparticles in the base Jatropha oil with a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1 %, 5% and 10% respectively and samples WN1, WN5 and WN10 of iron nanoparticles in the base water with a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1 %, 5% and 10% respectively.

The impacts of silica nanoparticles coupled with low-salinity water on wettability and interfacial tension: Experiments on a carbonate core

Two main reservoir mechanisms that impact oil recovery factors are wettability alteration and interfacial tension (IFT) change. In this study, these two key mechanisms are evaluated experimentally for samples from the Asmari (carbonate) oil reservoir utilizing silica nanoparticles in the presence of low-salinity water. The nanofluid, rock formation and crude oil samples were prepared meticulously to ensure meaningful experimental could be conducted over a range of low-salinity conditions. The results show that across the range of salinities studied, the absolute value of zeta potential of nanofluids decreases with increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water treated with silica nanoparticles interacting with the formation samples. This indicates that increasing the salinity, decreases the stability of the low-concentration (<2000 ppm) silica nanofluids studied. The results of the IFT and wettability alteration experiments for silica-particle nanofluids on this carbonate reservoir suggest that: 1) by increasing the concentration of nano-silica, IFT generally decreases; 2) IFT increases when TDS of the water increases.; 3) contact angle alteration becomes more significant as the concentration of nano silica increases, resulting in significant changes in the reservoir rock’s wettability towards more water-wet conditions; 4) contact angle alteration decreases as TDS of the water increases; and, 5) minimum IFT (about 14.29 dyne/cm) occurred at 5000 ppm nano-silica concentration and salinity of 9000 ppm, whereas the maximum degree of wettability alteration (about 126.2 degree) occurred at 5000 ppm nano-silica concentration and salinity of 1000 ppm.

Influence of cerium oxide nanoparticles on thermal conductivity of antifreeze

The objective of this work was to examine the thermal conductivity of a stable nano-antifreeze containing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide coated cerium (IV) oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs). The considered base fluid is a mixture of 50:50 ethylene glycol (EG) and deionized water. The morphology and structure of the samples are characterized with X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The experiments are done in the volume concentration range of 0.1–0.9%, CNT volume concentration range of 0.015–0.135% and the temperature range of 20–50 °C. The thermal conductivity (TC) of the prepared nanofluid samples was measured using a KD2-Pro thermal properties analyzer. The outcomes showed that boosting the temperature and the solid volume concentration causes an increase in the thermal conductivity ratio of the CeO2/EG–water nanofluid. The findings also indicated that the TC of CeO2/EG–water nanofluid augments up to 36.13% at volume concentration of 0.135% and 50 °C. Furthermore, it was depicted that the use of CeO2 NPs lead to a higher TC compared to other NPs in the same base fluid. Finally, a new correlation was proposed for predicting the TC and thermal conductivity enhancement of CeO2/EG–water in terms of nanoparticle concentration and temperature.

Effect of Ceramic Nanoparticles on Nanofluids Electrical Conductivity

In this study, an extensive experimental evaluation is conducted on the electrical conductivity of water based nanofluids containing three types of ceramic nanoparticles of (Al2O3, CuO and ZrO2) with different nanoparticles concentrations of (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 vol. %) and for various temperatures ranged by (20-80 °C) by using deionized water as a base fluid. The nanofluids volume (water/nanoparticles) is used at (200 ml). The nanofluid sample mixes slowly by stirring and ultrasonic vibration sonicator with power of (50 W) for a maximum time of (15-20 minutes) to break up any particle aggregates with no any surfactant that is added into the nanofluids to avoid reunion. The electrical conductivity of nanofluids is measured by electrical conductivity meter. Results indicate that the effect of solution temperature on the nanofluids electrical conductivity has little effect in the range of 20–40 °C, but the effect of temperature is increased in the temperature range of 40–80 °C. Also, the percent of electrical conductivity enhancement is 80%, 75% and 50 % when using the nanofluids of CuO, Al2O3 and ZrO2 respectively. Finally, the theoretical model of Maxwell is used to compare with the present experimental results and it gives an agreements.

