N1and N2 Research Articles

Clinical Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer

AbstractBackground: Carcinoma of the breast is the commonestcancer in female and the second most cause of death in cancerrelated deaths.Aim of Study: To overview the different prognostic factors in breast cancer in our patients with breast cancer.Patients and Methods: This retrospective study wasconducted on 100 patients undergoing mastectomy or breastconservative surgery at El-Demerdash University Hospital.Clinico-pathological features including age, weight, familyhistory, axillary lymph node status, tumor size, pathologyresult will be reviewed.Results: Axillary lymph node status shows a significantassociation between the grade of LN and the development ofrecurrence in group N3 patients compared with N, N1 andN2 groups. There is variability in disease-free survival amongthe ER/PR Her2 subtypes within the first 3 years followingdiagnosis after receiving the treatment. While probability offree from disease was best for the ER+, PR +or-/Her2-subtypefollowed by ER-PR-/Her2-(71%) and (50%) respectively. Onthe other hand all patients in subtypes ER+, PR +or-/Her2 +and ER-PR-/her2 + subtypes suffered from recurrence ofdisease.Conclusion: We have found that the extent of nodalinvolvement and hormone receptor expression are very im-portant prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancermanagement and recurrence.

A Phonological, Morpho-Syntactical Study of Nominal Compounding in Japanese

This paper provides a distributed-morphological analysis of nominal compounding in Japanese in an effort to pin down the phonological, morphosyntactic mechanism in nominal compounding. The findings reveal that the semantic relation between the N1and N2 has seven variations: Object + Tran.conj.; Instrument + Tran.conj.; Modifier - Tran.conj.; Place - Tran.conj.; Method - Tran.conj.; Cause - Tran.conj.; and Subject –tran. conj..Among the variations, sequential voicing is only subject to [Nobject - N TRAN.conj.] nominal compounds. Moreover, during the process of forming a nominal compound, the second constituents (N2) rendered by aspirate consonants /k/ and /t/ are very likely to receive sequential voicing. When the N2 is conveyed by consonant /c/ and fricative consonant /h/, sequential voicing does not occur. Syntactically, Japanese nominal compounds are all right-headed. The formation process of all nominal compounds is a matter of ‘word derivation’ given the fact that, (i) √Root and the latter added morphemes are not semantically associated and it is after the merger that the semantic interpretation is established, and (ii) the N-N’s category is determined by the added morphemes. In addition, lexicalisation plays an essential role during the nominal compounding process. Crucially, lexicalisation only applies to the[Nobject - N TRAN.conj.] type of compound.

Lymph node metastasis in thymic malignancies: A Chinese multicenter prospective observational study

ObjectivesTo study the incidence and pattern of lymph node metastases in thymic malignancies. MethodsThis multicenter prospective observational trial with intentional lymph node dissection was carried out by the Chinese Alliance for Research in Thymomas (ChART). Data on patients with thymic tumors without pretreatment were collected prospectively. Results from this prospective study were then compared with those from a previously reported ChART retrospective study. ResultsAmong 275 patients, metastasis was detected in 41 nodes (3.04%) in 15 patients (5.5%). The rate of lymph node metastasis was 2.1% (5/238) in patients with thymomas, 25% (6/24) in those with thymic carcinomas, and 50% (4/8) in those with neuroendocrine tumors (P < .001). The rate of lymph node metastasis in category T1 to T4 tumors was 2.7% (6/222) in T1, 7.7% (1/13) in T2, 18.4% (7/38) in T3, and 50% (1/2) in T4 (P < .001). Nodal involvement was significantly higher compared with the ChART retrospective study (5.5% vs 2.2%; P = .002), although the 2 groups were comparable in terms of tumor stage and histology. Metastasis was found in N1 nodes in 13 patients (86.7%) and in N2 nodes in 8 patients (53.3%); 6 patients (40%) had simultaneous N1/N2 diseases and 6 (40%) had multistation involvement. Based on World Health Organization histological classification and Union for International Cancer Control T category, patients were divided into a low-risk group (1/192; 0.5%) with T1-2 and type A-B2 diseases and a high-risk group (14/83; 16.9%) of category T3 and above or histology B3 and above tumors for nodal metastasis (P < .001). On multivariate analysis, type B3/thymic carcinoma/neuroendocrine tumors, category T3 or above, and N2 dissection predicted a greater likelihood of finding nodal metastasis. ConclusionsLymph node involvement in thymic malignancies is more common than previously recognized, especially in tumors with aggressive histology and advanced T category. Intentional lymph node dissection increases the detection of nodal involvement and improves accuracy of staging. In selected high-risk patients, systemic dissection of both N1and N2 nodes should be considered for accurate tumor staging.

