N-ethyl Aniline Research Articles

Isobaric vapour-liquid equilibrium studies for binary systems of a green solvent furfuryl alcohol with aniline and substituted anilines at 101.31 kPa

New experimental vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data, which is expected to be useful in industrial processes such as the design of separation processes is reported in the present article. Isobaric VLE data of an eco-sustainable, green solvent furfuryl alcohol (FFA) as a common component has been measured for three binary systems (i) furfuryl alcohol + aniline (AN), (ii) furfuryl alcohol + N-methylaniline (NMA) and (iii) furfuryl alcohol + N-ethylaniline (NEA) in the complete concentration of FFA at a pressure of 101.31 kPa. The Antoine equation has been used to calculate the vapour pressure of pure samples. The reported VLE data is thermodynamically consistent according to the van Ness, Fredenslund and Herington area tests. The experimental observations of the three systems displayed non-ideal nature and negative deviation from Raoult's law. The Wilson and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models have been applied to correlate the experimental data. The information of the boiling point temperature (T), activity coefficients (γi) and variation of excess Gibbs energy (GE) with the concentration of FFA indicated the presence of dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding between the molecules of FFA and the selected amines.

Excess Properties, Partial Volume per Mole and FITR Spectral Studies in Liquid Mixtures of Furfuryl Alcohol with Primary and Secondary Anilines

ABSTRACT Speeds of ultrasound and densities of Furfuryl alcohol (FFA), Aniline (AN), N-Methylaniline (NMA) and N-Ethylaniline (NEA) along with the binary mixtures FFA+AN, FFA+NMA, FFA+NEA are measured at temperatures (303.15–318.15) K. From the experimental speed of ultrasound and density, excess parameters namely excess intermolecular free length ( L f E ), excess volume per mole ( V m E ) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (∆κs) are determined. The result of excess properties is supported by excess partial volume per mole ( V ˉ m , i E ) studies. The calculated excess and deviation functions have been fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation, and the observations have been analysed in terms of molecular associations. The variation of these excess parameters indicated the presence of specific interactions between component molecules. Further, FTIR spectra for the three mixtures were recorded and analysed to correlate with the thermodynamic and volumetric results. A good agreement was found between the two studies.

Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Sn(II) and Sn(IV) Ions Complexes Containing N-Alkyl-N-Phenyl Dithiocarbamate Ligands

In the current study, ligands S2 donor atoms, sodium N-methyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate [L1], and sodium N-ethyl-N-phenyldithiocarbamate [L2] are prepared from carbon disulfide with N-methyl aniline and N-ethyl aniline, respectively. Sn(II) and Sn(IV) ions complexes containing N-alkyl-N-Phenyl dithiocarbamateare prepared and characterized by CHNS elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1HNMR-spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The analytical and spectral data show that the stoichiometry for all complexes is 1 : 2 metal to ligand. The spectral data confirm good coordination of dithiocarbamate ligand with the metal through sulfur atoms of dithiocarbamate moiety. Molar conductivity of complexes are measured using DMF as a solvent and indicated that the complexes of Sn(II) are non-ionic whereas Sn(IV) complexes are ionic. The ligands L1 and L2 and their complexes are examined against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Novel poly(β-cyclodextrin) porous material as solid phase extraction sorbent for aniline derivatives in rubber samples

Aniline derivates are widely used in rubber products as anti-aging agents, but their biological toxicity causes harm in the use and recycling of rubber products. Therefore, in this study, a high-performance poly(3,4,5,6-tetra-fluorophthalonitrile-β-cyclodextrin)(P-TFPN-β-CD) solid-phase extraction (SPE) adsorbent was synthesized and applied to extract and detect aniline derivatives in rubber specimens. After crosslinking with 3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophthalonitrile (TFPN), the polymer exhibited mesopores (7.88 nm) and a large specific area (55.2 m2/g). The porous structure significantly improved the extraction efficiency (recovery was between 90.1% and 110.5%) and rate (60% in 10 s) of 4 aniline derivatives (aniline, N-ethyl aniline, 1,2-phenylenediamine, and p-phenylenediamine). With a combined gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), the extracted aniline derivatives were accurately detected (RSD = 1.60% to 9.90%). Due to the weak interaction between P-TFPN-β-CD and analyte, the prepared poly-TFPN-β-CD SPE adsorbent was regenerated via mild washing with methanol. The high absorption capacities remained after 4 extracting-washing cycles. The novel porous SPE adsorbent showed good extracting and recycling performance for the analysis and detection of aniline compounds in rubber. Thus, it has good prospects for application to improve detection efficiency and reduce cost.

