n-3FA Supplements Research Articles

The combination of omega-3 fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D3 elevate A1c levels: A randomized Clinical Trial in people with vitamin D deficiency.

This randomised clinical trial (RCT) was created to assess the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD3 ), omega-3fatty acids (n-3FA) and their combination (D+) on glycated haemoglobin (A1c) levels in Jordanian peoples with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). This RCT was designed to examine the follow-up (2months) effect of either 50000IU VD3 , 300mg n-3FA, or the combination of the two supplements on glycated Haemoglobin (A1c) levels in 146 Jordanian women and men with VDD, aged from 25 to 55years. The eligible participants were randomised into four groups: Control (C); VD3 supplementation (50000IU of VD3 was taken weekly) (D3 ); n-3FA supplementation (300mg of omega-3FA was taken daily) (n-3FA); VD3 and omega-3 supplementation group (D+) with the same protocol as the previous two groups. The combination therapy (n-3FA plus VD3) for 8weeks significantly increased A1c levels (5.79±0.34 vs 5.41±0.33, P<.001). Tukey test for post hoc comparisons of A1c at follow-up showed that the A1c mean levels were remarkably higher in the D+ study group comparing to the control group (5.78 vs 5.38). The intervention of n-3FA alone or in combination with high doses of VD3 may lead to negative effects on glycaemic control or accelerate the insulin resistance's development in susceptible people for diabetes mellitus (type 2).

The supplementary effects of omega-3 fatty acid alone and in a combination with vitamin D3 on serum leptin levels: A randomized clinical trial on men and women with vitamin D deficiency

Purpose: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed to assess the effect of VD3, n-3FA, and their combination on serum leptin levels in people with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subjects and methods: One hundred and forty six participants, were randomly assigned into four groups supplemented with the dose of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly (D), 300 mg n-3FA taken daily (Om), and their combination (D+Om) or control (C) for eight weeks. Fasting baseline and follow-up (10 weeks; 8 weeks supplementation plus washout period of 2 weeks) of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), leptin, glucose, triglycerides (TG), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and phosphorus were assayed. A paired T-test was used to assess the changes in serum leptin levels over of the follow-up period. Results: Significant increase in follow-up serum leptin (10.62 ± 7.18 to 14.42 ± 8.29 ng/mL, P = 0.002) and TG (154 ± 84.4 to 200.1 ± 79, P = 0.015) levels were observed in n-3-FA supplemented group. Combination therapy (VD3 plus n-3 FA) significantly increased serum 25OHD (13.49 ± 4.64 to 37.09 ± 11.13 ng/mL, P &amp;lt; 0.001), TG levels (114.3 ± 57.3 to 139.1 ± 60.7 mg/mL, P = 0.007) and insignificantly serum leptin (6.74 ± 4.87 to 8.01 ± 6.77 ng/mL, P = 0.269). Conclusion: Our study referred that notable elevation in leptin and TG levels might be linked to leptin resistance. However, further RCTs are required to clarify possible consequences resulted from the extensive administration of n-3FA supplements and their combinations with high doses of VD3 supplements on humans’ health.

Effect of Omega-3 supplements on quality of life among children on dialysis: A prospective cohort study.

Children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are liable to various health disorders that possibly impair their quality of life (QoL). Low dietary intake of Omega-3 fatty acids also called marine n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) may be associated with health problems which are among the leading causes of impaired QoL.The objective of this study was to assess the effect of omega-3 Fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplements on quality of life among children on dialysis and to evaluate its use regarding adequacy of dialysis and inflammatory markers.A prospective cohort study was conducted on 31 hemodialysis children. Quality of life was measured for patients and an equal number of matched controls using the PedsQL Inventory where the higher the score the poorer is the quality of life. n-3FA supplementation had been given to the patients for 3 months to study its effects on QoL. Laboratory investigations like hemoglobin, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, and tests for adequacy of dialysis had been carried out.Patients had significantly higher QoL scores (42.22 ± 13.31) than controls (22.70 ± 1.31) (P < .001). Young ages showed higher score of physical functioning (18.23 ± 4.22) than older ones (13.92 ± 6.84) (P = .049). Females had significantly higher total QoL score (25.53 ± 6.61) than males (20.06 ± 7.09) (P = .010). The total QoL score was significantly lower post than pre administration of n-3FA (35.41 ± 10.36 vs 42.22 ± 13.31) (P < .001). Triglycerides and CRP were significantly lower post than pre n-3FA supplementation (160.64 ± 32.55 vs 169.35 ± 31.82) (P < .001) and (10.29 ± 4.39 vs 11.19 ± 4.83) (P = .006) respectively. Means of Kt/V and urea reduction ratio (URR) were significantly higher post (1.37 ± 0.09, 70.0 ± 5.99 respectively) than pre n-3FA (1.31 ± 0.07 and 65.25 ± 6.06 respectively) (P = .005, .001 respectively).Quality of life and adequacy of dialysis get improved after n-3FA supplementation among children on dialysis which encourages its testing for more patients to evaluate its long term effects and support its routine use.

The Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation and Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy on the Murine Brain Lipidome

Abstract Objectives To determine how omega-3 (n3-FA) supplementation may confer protection against lipid modifications following doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (DOX). Methods Ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice consumed a diet with 0% or 2% kcal supplemental EPA + DHA for 4 weeks, followed by two injections of either DOX (9 mg/kg) + cyclophosphamide (90 mg/kg), or vehicle. In study 1, animals were sacrificed at 4, 7, and 14 days after the last injection (n = 120) and in study 2, at 10 days after the last injection (n = 40). Whole brain from study 1 were analyzed by targeted methods (UHPLC-MS/MS), to quantify specialized pro-resolving mediators resolvin D1 (RvD1), resolvin D2 (RvD2), resolvin D3 (RvD3), resolvin D5 (RvD5), resolvin E1 (RvE1), maresin (MaR1), and protectin (PD1). In study 2, lipidomics analyses were performed on hippocampus to determine changes in the lipidome after n3-FA supplementation and chemotherapy injection. Results Study 1 results: RvD1 was present in all samples, but no significant differences in concentration were observed regardless of treatment or dietary group. RvD3, PD1 and MaR1 were detected in a subset of samples. Study 2 results: EPA + DHA (2%) supplementation favorably altered lipids associated with cognitive function (i.e., PE (P-16:0/20:5), PE (P-18:0/22:6, with adjusted p-value equal to 0.003 and 0.04 respectively), which have been previously negatively correlated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Chemotherapy treatment increases omega-9 fatty acids (i.e., nervonic, gadoleic and mead acid) previously positively correlated with diseases of cognitive decline (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's). No chemo*n3-FA interaction was observed (p-value &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions N3-FA supplementation favorably altered lipids associated with cognitive function. DOX increased lipids associated with diseases of cognitive decline. Future investigations will determine if the same biomarkers of n-3 FA consumption and chemotherapy are observed in human breast cancer patients. Funding Sources This research was supported by a Foods for Health Discovery Themes Initiative SEEDS grant, NIH R01CA189947, NIH Award Number Grant P30 CA016058, OSU, and OSUCCC.

Effects of dietary supplementation with graded levels of omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood profile, faecal microbial in weaning pigs

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to determine effects of dietary supplementation with coated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood profile and faecal microflora in weaning pigs. A total of 200 weaning pigs with initial body weight (IBW, 6.97 ± 1.22 kg) were randomly assigned to four treatments: CON, basal diet; during phase 1, 2 and 3, 0.3FA, basal diet + 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1% coated n-3FA; 0.6FA, basal diet + 0.6%, 0.4% 0.2% coated n-3FA; 0.9FA, basal diet + 0.9%, 0.6% and 0.3% coated n-3FA. When the graded level of n-3FA supplementation was added in the diet, a linearly increased average daily gain and gain/feed of the pig was observed in every phase (p < .05), the digestibility of dry matter (DM) was linearly increased, whereas nitrogen (N) digestibility showed a trend (p = .0594), the concentration of serum IgG (p = .0886) as well as the faecal lactobacillus count showed a linearly increase at the end of the experiment. However, there were no differences in the concentrations of serum haptoglobin and faecal microflora on among treatment. In conclusion, the coated n-3FA diet showed positive effects in improving growth performance, digestibility of DM and N in weaning pigs. Furthermore, it has a trend improvement on the count of lactobacillus in weaning pigs.