Experimental study on stability and rheological behaviour of hybrid Al2O3-TiO2 Therminol-55 nanofluids for concentrating solar collectors

In this paper, an experimental study on rheological behaviour and stability analysis of Al2O3-TiO2 Therminol-55 hybrid nanofluid for use in solar collectors has been done. Various hybrid nanofluid samples with varying concentration of 0.05 wt%, 0.075 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt% were prepared using two step technique. Particle size distribution was experimentally determined using Smoluchowski approximation. Zeta potential (ZP) measurements were performed using univette and it was found that all hybrid nanofluid samples have ZP values in the range of 68.5 mV to 57.64 mV after 3 h of preparation, 64.3 mV to 48.36 mV after 72 h of preparation, 54.52 mV to 34.43 mV after 7 days of preparation. Flow behaviour was studied by varying shear rate from 10s−1 to 500 s−1 and it was found that all hybrid nanofluid samples possess Newtonian behaviour. With the increase in nanoparticle concentration, viscosity of nanofluid increases. Further dependence of viscosity on temperature is determined and it was found that increase in temperature causes decrease in viscosity and approaches to base fluid viscosity at higher temperature An increase in viscosity of 24% for 0.5 wt% and 2.2% for 0.05 wt% as compared to pure Therminol-55 at 20 °C was found which decreases to 15%–0.07% at 145 °C. The viscosity increments are insignificant at elevated temperatures as such candidature of Al2O3-TiO2 Therminol-55 hybrid nanofluid as heat transfer fluid is more strengthen and widens its scope of utility.

Curve fitting on experimental data of a new hybrid nano-antifreeze viscosity: Presenting new correlations for non-Newtonian nanofluid

In this paper, the rheological behavior of a mixture of water and ethylene glycol containing a combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and aluminum oxide in a temperature range of 25 to 50 °C was investigated experimentally. Homogeneous and stable samples with different concentrations were made by suspending carbon nanotubes and aluminum dioxide in a 50–50 mixture of water and ethylene glycol using a two-step method. The viscosity of nanofluid samples at different shear rates was measured by the DV-I PRIME Brookfield digital viscometer, which uses a rotating cylinder method. The results showed that, despite the Newtonian behavior of the base fluid, all nanofluid samples showed a non-Newtonian behavior. It was also observed that non-Newtonian behavior of nanofluid follows the Power law model. Thus, using the curve fitting, the consistency index and the power law index were obtained. Moreover, mathematical correlations were proposed as a function of temperature and volume fraction for obtaining consistency index and the power-law index. Comparisons showed the accuracy of proposed correlations.

Viscosity, electrical and thermal conductivities of ethylene and propylene glycol-based β-SiC nanofluids

This paper reports experimental investigation on the viscosity, electrical and thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol based β-SiC nanofluids. Two-step technique was used to formulate stable nanofluids at room temperature. The properties of nanofluids were measured at temperatures between 298.15 K and 353.15 K for different concentrations up to 3.0 wt.% loading (1.0 vol.%). The effect of temperature and base liquid was analysed on each of nanofluid sample. The experimental results showed that both electrical and thermal conductivity increase while viscosity decreases with temperature. The properties of the base liquid are found to influence the nanofluid properties. The underlying mechanisms have been established and discussed. Furthermore, some new empirical equations are derived to correlate the measured properties data. The results can be applied to predict the viscosity, electrical and thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol-based β-SiC nanofluids.

Effect of V-shaped rib roughness on the performance of nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collectors

Solar heating systems, which used nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collectors, have been recently introduced as the more efficient solar thermal systems because of the volumetric absorption of solar radiation within the direct absorption solar collectors. In this paper, a new direct absorption solar collector is constructed with the V-shaped ribs on its bottom surface in order to study the outdoor thermal performance of the conventional and ribbed collector, experimentally. Using graphene oxide nanofluid as the working fluid, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the conventional and ribbed direct absorption solar collectors are obtained by varying the nanofluid volume fraction, flow rate and the rib geometry (forward and backward rib). Measuring the spectral transmittance of the nanofluid samples shows that the absorbed energy fraction (F) for collector channel depth of 1 cm is 50.9%, 59.82%, 64.5% and 65.3% for nanofluid samples of 125 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, respectively. In volumetric flow rate of 15 L h−1, the zero-loss efficiency for BR-DASC and FR-DASC is increased up to about 16.6% and 11.7%, compared to DASC. These values attain 21% and 13.4% when the volumetric flow rate increases from 15 to 45 L h−1. The optimum volume fraction of graphene oxide nanofluid is 500 ppm in conventional and forward-ribbed direct absorption solar collectors in terms of both energy and exergy efficiencies. The higher friction factors, as a result of ribs, lead to lower exergy efficiency of the ribbed direct absorption solar collector in comparison with the conventional one.