The Role of Hydrogen Bonding in Paracetamol-Solvent and Paracetamol-Hydrogel Matrix Interactions.

The photophysical and photochemical properties of antipyretic drug – paracetamol (PAR) and its two analogs with different substituents (acetanilide (ACT) and N-ethylaniline (NEA)) in 14 solvents of different polarity were investigated by the use of steady–state spectroscopic technique and quantum–chemical calculations. As expected, the results show that the spectroscopic behavior of PAR, ACT, and NEA is highly dependent on the nature of the solute–solvent interactions (non-specific (dipole-dipole) and specific (hydrogen bonding)). To characterize these interactions, the multiparameter regression analysis proposed by Catalán was used. In order to obtain a deeper insight into the electronic and optical properties of the studied molecules, the difference of the dipole moments of a molecule in the ground and excited state were determined using the theory proposed by Lippert, Mataga, McRae, Bakhshiev, Bilot, and Kawski. Additionally, the influence of the solute polarizability on the determined dipole moments was discussed. The results of the solvatochromic studies were related to the observations of the release kinetics of PAR, ACT, and NEA from polyurethane hydrogels. The release kinetics was analyzed using the Korsmayer-Peppas and Hopfenberg models. Finally, the influence of the functional groups of the investigated compounds on the release time from the hydrogel matrix was analyzed.

Thermodynamic and interaction studies of binary liquid mixtures on the basis of Flory's statistical theory and empirical relations

A number of important and useful thermodynamic properties of seven binary liquid mixtures namely DPGDME + methanol, 1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-heptanol at 298.15 K and oxolane + aniline, N-methyl aniline, N-ethyl aniline at 303.15 K, 313.15 K & 323.15 K have been computed on the basis of the most widely accepted Flory's statistical Theory (FST). The component DPGDME is basically dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether and oxolane known as tetrahydrofuran are the key ethereal liquids with which the interactions of popular solvents are analyzed. Also, some thermodynamics properties of aforesaid mixtures were calculated from the recently proposed empirical correlations using density and ultrasonic velocity. The theoretical results are compared with the experimental findings yielding quite satisfactory agreement. The results are discussed in the light of interactions operating in the systems.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of poly (N-ethyl aniline)/iron nanocomposite

ABSTRACTPoly(N-ethyl aniline)/iron nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized using interfacial polymerization processCharacterization of the prepared material was carried out by UV-Vis Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. As per UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, peaks at 415 nm and at 402 nm indicated the presence of a polaron band and π-π* transition of the benzenoid rings. Broad peaks were shown in XRD studies in between 10° and 40° (2θ), revealing a semicrystalline nature of the composite. FTIR analysis gave peaks at 1522 and 1654 cm−1 corresponding to C˭N stretching of the quinoid and the C˭C stretching of the benzenoid rings.

Poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag Nanocomposite as Humidity Sensor

Poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag organic–inorganic composite has been synthesized by a single step in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method. The synthesis of Poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag nanocomposite has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Vis Spectroscopy (UV-visible), Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and FE-SEM investigations. XRD spectral study exhibited major diffraction in the range 20–80[Formula: see text] (2[Formula: see text]) and indicated the semicrystalline nature of poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag nanocomposite. Characteristic peaks in UV-visible and FTIR spectra of poly (N-ethyl aniline) switched to higher wave numbers in poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag nanocomposite. Peaks at 1789[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], 1595[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], 667[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] and 501[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] in FTIR spectrum confirmed the formation of poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag nanocomposite. FE-SEM photographs reported agglomerated granular particulate nature of poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag nanocomposite. Synthesized poly (N-ethyl aniline)/Ag nanocomposite exhibited a high response to humidity, good reproducibility and stability at room temperature. An appreciable response was shown in the presence of 40% humid atmosphere for up to successive four cycles. Composite sensitivity has been found to increase with the increasing concentration of humidity, at room temperature.