The Status of Temporal Changes in Land Suitability for Wheat Production in Musayeb Project Irrigated from Central Iraq Using GIS

Musayeb project in Babylon province has been selected in middle of Iraq to represent the irrigated area in order to study land suitability for wheat production and their temporal changes during 1994 - 2013.Soils of Musayeb project consist of undeveloped belong ,mainly to Entisols order with about 97% from the total area of the project , while the Arid soils occupied about 3 % from the total area .Data about the soils of the project has been collected from previous pedagogical soil survey works done in 1994 and resampling for soil has been done in 2013 in order to show the temporal changes in land suitability values .Land suitability evaluation values are determined according to Sys et.al.1993 and FAO,1985 to soil depth of 100 cm .The results indicate that soil units have high suitability up to 85 % from the total area of the project and within S1 class in 1994. While , 13% of the total area is unsuitable for wheat production which represent N1and N2 classes due to the effect of salt accumulation.Also , the results show that all soil units have low organic carbon content which affect land suitability values. Land suitability values are temporally improved from 1994 to 2013 due to the effect of land management practices leading to decrease salinity level and increase land suitability for wheat production

Application of uncut Roux-en-Y anastomosis in laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy of gastric cancer

Objective To investigate the application and clinical effect of uncut Roux-en-Y (uncut RY) anastomosis in laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy of gastric cancer. Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was adopted. The clinical data of 23 patients with gastric cancer who were admitted to the Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from December 2014 to July 2015 were collected. All the 23 patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) and total laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) according to the individual situations. The indexes of observation were collected, including (1) intraoperative indexes: operation time, uncut RY anastomosis time and volume of inraoperative blood loss, (2) postoperative indexes: time to anal exsufflation, time for initial water intake, time for semi-fluid diet intake, time for out-off-bed activity, duration of hospital stay, occurrence of complications and results of pathological examination, (3) results of follow-up. The follow-up was performed by outpatient examination and telephone interview up to November 2015, including postoperative discomfort after diet intake, barium meal examination of gastrointestinal tract at postoperative month 1 (anas-tomotic stenosis, recanalization and dehiscence of occlusion), detecting situations of gastric remnant and anas-tomotic stoma at postoperative month 3 by gastroscopy and occurrence of gastrointestinal obstruction. Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as ±s. Results (1) Intraoperative situations: all the 23 patients underwent successful uncut RY anastomosis, including 18 receiving LADG and 5 receiving TLDG. The operation time, uncut RY anastomosis time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were (165.9±11.6)minutes, (18.2±2.2)minutes, (48±6)mL in all the 23 patients and (172.0±8.5)minutes, (26.6±1.5)minutes, (46±4)mL in 5 patients with TLDG, respectively. Two patients received hemostatic treatment using suture and hemostatic forceps due to anastomotic bleeding. (2) Postoperative situations: time to anal exsufflation, time for initial water intake, time for semi-fluid diet intake, time for out-off-bed activity, duration of hospital stay and incidence of complications in all the 23 patients were (2.2±0.4)days, (2.7±0.4)days, (3.5±0.4)days, (2.7±0.3)days, (10.6±1.4)days and 8.7%(2/23), respectively. No patient was dead in the perioperative period. Two patients complicated with incisional infection and high fever were cured by symptomatic treatment, without occurrence of anastomotic leakage, bleeding and anastomotic-related complications. All the patients received postoperative barium meal examination of upper gastrointestinal tract, with unblocked anastomotic stoma and without leakage of barium meal. Diameter of tumor and number of lymph node dissected were (3.2±1.2)cm and 30±4, with negative upper and lower resection margins. Numbers of patients with tumor differentiation, T stage, N stage and TNM stage were 12 and 11 in differentiated and undifferentiated tumors, 1, 9 and 13 in T1, T2 and T3 stages, 9, 11 and 3 in N0, N1and N2 stages, 1, 4, 9, 6 and 3 in Ⅰa, Ⅰb, Ⅱ, Ⅲa and Ⅲb stages, respectively. (3) All the 23 patients were followed up by outpatient examination for 3-11 months. One patient had discomfort in upper abdomen with vomiting at postoperative week 3, and no anastomotic leakage, bleeding and anastomotic-related complications were occurred in other patients. Conclusion As a modified anastomotic method, uncut RY anastomosis is safe and feasible, and it is also an ideal method of digestive tract reconstruction after laparoscopic distal radical gastrectomy. Key words: Gastric neoplasms; Gastrectomy; Uncut Roux-en-Y anastomosis; Laparoscopy