Stability investigation of water based exfoliated graphene nanofluids

Until now stability is a crucial technical challenge to prepare a homogeneous dispersion. The main purpose of this work is to experimentally investigate the suspension stability of the exfoliated Graphene (Gr) suspension in deionized water (DW) (Gr/DW). Five different samples were prepared by varying the exfoliated Gr volume fraction from 0.11 to 0.30 % in deionized water. For the observation of sedimentation photo capturing was used as a primary technique. Finally stability of the exfoliated Gr/DW nanofluids were monitored quantitatively with the aid of optical absorbance measurements using ultra violet-visible absorbance spectroscopy. The wavelength range of light was varied from 200 to 800 nm. Digital photographs of Gr/DW nanofluid samples after preparation of about 25 days shown homogeneous and visibly there was no sedimentation in the suspensions. The peak absorbance of Gr/DW nanofluids was appeared at the wavelength of 280 nm. For a certain volume fraction, absorbance was decreased monotonically with the increasing wavelength. The relative concentration of the Gr/DW samples was decreased due to slight agglomeration by the increasing concentration of precipitation with time. After 600 hours (∼25 days), the lowest and maximum precipitation rate were appeared ∼ 6 and ∼ 10 % for the Gr/DW samples with the volume fraction of 0.11 and 0.30 % respectively. Different amount of exfoliated Gr loading affect the rate of sedimentations of exfoliated Gr/DW nanofluids.

A soft computing approach for estimating the specific heat capacity of molten salt-based nanofluids

Despite the promising potential of nanofluids as heat transfer and energy storage media, determination of their thermal behavior and properties need significant experimentation. Considering the relatively high costs of such fluids and the time-consuming procedures for synthesizing them and measuring their characteristics, machine learning techniques can be powerful tools for simulating their behaviors in the unstudied combinations of operating conditions. In this study, a machine learning model has been developed for the first time in the literature - to simulate and predict the specific heat capacity of a molten nitrate salt mixture seeded with silica, alumina and titania nanoparticles. A multilayer perceptron neural network (ANN) was selected among 1920 ANNs with different architectural features. With a prediction R2 value of 0.9998, the suggested model was found to provide much superior predictions (and validated against experimental data) as compared to the classic analytical models. The model developed in this study can, therefore, be used for estimating the values of specific heat capacity for nanofluid samples - based on the temperature and mass fraction of the nanoparticles, as well as the average (or nominal size) of the nanoparticles. The soft-computing technique itself was evaluated under extreme training conditions and it was found that the algorithm can adapt to new data sets with maximum MAPE of 2% and can enable excellent quality of predictions (R2 > 0.95) when trained with <300 data points.

Effect of magnetic field on laminar forced convective heat transfer of MWCNT–Fe3O4/water hybrid nanofluid in a heated tube

A numerical investigation is carried out to assess the hydrothermal performance of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing both Fe3O4 (magnetite) nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a heated tube in the presence of a constant non-uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field is created by three pairs of permanent magnets. The effects of Reynolds number, magnetite, and CNT volume concentrations as well as magnetic field strength are investigated. The acquired data for the case of without magnetic field confirmed higher values of heat transfer and pressure drop as a result of utilizing nanofluid compared with water. Additionally, it was found that the Nusselt number and pressure drop of the studied nanofluid samples increase significantly under the magnetic field. Moreover, the influence of magnetic field increases with an increase in the nanoparticle concentrations and magnetic field strength and decrease in the Reynolds number. The maximum increments of 109.31% and 25.02% in comparison with the case of without field were obtained in the average Nusselt number and pressure drop for hybrid nanofluid containing 0.9% magnetite and 1.35% CNT at Reynolds number of 500.

Optofluidic and strain measurements induced by polarization-resolved nanosecond pulses in gold-based nanofluids

The influence of an optical fringe patterns on the viscoelastic properties exhibited by Au nanofluids samples was evaluated. A sensitive interferometric technique for analyzing optofluidic effects in different samples was implemented. The assistance of the plasmonic characteristics in Au nanostructures allows measuring particular mechano-optical effects at 532 nm wavelength by a Fabry-Perot interferometer to explore multiaxial strains. A representative volume of the sample was studied to determine the stability and maximum viscoelastic properties exhibited by the nanostructures. A vectorial two-wave configuration allows controlling the maximum strain induced in the sample. The oscillating nature of the colloid was examined by using interferometric optical signals reflected from a remnant drop pending at the end of an optical fiber. Nanosecond pulses were used to induce inelastic optofluidic effects. The mechanical parameters were approximated by a nonlinear second order system activated by a Dirac delta functions.