Omega-3 Index in Division I Collegiate American FootballAthletes

American football athletes are exposed to repetitive head impacts (RHI) that, even in the absence of a clinically discernible head injury, result in quantifiable neurological damage. Pre-clinical studies utilizing rodent models indicate that traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can cause a reduction in neuronal omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FAs), specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pre-injury administration of n-3FAs, however, has shown to effectively allay the pathological response to TBI. Furthermore, one study has demonstrated the potential neuroprotective effect of DHA supplementation in American football athletes evidenced by a marked reduction in blood biomarkers of axonal injury. Given that the American diet is scarce in the n-3FAs DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the potential neuroprotective effect of n-3FA supplementation may uniquely benefit American football athletes. PURPOSE: This descriptive study sought to examine the omega-3 index, an indicator of n-3FA status, in American collegiate football athletes not supplementing with n-3FAs. METHODS: One hundred twelve (n = 112) athletes participated in this study. Blood was obtained via finger stick and collected on blood spot cards pre-treated with an antioxidant cocktail. The dried blood samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for fatty acid (FA) levels (expressed as a % of total blood FAs). A regression formula (r = 0.98) was used to estimate the percentage of DHA and EPA in red blood cell phospholipids (omega-3 index). RESULTS: Levels of DHA, EPA, and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) were (mean ± SD) 2.27% ± 0.01% (range = 1.1% - 5.2%), 0.39% ± 0.00% (range = 0.2% - 1.2%) and 0.39% ± 0.00% (range = 0.1% - 1.0%), respectively. Mean omega-6 levels were 9.55 ± 1.72 (range = 4.5 - 13.9) times higher than n-3FAs levels. The mean omega-3 index was 4.35% ± 0.01% (range = 2.8% - 8.0%). Sub-optimal n-3FA levels (i.e., an index < 8.0%) were observed in 99.12% of participants. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that dietary intake of the n-3FAs DHA and EPA may not be adequate in American collegiate football athletes. Though the current evidence relates n-3FA deficiency to an increased risk for cardiovascular risk, American football athletes may derive neuroprotective benefit from n-3FA supplementation with little to no risk.

Review of Cardiometabolic Effects of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

Populations with significant dietary fish intake tend to have lower cardiovascular (CV) risk and demonstrable physiologic differences including lower lipid/lipoprotein levels and other direct and indirect effects on the arterial wall and inhibiting factors that promote atherosclerosis. Treatment with high doses of pharmacologic-grade omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplements achieves significant reductions in triglycerides (TG), non-high-density lipoprotein- (non-HDL-) and TG-rich lipoprotein- (TRL-) cholesterol levels. n-3FA supplements have significant effects on markers of atherosclerosis risk including endothelial function, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, cellular and humoral markers of inflammation, hemodynamic factors, and plaque stabilization. This review summarizes the lipid and cardiometabolic effects of prescription-grade n-3FAs and will discuss clinical trials, national/organizational guidelines, and expert opinion on the impact of supplemental n-3FAs on CV health and disease. Clinical trial evidence supports use of n-3FAs in individuals with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), but the data either does not support or is lacking for other types of cardiometabolic risk including prevention of stroke, treatment in patients with heart failure, diabetes mellitus and prediabetes, and for primary prevention in the general population. Despite inconsistent findings to support widespread benefit, there is persistent population-wide enthusiasm for n-3FA as a dietary supplement for its cardiometabolic benefits. Fortunately, there are ongoing clinical trials to assess whether the lipid/lipoprotein benefits may be extended to other at-risk populations and whether lower-dose therapy may provide background benefit for primary prevention of ASCVD.

The Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Pregnancy: A Pilot Study of Safety and Tolerability [6Q

INTRODUCTION: Omega-3 fatty acid (n3 FA) consumption is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in some diabetic populations, but can cause adverse effects at high doses. The objective was to evaluate the tolerability of high-dose n3 FA supplementation in obstetric patients with diet-controlled gestational diabetes (GDM). METHODS: Women with diet-controlled GDM between 24 and 30 weeks of gestation were randomized in a prospective, double-blind fashion to receive either 2200 mg daily of commercial fish oil (1300 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 900 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) or an identical placebo for a minimum of 6 weeks. Pre-and post-treatment evaluations were calculated using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and measures of safety and tolerability. RESULTS: In this pilot study, 14 GDM patients were randomized to treatment with fish oil (N=7) or placebo (N=7). Of these, 35.7% (3 in the treatment group, 2 in the placebo group) did not complete the treatment course due to intolerance. No clinically significant adverse effects, obstetric or neonatal complications were noted. Two patients in each group required initiation of medical therapy for glucose control subsequent to enrollment. While the pilot study was not adequately powered to detect a difference in objective measures of glucose control between the groups, no significant differences in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, or HOMA-IR levels were noted. CONCLUSION: High dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation appears to be safe in pregnancy, but some patients have bothersome side effects that may limit compliance. The use of omega-3 fatty acids to mitigate insulin resistance in gestational diabetes warrants further investigation.