TEMPORAL CHANGES OF LAND SUITABILITY DATA FOR WHEAT CULTIVATION IN IRRIGATED REGIONS- MIDDLE OF IRAQ

Al shehemia project in Wasit Governorate was selected to represent the Irrigated area in middle Iraq to study the temporal change in land suitability for wheat cultivation. Soils of the study area consist mainly, of ntisols and Aridisols soil orders .Historical Soil data were collected from previous works done in 1972 . and some soil propertic were reavoluoted at 2014. Soil and climate were evaluated for wheat cultivation according to Sys ,et al system (1993) and FAO, (1976) which developed by the Italian institute in 2012. The results showed that most of soil units are highly suitable for wheat growing with class S1 and consists about %85.34 from the total area, and %10.90 for N1and N2 classes. Land suitability for wheat cultivation increased to 92.37% for class S1 in 2014 due to the decrease in soil salinity. The results indicated that all soil units are affected by low organic carbon and this was affected on Suitability degree. The results indicated that suitability improved from 1972 to 2014 due to the decrease in soil salinity content resulted from praper management techniques that helped to leached the salts from the soils. The results showed that climate suitability for Wheat was highly Suitable (S1) for growing wheat in the study area during study period.

Max-fully cancellation modules

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and let M be a unital an R`-module. We introduce the concept of max-fully cancellation R-module , where an R-module M is called max-fully cancellation if for every nonzero maximal ideal I of R and every two submodules N1And N2, of M such that IN1 =IN2 , implies = N1 and N2 . some characterization of this concept is given and some properties of this concept are proved. The direct sum and the trace of module with max-fully cancellation modules are studied , also the localization of max-fully cancellation module are discussed..

Study on Dynamic Response of Visco-elastic Plate Under Transverse Periodic Load

Abstract The dynamic behavior of simple supported rectangular thin plate subjected to transverse harmonic excitation is investigated in this paper. The compressive loads N1 and N2 is applied on edges of the plate. On assumption of small deformation, dynamic governing equation is derived. The constitutive relation of material obeys can be stood for an integral equation. By use of nonlinear Galerkin method, the partial differential governing equation is turned into integral-differential variation of the Duffing equation. The different kinds of behaviors are investigated making use of the classical tools of nonlinear dynamics, such as the phase portrait, the time-displacement history and Lyapunov exponent analysis. The results of analysis show that the values of N1 and N2 , character time of material have large influence on the dynamic response. When they satisfy some condition, chaotic motions may occur in the dynamic system.