Experimental study of the optimum size of silica nanoparticles on the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of silicon oxide/deionized water nanofluid

This research has experimentally investigated the effect of the size of silicon oxide nanoparticles in a base fluid of deionized water on the coefficient of pool boiling heat transfer on a copper surface at atmospheric pressure. Silicon oxide nanoparticles with concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 vol% have been used. The sizes of silicon oxide nanoparticles have been determined by TEM tests. The test results indicate that these nanoparticles have a roughly spherical structure and their average sizes are 11, 50 and 70 nm. Moreover, the degree of nanofluid stability (lack of coagulation of nanoparticles) has been determined by the Zeta-Potential test. The boiling results of the pure water sample show that the curve of boiling heat transfer flux versus the excess temperature difference of surface is very close to the Rohsenow's curve. The results obtained for nanofluid boiling on copper surface indicates that, at all the considered concentrations and nanoparticle sizes (except nanoparticle size of 70 nm size and concentration of 0.1 vol%), the boiling heat transfer coefficient for the nanofluid sample is much smaller than that of the pure water sample. The findings show that by increasing the diameter of silica nanoparticles from 11 to 70 nm, the boiling heat transfer coefficient is increased. These results show that for all the considered nanoparticle sizes and concentrations, the highest boiling heat transfer coefficient is achieved by the silicon oxide/deionized water nanofluid with the concentration of 0.1 vol% and particle size of 70 nm.

Experimental investigation of effective parameters on MWCNT–TiO2/SAE50 hybrid nanofluid viscosity

In the present study, rheological behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) (30%)–TiO2 (70%)/SAE50 hybrid nanofluid is investigated. Samples of nanofluid with nanoparticle concentrations of 0% up to 1% were prepared, and their dynamic viscosity was measured at temperatures between 25 and 50 °C and various shear rates using Brookfield viscometer. The relation between shear stress and shear rate of MWCNT–TiO2/SAE50 nanofluid showed its non-Newtonian behavior at all concentrations. In order to predict the viscosity, a comparison was done between the efficiency of different proposed empirical correlations in this prediction. Three empirical correlations were proposed, and two different independent variables were considered for each one. In all three cases, conformity of obtained results for viscosity was compared with experimentally obtained viscosities. Results revealed much better accuracy of proposed empirical correlations containing temperature as an independent variable compared with the other correlations not containing independent variable of temperature. Accuracy and efficiency of predicting correlations for relative viscosity was compared with efficiency of absolute viscosity prediction correlations and results indicated relatively equal accuracy of results and prediction values. Furthermore, viscosity changes of MWCNT (30%)–TiO2 (70%)/SAE50 nanofluid were compared with other studies in order to prove its better performance.

Performance comparison of vegetable oil based nanofluids towards machinability improvement in hard turning of HSLA steel using minimum quantity lubrication

The search of finding best vegetable oil based nanofluid from a set of three nanoparticle enriched cutting fluids for machining is core objective of the work. Extensive research has been done to replace conventional cutting fluids by nanofluids, but abundant analysis for vegetable oil based nanofluids is accomplished in this work which was not seen earlier. Also, the study investigated the cutting performance and comparative assessment towards machinability improvement during hard turning of high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) AISI 4340 steel using four different compositions of nanofluids by minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique. Cutting are investigated and analyzed through this article during hard turning using minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Cutting force, tool wear (flank and crater), surface integrity (surface roughness, residual stress, microhardness, and surface morphology), and chip morphology are considered as technological performance characteristics to evaluate the machinability of hardened AISI 4340 steel. Additionally, the effect of various fluid properties like thermal conductivity, viscosity, surface tension and contact angle were examined for all nanofluids. Three set of nanofluid samples were prepared using Al2O3, CuO and Fe2O3 with rice bran oil and their various properties are analysed at 0.1% concentration. On comparison among these three nanofluids used, CuO nanofluid exhibited superior behavior followed by Fe2O3 nanofluids while Al2O3 nanofluid was last in the row.