Omega-3 fatty acids and the increased risk of bleeding

U.S. consumers spend more than $6 billion annually on omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) dietary supplements and fortified foods, plus another $916 million on prescription fish oil capsules.1 Many n-3FA supplements are available OTC. Two prescription formulations, omega-3-acid ethyl esters (Lovaza—GlaxoSmithKline) and icosapent ethyl (Vascepa— Amarin Pharma), also are currently available.

Effect of Insulin Glargine and n-3FA on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in People With Dysglycemia at High Risk for Cardiovascular Events

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of insulin glargine and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3FA) supplements on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe enrolled 1,184 people with cardiovascular (CV) disease and/or CV risk factors plus impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or early type 2 diabetes in a randomized multicenter 2 × 2 factorial design trial. Participants received open-label insulin glargine (targeting fasting glucose levels ≤5.3 mmol/L [95 mg/dL]) or standard glycemic care and double-blind therapy with a 1-g capsule of n-3FA or placebo. The primary trial outcome was the annualized rate of change in maximum CIMT for the common carotid, bifurcation, and internal carotid artery segments. Secondary outcomes were the annualized rates of change in maximum CIMT for the common carotid and the common carotid plus bifurcation, respectively. Baseline followed by annual ultrasounds were obtained during a median follow-up of 4.9 years.RESULTSCompared with standard care, insulin glargine reduced the primary CIMT outcome, but the difference was not statistically significant (difference = 0.0030 ± 0.0021 mm/year; P = 0.145) and significantly reduced the secondary CIMT outcomes (differences of 0.0033 ± 0.0017 mm/year [P = 0.049] and 0.0045 ± 0.0021 mm/year [P = 0.032], respectively). There were no differences in the primary and secondary outcomes between the n-3FA supplement and placebo groups.CONCLUSIONSIn people with CV disease and/or CV risk factors and dysglycemia, insulin glargine used to target normoglycemia modestly reduced CIMT progression, whereas daily supplementation with n-3FA had no effect on CIMT progression.

Omega-3 and Fish Oil Supplements Do Not Cause Increased Bleeding During Spinal Decompression Surgery

Retrospective case-control study. The purpose of this study was to assess whether preoperative use of fish oil supplements increases intraoperative blood loss and postoperative bleeding complications during lumbar decompression surgery. Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) are widely used as over-the-counter supplements because of well-established cardioprotective and antiplatelet effects. Concern over bleeding associated with changes in platelet function have led to prohibiting these supplements before surgery although there are no clinical data available in the spinal surgery literature to guide such recommendations. Ninety-five consecutive patients who underwent posterior-only lumbar decompression by a single surgeon were included. Patients who had taken n-3FA within 14 days of surgery were compared with a control group with respect to demographics, preoperative use of other anticoagulants, surgical time, estimated intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications including reoperation for epidural hematoma and wound infection. Power analysis suggested 11 patients taking n-3FA were necessary to reach statistical significance based on pilot data. Sixteen patients took n-3FA supplements, stopping an average of 2.3 days before surgery. These were no significant between-group differences in demographic parameters, use of other anticoagulants, and surgical time. Estimated blood loss was higher in the control group but the difference was not significant (154 vs. 138 mL, P=0.53). There were 2 complications related to bleeding in the control group and none in the n-3FA group. We found no increase in intraoperative blood loss or postoperative bleeding complications associated with preoperative use of n-3FA supplements up to an average of 2.3 days before surgery. Although further studies are necessary before this finding can be generalized to other types of spinal surgery, our study corroborates findings from investigations in other surgical specialties that suggest preoperative n-3FA is not associated with increased risk of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding.