Comparative studies of intermolecular interaction of aromatic amines with ethyl lactate at different temperatures

In this work, the study of interactions between ethyl lactate and aromatic amine mixtures are examined through insight from density and speed of sound measurements. The density (ρ) and sound velocity (u) of ethyl lactate and aromatic amines such as aniline, N-methyl aniline and N-ethyl aniline and their binary systems are measured at (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15)K and at 0.1MPa. The derived properties such as excess molar volume (VmE), excess partial molar volume (V¯m,1E, V¯m,2E) excess partial molar volume at infinite dilution (V1E)∞, (V2E)∞ and excess isentropic compressibility (κsE) are computed. The Redlich–Kister polynomial equation is used to fit the excess properties. The experimental results are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions between component molecules. FT-IR studies support the findings.

Molecular interaction study through experimental and theoretical volumetric, transport and refractive properties of N-ethylaniline with aryl and alkyl ethers at several temperatures

To investigate the molecular interaction study between secondary amine with aryl and alkyl ether, we report densities, speeds of sound, viscosities and refractive indices of N-ethylaniline (NEA) with aryl (anisole, phenetole) and alkyl (tert-butyl methyl ether) ether over the entire composition regime and in the temperature range of 293.15–323.15 K at 5 K intervals. Various excess and transport properties were derived from the experimental data and the excess parameters were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation using multiparametric non-linear regression analysis to derive the binary coefficients and to estimate the standard deviation. Molecular interactions between the unlike molecules were analysed through dipole–dipole interactions, cross-association between the components of the mixtures and H-bond formation. Viscosity and refractive index of the mixtures were predicted through several empirical equations and compared with the experimental results. Prigogine–Flory–Patterson statistical theory was used to predict the excess molar volume results.

Theories of Ultrasonic Velocities and their Application in Binary Liquid Mixtures of N-Ethylaniline with Some Toluenes (Toluene, o-Nitrotoluene and m-Nitrotoluene)

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of N-ethyl aniline with different toluenes like toluene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene have been measured at temperatures 303.15 and 308.15 K over the entire composition range. Various theories of ultrasonic velocity were applied to experimental values in evaluating the velocities using Nomoto's relation (UNR), Impedence relation (UIR), Ideal mixing relation (UIMR), Jungie's relation (UJR)and Rao's specific velocity relation (UR). The molecular interaction parameter (χ) has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The variation of this interaction parameter with the composition mixture has been discussed in terms of molecular interactions.

Preparation and Characterization of Conductive Poly(N-Ethyl Aniline)/Kaolinite Composite Material by Chemical Polymerization

Preparation and Characterization of Conductive Poly(N-Ethyl Aniline)/Kaolinite Composite Material by Chemical Polymerization

Volumetric, ultrasonic and viscometric studies of binary liquid mixures of N-ethylaniline + chlorobenzene, + Bromobeneze, + 1, 2-dichlorobenzene + 1, 3-dichlorobenzene+1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene at 303.15 and 308.15K

We measured densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds (u) and viscosities (η) for binary binary mixtures of N-ethylaniline (N-EA) with chlorobenzene (CB), bromobenzene (BB), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB), and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) and their pure liquids at 303.15 K and 308.15 K. These experimental data were used to calculate the excess volume (VE), deviations in ultrasonic speeds (Δu), deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δ κs), deviation in intermolecular free length (ΔLf), deviation in acoustic impedance (ΔZ), deviation in viscosity (Δη) and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (G*E). The variations of these properties with composition of binary mixtures suggest loss of dipolar association, difference in size and shape of the component molecules, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding between unlike molecules. The viscosity data were correlated with Grunberg and Nissan, Katti and Chaudhri, and Hind et al. equations and the results were compared with the experimental results. The excess parameters were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation using multi parametric nonlinear regression analysis to derive the binary coefficients and to estimate the standard deviation.