Experimental study on thermophysical properties of molten salt nanofluids prepared by high-temperature melting

Heat storage is a key technology in solar thermal power, helps solar thermal power eliminate the instability in energy supply for the grid, and provides continuous and stable high-quality electrical energy to improve power system efficiency and extend system life. Molten salt is an important material for heat storage and heat transfer in solar thermal power. In recent years, nanofluid technology has been applied to investigate heat storage and transfer materials, such as molten salt, to improve heat capacity. However, the nanofluid technology is hampered by the easy agglomeration of nanoparticles in molten salts, and this phenomenon degrades the performance of the molten salt nanofluids. To reduce or prevent agglomeration, a two-step method with high-temperature melting in preparing molten salt nanofluids is developed recently. Molten salt nanofluids obtained by high-temperature melting show good stability and long time to agglomerate. This paper presented the study on the thermophysical properties of molten salt nanofluids prepared by high-temperature melting method. The molten salt nanofluids possessed low-melting point salt as base liquid and SiO2 with a diameter of 20 nm as nanoparticles. The specific heat of this type of molten salt nanofluid was tested, and the optimum concentration of nanoparticles was determined. Results showed that the specific heat capacities of the molten salt nanofluid samples with different mass fractions of nanoparticles were higher than those of pure molten salt. The average specific heat of molten salt nanofluid with a mass fraction of 0.5% was the highest at 1.950 J/(g K), which was 24.5% more than that of pure molten salt. The thermophysical properties of molten salt nanofluids with a mass fraction of 0.5% and prepared by high-temperature melting were experimentally tested and compared with those of pure molten salt. These properties included melting point, primary crystallization point, thermal conductivity, viscosity, latent heat, and density. The molten salt nanofluids showed good performance for heat storage and transfer.

Magnetic field dependent thermal conductivity measurements of magnetic nanofluids by 3ω method

Abstract This study aims to investigate the thermal conductivity of the Fe3O4-water magnetic nanofluid under the influence of external magnetic field. The Fe3O4-water magnetic nanofluid sample with 4.8% vol. concentration was purchased. Then, it is diluted to four different vol. concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4%. The external magnetic field in the range of 0–400 G was applied in parallel and perpendicular directions to the temperature gradient generated by the thermal conductivity measurement probe. Before thermal conductivity measurements, the external magnetic field generated in the air gap between permanent magnets has been analyzed both numerically and experimentally. Then a non-uniformity parameter was defined to relate magnetic field in measurement region to chain aggregation of the nanoparticles. Thermal conductivity measurements were conducted with 3ω method. The results showed that the thermal conductivity enhances with the increasing of the magnetic field strength up to a specific point, then the enhancement decreases. It is also observed that this specific point varies according to the particle concentration. Unlike the most of available study in the literature, in this study the lower thermal conductivity enhancements were obtained. The maximum enhancements with the highest concentration were 10% and 5.6% in parallel and perpendicular orientations, respectively.

Viscosity and rheological properties of antifreeze based nanofluid containing hybrid nano-powders of MWCNTs and TiO2 under different temperature conditions

In the present study, rheological behavior of MWCNTs-TiO2(20%–80%)/Water-EG(70%–30%) nanofluid has been experimentally investigated. Nanofluid samples were stable and homogeneous with volume fractions of 0.05%, 0.45% and 0.85% using physical methods. Viscosity measurements have been done by employing DV3T-Brockfield viscometer. According to the results, the nanofluid studied in volume fractions of 0%, 0.05% and 0.45% and at temperatures of 10, 30 and 50 °C has a behavior close to the Newtonian fluids. The experimental results showed that the nanofluid viscosity in solid volume fraction of 0.85% and the temperature of 10 °C increased by 83%. In this study, the highest sensitivity (6.5%) was founded at solid volume fraction of 0.85%. As a result, in low solid volume fractions, adding 10% excess nanoparticles has no effect on the viscosity of the nanofluid, which this issue can be take into account as an important achievement in the industrial and engineering applications. Also results showed that the shear rate versus shear stress is linear in concentration of 0.5% and 0.45%, which indicates the Newtonian behavior of the fluid. But in volume fraction of 0.85% the graph behavior is nonlinear, which indicates the non-Newtonian behavior of the nanofluid. A new experimental correlation is also proposed to predict the viscosity of the nanofluid in accordance with the experimental results. The R2 for the stated correlation is 0.9913, which indicates the accuracy of the experimental correlation provided to predict the viscosity of the nanofluid in the temperature and concentration range.