Observation of intermediate states of the human prion protein by high pressure NMR spectroscopy

BackgroundPrions as causative agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in humans and animals are composed of the infectious isomer, PrPSc, of the cellular prion protein, PrPC. The conversion and thus the propensity of PrPC to adopt alternative folds leads to the species-specific propagation of the disease. High pressure is a powerful tool to study the physico-chemical properties of proteins as well as the dynamics and structure of folding intermediates.ResultsConformational intermediates of the human prion protein huPrPC were characterized by a combination of hydrostatic pressure (up to 200 MPa) with two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. All pressure effects showed to be reversible and there is virtually no difference in the overall pressure response between the folded core of the N-terminal truncated huPrPC(121–230) and the full-length huPrPC(23–230). The only significant differences in the pressure response of full-length and truncated PrP suggest that E168, H187, T192, E207, E211 and Y226 are involved in a transient interaction with the unfolded N-terminus. High-pressure NMR spectroscopy indicates that the folded core of the human prion protein occurs in two structural states N1and N2 in solution associated with rather small differences in free enthalpies (3.0 kJ/mol). At atmospheric pressure approximately 29% of the protein are already in the pressure favored conformation N2. There is a second process representing two possible folding intermediates I1 and I2 with corresponding average free enthalpies of 10.8 and 18.6 kJ/mol. They could represent preaggregation states of the protein that coexist at ambient pressure with a very small population of approximately 1.2% and less than 0.1%. Further the pressure response of the N-terminus indicates that four different regions are in a fast equilibrium with non-random structural states whose populations are shifted by pressure.ConclusionWe identified pressure stabilized folding intermediates of the human prion protein. The regions reflecting most strongly the transition to the intermediate states are the β1/α1-loop and the solvent exposed side of α3. The most pressure-sensitive region (representing mainly intermediate I1) is the loop between β-strand 1 and α-helix 1 (residue 139–141), indicating that this region might be the first entry point for the infectious conformer to convert the cellular protein.

The weak shear kinetic phase diagram for nematic polymers

We study the shear problem for nematic polymers as modeled by the molecular kinetic theory of Doi (1981), focusing on the anomalous slow flow regime. We provide the kinetic phase diagram of monodomain (MD) attractors and phase transitions vs normalized nematic concentration (N) and weak normalized shear rate (Peclet number, Pe). We then overlay all rheological features typically reported in experiments: alignment properties, normal stress differences and shear stress. These features play a critical role in the synthesis between theory and experiment for nematic polymers (Larson 1999; Doi and Edwards 1986). MD type is routinely used for rheological shear characterization: cf., flow-aligning 5CB (Mather et al. 1996a), tumbling PBT (Srinivasarao and Berry 1991), and 8CB (Mather et al. 1996b), evidence for a wagging regime (Mewis et al. 1997), out-of-plane kayaking modes (Larson and Ottinger 1991), and evidence for chaotic major director dynamics (Bandyopadhyay et al. 2000). MD transitions correlate with sign changes in normal stresses (Larson and Ottinger 1991; Magda et al. 1991; Kiss and Porter 1978, 1980). Furthermore, structure formation in shear devices appears to be correlated with monodomain precursor dynamics (Tan and Berry 2003; Forest et al. 2002a). In this paper we combine seminal kinetic theory results (Kuzuu and Doi 1983, 1984; Larson 1990; Larson and Ottinger 1991; Faraoni et al. 1999; Grosso et al. 2001), symmetry observations (Forest et al. 2002b), and mesoscopic results on the fate of orientational degeneracy in weak shear (Forest and Wang 2003; Forest et al. 2003a), together with our resolved numerical simulations, to provide the kinetic flow-phase diagram of Doi theory in the weak shear regime, 0<Pe<1, for infinitely thin rods. We report the "birth" of key rheological features at the onset of flow: sign changes and local maxima and minima in normal stress differences (N 1 and N 2 ) associated with MD transitions. These results serve as the basis for continuation of the kinetic phase diagram to Pe>1 ; as the definitive benchmark for any mesoscopic or continuum model; and experimental data can be compared in order to determine accuracy and limitations of the Doi theory in weak shear.