Molecular structure and solvent effects on the dipole moments and polarizabilities of some aniline derivatives

This work presents the quantum chemical studies of the effects of substituents and solvents on the ground state molecular geometry, dipole moments, polarizabilities and frontier orbital energies of aniline (A), N-methylaniline (NMA), N-ethylaniline (NEA), N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and N,N-diethylaniline (DEA) towards understanding their structure–property relationship. The ground state molecular geometry, dipole moments, polarizabilities and frontier orbital energies of A, NMA, NEA, DMA and DEA were computed by use of the ab initio restricted HF–DFT self-consistent field method (B3LYP) with 6-31G* basis set in vacuum, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran. The results of the B3LYP/6-31G* calculations revealed that these properties are enhanced upon successive substitution with size and number of alkyl groups at the amino group of the molecules, and as the dielectric constant of the solvents decrease. It was also found that for all the molecules, the enhanced ground state molecular geometry, dipole moments and polarizabilities upon substitution or solvent effect are associated with a decrease in the EHOMO−ELUMO (optical) gap. The lower optical gap, higher dipole moments and polarizabilities with increased size and planarity illustrates increased reactivity and ground state electro-optic (non-linear optical) activity of the molecules upon substitution, and as the dielectric constant of the solvents decreased. Of the studied molecules, DEA was found to exhibit the most electro-optic activity and reactivity.

Fabrication of poly(N-ethylaniline)/lignosulfonate composites and their carbon microspheres

Novel poly(N-ethylaniline)/lignosulfonate (PNA–LS) composites were prepared via an in situ polymerization of N-ethylaniline (NA) with lignosulfonate (LS) as a dispersant. Nitrogen-containing carbon materials were obtained by direct pyrolysis of the PNA–LS composites at the pyrolytic temperatures ranging from 300°C to 1200°C. The as-prepared PNA–LS composites and their carbon materials were investigated by TGA, SEM, TEM, FTIR and UV–vis spectra, XRD and elemental analysis. The results showed that the morphology, structure and properties of the PNA–LS composites were depended on the LS:NA mass ratio. PNA–LS microspheres with an average diameter of 1300nm could be fabricated when the LS:NA mass ratio was 2.5:97.5, while regular hexagon sheets of PNA–LS composite were obtained with the LS:NA mass ratio above 5:95. Furthermore, nitrogen-containing carbon nanospheres with an average diameter of 820nm were achieved at the carbonization temperature of 800°C.

Excess Volumes, Speeds of Sound, Isentropic Compressibilities and Viscosities of Binary Mixtures of N-Ethyl Aniline with Some Aromatic Ketones at 303.15 K

Densities (<TEX>${\rho}$</TEX>), Viscosities (<TEX>${\eta}$</TEX>) and ultrasonic speeds (u) of pure acetophenone (AP), propiophenone (PP), <TEX>$p$</TEX>-methyl acetophenone (<TEX>$p$</TEX>-MeAP), <TEX>$p$</TEX>-chloroacetophenone (<TEX>$p$</TEX>-ClAP) and those of their binary mixtures with <TEX>$N$</TEX>-ethyl aniline (<TEX>$N$</TEX>-EA) as a common component, were measured at 303.15 K over the entire composition range. These experimental data were used to calculate the excess volume <TEX>$V^E$</TEX>, deviation in ultrasonic speeds <TEX>${\Delta}u$</TEX>, isentropic compressibility <TEX>$K_s$</TEX>, intermolecular free length <TEX>$L_f$</TEX>, acoustic impedance Z, deviations in isentropic compressibility <TEX>${\Delta}K_s$</TEX>, deviation in viscosity <TEX>${\Delta}{\eta}$</TEX> and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow (<TEX>$G^{*E}$</TEX>) at all mole fractions of <TEX>$N$</TEX>-ethyl aniline. These parameters, especially excess functions, are found to be quite sensitive towards the intermolecular interactions between component molecules. Theoretical values of viscosity of the binary mixtures were calculated using different empirical relations and theories. The relative merits of these relations and theories were discussed. The experimental results were correlated by using the polynomial proposed by Redlich-Kister equation.