Perinatal Maternal Dietary Supplementation of ω3-Fatty Acids Transiently Affects Bone Marrow Microenvironment, Osteoblast and Osteoclast Formation, and Bone Mass in Male Offspring

It is increasingly evident that micronutrient environment experienced before birth and in infancy is important for achieving optimal bone mass by adolescence and maintaining bone health. This study determined whether maternal supplementation with ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3FA) improved offspring bone growth and adult bone mass. Female rats were fed a diet containing 0.1% (control, n = 10) or 1% (n3FA, n = 11) docosahexanoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were weaned onto a control rat chow diet. Tibial growth plate and metaphysis structure, osteoblast/osteoclast density and differentiation, and gene expression were assessed in offspring at 3 wk (weaning), 6 wk (adolescent), and 3 months (adult). Maternal n3FA supplementation elevated offspring plasma n3FA levels at 3 and 6 wk. Although total growth plate heights were unaffected at any age, the resting zone thickness was increased in both male and female offspring at 3 wk. In n3FA males, but not females, bone trabecular number and thickness were increased at 3 wk but not other ages. The wk 3 n3FA males also exhibited an increased bone volume, an increased osteoblast but decreased osteoclast density, and lower expression of osteoclastogenic cytokines receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, TNF-α, and IL-6. No effects were seen at 6 wk or 3 months in either sex. Thus, perinatal n3FA supplementation is associated with increased bone formation, decreased resorption, and a higher bone mass in males, but not in females, at weaning; these effects do not persist into adolescence and adulthood and are unlikely to produce lasting improvements in bone health.

Association of adiponectin and leptin with serum lipids and erythrocyte omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in dialysis patients

Besides regulating energy metabolism, leptin promotes and adiponectin suppresses inflammation which is a common feature of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) exert anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways whereas arachidonic acid (an n-6FA) facilitates inflammation by mediating inflammatory signals and serving as precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Given the functional overlap between adipokines and n-3FA and n-6FA, we sought to explore their interrelationship in patients with ESRD. 44 ESRD patients maintained on hemodialysis (HD), 29 patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 10 healthy subjects were enrolled. Body mass index (BMI), plasma leptin, adiponectin, lipids and CRP and erythrocyte fatty acids were measured. Compared to controls adiponectin was elevated and leptin level was reduced in the ESRD group. Adiponectin levels were comparable among PD and HD patients, but leptin and BMI were higher in PD than in HD patients. Despite comparable BMIs, female patients had higher leptin than male patients. Leptin levels were positively associations with BMI, total and LDL cholesterol whereas adiponectin was inversely related with BMI, triglycerides and CRP and directly associated with HDL cholesterol in ESRD patients. Plasma adiponectin was directly associated with erythrocyte n-3 FA (r = 0.581, p = 0.023) and inversely associated with n-6FA (r = -0.640, p = 0.010) in the HD patients. A direct association was found between plasma levels of adiponectin and HDL and erythrocyte n-3FA in ESRD patients. Prospective trials are needed to explore the effect of n-3FA supplementation on plasma adipokines and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in this population.

Responses of LDL and HDL particle size and distribution to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and aerobic exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3fa) supplementation on lipid and lipoproteins. Sedentary, normoglycemic, nonsmoking men (n = 11) were assigned to perform rest and exercise before and during n-3fa supplementation. Exercise consisted of 3 consecutive days of treadmill walking at 65% maximum O(2) consumption for 60 min. Supplementation consisted of 42 days of 4.55 g/day of n-3fa. A two-way factorial ANOVA with repeated measures revealed significant reductions in total cholesterol (P = 0.001, -9.2%) and triglyceride (P = 0.007, -32.4%) concentrations postexercise. In addition, exercise increased LDL peak particle size (P = 0.001) from 26.2 to 26.4 nm, but not HDL size. The n-3fa supplementation resulted in a significant shift in the distribution of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) carried by HDL(2b+2a) (P = 0.001, 14.2%) and HDL(3a+3b) (P = 0.001, -22.8%), despite no significant changes in lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. The majority of the shift in HDL-C was noted in HDL(2b) (P = 0.001, 20.9%) and HDL(3a) (P < 0.001, -31.0%) particles. There were no combined effects of exercise and n-3fa supplementation on lipids and lipoproteins. Three consecutive days of aerobic exercise reduced triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations with a concomitant increase in LDL peak particle size. In contrast, n-3fa supplementation shifted HDL-C from HDL(3) particles to HDL(2) particles, despite no significant changes in HDL(2)-C and HDL(3)-C concentrations. Exercise and n-3fa supplementation do not synergistically improve serum lipids and lipoproteins, but rather independently affect the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins.