Synthesis and Anti-HSV-1 Activity of 6 Substituted Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyridazin-7-one Nucleosides

a new series of 6-substituted N1- and N2 -β-D-ribofuranosyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-7(6H)-one derivatives (8a-g, 9b-d and 9f-g) has been prepared in the aim to explore the structure-activity relationships and improve the antiviral activity of a series of N1-and N2 -β-D-ribofuranosyl-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7(6H)-one derivatives previously reported by us. The studied compounds were preliminary tested for their in vitroa antiviral activity against HSV-1. Among them 8f and 9f were found 2 fold more active than those belonging to the parent series.

Topographical analysis of regulatory and metal ion binding sites on glutamine synthetase from Escherichia coli: 13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence energy transfer study.

The paramagnetic effect of Mn(II) on (13)C and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance signals from the [2-(13)C]ATP adenylylated glutamine synthetase [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming); EC 6.3.1.2] from Escherichia coli was measured. This effect permitted the determination of distances from the 2-C position and the phosphorus of covalently bound AMP to the two Mn(II) binding sites, n(1) and n(2). Binding of Mn(II) to the n(1) site converts an inactive apo-enzyme to its active form, while the metal ion bound at n(2) occupies the metal-nucleotide substrate site. The distances from Mn(II) at the n(1) and n(2) sites to phosphorus are approximately 10 and approximately 7 A and to the 2-C position of the adenine ring are approximately 12 and approximately 11 A, respectively. The fluorescence energy transfer method was used to determine distances between Co(II) at n(1) and n(2) and the adenylyl site. For this experiment the enzyme was adenylylated with epsilon-ATP. The distances between epsilon-adenine and Co(II) at n(1) and n(2) are approximately 13 and approximately 11 A, respectively. Quantitation of the paramagnetic effect due to Co(II) on the (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance signal yielded values of 8 and 6 A for the distances between the phosphorus of the covalently bound AMP and the n(1) and n(2) sites, respectively. The results reveal that the covalent modification site is very close to the catalytic center of the enzyme. In this study both nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence energy transfer techniques have been used to determine distances between the same set of sites on an enzyme surface.

Analysis of backscattered light from step-index optical fibers: Refractive index and radius ratio determination

A method has been suggested for the determination of the relative size of the core and cladding,c=a/b, and of the refractive indices of the core and cladding,n1 andn2, of step-index circular fibers by using the analysis of backscattered light. The method is suitable for fibers withc ∈ (1–1·5). Comparison with the methods used so far shows that the method extends the range of magnitude ofc for large-core fibers and raises the precision of determination ofc, n1 andn2.

A new method for determining the second normal stress difference in viscoelastic fluids

A new method has been found for determining the complete set of viscometric functions characterizing the steady shear flow of non-Newtonian liquids, viz. the shear stressτ, and the first and second normal stress differencesN1 andN2. The method is based on a modified cone-and-plate flow system and requires only one relatively simple experiment to obtain the data from whichτ, N1 andN2 are derived.

Realization of a class of transfer functions using tapered RC lines†

A necessary and sufficient condition is presented for the synthesis of a class of transfer functions using a structure, which is a cascade of two networks N1and N2, N1 being a ladder network whose different elements are each interconnections of the one-port impedances Kip(s) and Kjq(s) of tapered RC lines, and N2 being a single section of the RC line. This structure is capable of realizing transmission zeros both at s = 0 and s= ∞. Transfer functions realizable as an interconnection of such structures are also considered.

THE THERMODYNAMICS OF DILUTE TERNARY AUSTENITE SOLUTIONS

A model based on nearest-neighbor interactions and regular behavior is used to calculate the thermodynamic activity of dilute ternary solutions of austenite (face-centered cubic iron) containing an interstitial and a substitutional component. The results, based on a standard state at infinite dilution, are[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]where N1and N2 are the mole fractions of the interstitial and substitutional solutes, respectively, and the [Formula: see text]'s are pair interaction energies. The symmetry relation existing between the coefficients in the above draws attention to a symmetry relation existing for an arbitrary empirical expansion of the activities for dilute solutions. The two-parameter relation for a1 accurately represents the data for Fe–C–Mn, Fe–C–Si, and Fe–C–Ni in the dilute range.