Novel azo disperse dyes derived from N-benzyl–N-ethyl–aniline: Synthesis, solvatochromic and optical properties

Seven new azo disperse dyes based on N-benzyl–N-ethyl–aniline were synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The UV–visible studies and solvatochromic behavior of all dyes in 15 solvents with different polarity were examined and a meaningful correlation was observed. In the optical characterization of dyes using Z-Scan experiment, thin films of polymethyl metacrylate doped with guest synthesized chromophores 2, 3, 4 and 7 were investigated.

Electropolymerization, characterization and corrosion performance of poly( N-ethylaniline) on copper

Poly( N-ethylaniline) (PNEA) coatings were grown by cyclic voltammetry technique on copper from 0.1 M N-ethylaniline (NEA) in 0.3 M oxalic acid solution. The optimum conditions (e.g. upper potential limit, scan rate and cycle number) effect on corrosion performance of synthesized PNEA films were determined in order to obtain best protection results against corrosion. The electrodeposited coatings were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Redox parameters were found after electrochemical tests and results of stability tests of these films impart an electroactive behavior that is composed of both diffusion control and thin film behavior. In addition, corrosion performance of PNEA coatings were investigated in 0.1 M H 2SO 4 by Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.

Poly( N-ethylaniline) coatings on 304 stainless steel for corrosion protection in aqueous HCl and NaCl solutions

Poly( N-ethylaniline) (PNEA) coatings were grown by potentiodynamic synthesis technique on 304 stainless steel (SS) alloy from 0.1 M of N-ethylaniline (NEA) in 0.3 M oxalic acid solution. Characterization of adhesive and electroactive PNEA coatings was carried out by cyclic voltammetry, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The protective properties of PNEA coatings on SS were elucidated using linear anodic potentiodynamic polarization, Tafel and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test techniques, in highly aggressive 0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M NaCl solutions. Linear anodic potentiodynamic polarization test results proved that PNEA coating improved the degree of protection against pitting corrosion in HCl and NaCl solutions. Tafel test results showed that PNEA coating appears to enhancement protection for SS in 0.5 M NaCl and 0.5 M HCl solutions. However, according to long-term EIS results, PNEA coating is better for the protection of SS electrodes during the long immersion period in NaCl compared to that in HCl medium.

Comparison of electrorheological properties of some polyaniline derivatives

In this study, electrorheological (ER) properties of various polyaniline derivatives, namely: poly( o-toluidine) (POT), poly( N-methyl aniline) (PNMAn), poly( N-ethyl aniline) (PNEAn), and poly(2-ethyl aniline) (P2EAn) were investigated. Effects of various parameters such as; particle size, particle conductivity, suspension's sedimentation stability, flow times, concentration, electric field strength, shear rate, frequency and temperature onto ER activity of these polyaniline derivatives/silicone oil (SO) suspensions were investigated. Average particle diameters ( d 50) of four samples were determined by dynamic light scattering as 8.51, 9.08, 11.22 and 13.46 μm for P2EAn, PNEAn, PNMAn and POT, respectively. It was found that POT has the highest conductivity with a value of 6.87 × 10 −7 S m −1, and P2EAn has the lowest with 1.01 × 10 −7 S m −1, among the polyaniline derivatives examined. Fifty four percent of sedimentation ratio was measured after 30 days for all the polyaniline derivatives/SO suspensions studied. The highest electric field viscosity was observed for POT/SO suspensions as η = 1.04 kPa s. The maximum excess shear stress was obtained for the POT suspensions (25 wt.%) as Δ τ = 917 Pa at E = 2 kV/mm.