The structure of hydrazoic acid

The structure of hydrazoic acid is described in terms of bond order, formal charge and hybridization. Calculations by the molecular orbital method show that the orders of N 1 —N 2 and N 2 —N 3 bonds in hydrazoic acid H —N 1 —N 2 —N 8 are 1.65 and 2.64 respectively. The distribution of charge on N 1 , N 2 and N 8 atoms is found to be —0.29, +0.61 and —0.31 respectively. The orders of these bonds have also been derived by the valence-bond method. In accordance with Penney’s definition the orders of bonds between N 1 and N 2 , and N 2 and N 3 atoms have been found to be 1.67 and 2.67 respectively. In order to obtain an insight into the relative importance of the three factors, the heat of formation of hydrazoic acid has been calculated. With the help of the principle of additivity of bond energies and the method of localized electron pairs the heat of formation of hydrazoic acid E HN 3 can be expressed in terms of cr-bond energy K , exchange integral J , repulsion energy between two lone pairs of electrons R , and promotional energy P . The expression obtained is of the form E HN 3 = E N—H + ( K 1 - 1/2 J 1 ) + ( K 2 + 1/2 J 2 ) + √(J 2 1 - J 1 J 2 ) - 1/2 R-P , where E N—H is the energy of the N—H bond and the suffixes 1 and 2 refer to bonds between the N 1 and N 2 , and N 2 and N 3 atoms respectively. The numerical calculations show that E HN3 has a minimum value of energy of 315.8 kcal for the lengths of N 1 —N 2 and N 2 —N 3 bonds equal to 1.26 and 1.13 Å respectively. If allowance is made for the increase in energy arising from the presence of formal charge and increased hybridization on the central nitrogen atom, E HN3 has a minimum value of 319.1 kcal for lengths of N 1 —N 2 and N 2 —N 3 bonds equal to 1.24 and 1.12 Å respectively. These calculated values of interatomic distances and the heat of formation agree with the experimental values.

A MEMORY SCHEME FOR THE CARDINAL POINTS

Every optical system has six important points, called cardinal points, associated with, and inherent in, the system. These are two principal focal points, F1and F2, two principal points, P1and P2, and two nodal points, N1and N2. In the simplest optical system, such as a curved spherical mirror, these six cardinal points are reduced to three, as each pair of points coincide; i. e., F1coincides with F2, P1with P2and N1with N2. In a slightly more complex optical system, such as a single refracting surface, the six cardinal points are reduced to four, as two pairs of points coincide, i. e., P1with P2and N1with N2. In a lens situated in air, the six cardinal points also are reduced to four but by a different kind of coincidence.

Genetic studies inBrassica oleracea

1. There are two independent factors,N1 andN2, which are normally present in the Kale type ofB. oleracea; when both these factors are absent, the common Cabbage heart developes under normal cultural conditions. Intermediate degrees of “hearting” are produced by one or two “doses” ofN. 2. The Heart character shows “linkage” with a number of other characters. Clearly it is of interest to determine, in each case, whether linkage is with the factorN1 or withN2. 3. There is one linkage group comprising the factorsN1, P for petiolate leaves as against sessile,E for entire leaves as against lyrate, andW which determines broad as distinct from narrow leaves. There is some evidence that there is also in this group a factorK1, one of the multiple factors for the Curly foliage of Scotch Kale. 4. There is a second linkage group containing the factorsN2,T for tall habit as against sessile habit, and probably the factor K2 of the curly series. 5. There are two so far unattached factors, one of which,D, differentiates between the purple and green types ofoleracea; the other,A, determines the “Asparagodes” malformation of the foliage. 6. Thus the ten factors so far considered account for four of the nine chromosomes ofB. oleracea.