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Exercise Training Attenuate Postprandial Lipemia in Sedentary Individuals

Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3fa) supplementation and exercise training each can attenuate postprandial lipemia (PPL), but the combination effect is not clear in sedentary individuals. PURPOSE: We examined the effects of four weeks of n-3fa supplementation alone or in combination with aerobic training on the PPL response and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in previously sedentary individuals. METHODS: Previously sedentary subjects (N=20, 12 women, 8 men, mean age 33y, mean BMI 26 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: n-3fa supplementation alone (FO, n=10) or n-3fa supplementation plus exercise training (FO + ExTr, n=10). Both groups consumed 4 g/d n-3fa, while exercise training consisted of 45 min/d, 5d/wk of walking and/or treadmill jogging at 60% VO2max. Before treatment subjects performed a baseline PPL (Pre-PPL) and an acute exercise PPL (Pre-ExPPL), after a 24h controlled diet including a 12h fast overnight. In Ex-PPL, an acute exercise session at 60% VO2max for 60 min was performed 12h prior to the PPL. Subjects were administered a high fat meal (standardized high fat shake, 1.3 g fat/kg), and blood samples were collected pre, 2h, 4h, 6h, and 8h after the high fat meal for triglyceride (TG) analyses. After treatment, the two PPL trials (Post-PPL and Post- ExPPL) were repeated. PPL response was quantified as total area under the TG curve (TG-AUCTol) and TG peak response. HDL-C and subfractions were analyzed in pre high fat meal samples. RESULTS: Acute exercise did not attenuate the PPL response. Together treatments significantly attenuated the PPL response measured as total TG-AUCTol; FO: Pre-PPL 1121.7 ± 84.1 mg/dl *; 8hr (means ± SE), and Post-PPL 1021.2 ± 57.7; FO + ExTr: Pre-PPL 1580.5 ± 184.3, and Post-PPL 1168.1 ± 115.0. There was no significant main effect for group or group by week interaction. Both groups had higher HDL-C and HDL2-C after treatment than before treatment. CONCLUSION: N-3fa supplementation or the combination of n-3fa with aerobic exercise training attenuates the PPL response and improves HDL-C in previously sedentary people. Combination treatment neither magnifies nor attenuates the effect of n-3fa alone on postprandial lipemia. Supported by Food for the 21st Century, MU HES Margaret Mangel Grant, and NIH T32 AR48523.

Exercise plus n-3 fatty acids: Additive effect on postprandial lipemia

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in postprandial lipemia (PPL) in recreationally active males following aerobic exercise, omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) supplementation, and the combination of the two. PPL following a high-fat meal was measured in 10 recreationally active males (25 ±1.5 years) under each of the following conditions: no exercise and no n-3 FA supplementation (control); exercise and no n-3FA supplementation (exercise); n-3FA supplementation and no exercise (n-3FA); and exercise and n-3 FA supplementation (combined). Blood was collected before the high-fat meal and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after the meal to assess the PPL response. Supplementation consisted of 4.0 g of n-3FA per day for 5 weeks. Triglyceride (TG) peak response, the total area under the TG curve (TG-AUC T), and the incremental area under the TG curve (TG-AUC I) were used to define the PPL response. TG peak response was significantly reduced 38% by n-3FA supplementation and 50% by the combination of exercise and n-3FA supplementation. N-3FAs significantly reduced the TG-AUC T by 27% and by 42% when combined with exercise. When compared with the exercise trial, the TG-AUC T during the combined trial was significantly lower. Exercise, n-3FAs, and the combination significantly reduced the TG-AUC I by 40%, 42%, and 58%, respectively. These results suggest that the combination of exercise and n-3FA supplementation reduce PPL to a greater degree in recreationally active males when compared with the individual treatments.

Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and exercise on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subfractions*1

<h2>Abstract</h2> The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of combining exercise with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3fa) supplementation on lipoprotein subfractions and associated enzymes. Subjects were 10 recreationally active males, aged 25 ± 1.5 years (mean ± SE), who supplemented n-3fa (60% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 40% docosahexaenoic [DHA]) at 4 g/d for 4 weeks. Before and after supplementation, subjects completed a 60-minute session of treadmill exercise at 60% Vo₂max. Following a 24-hour diet and activity control period, blood was collected immediately before and after the exercise session to assess lipid variables: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and subfractions, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and subfractions and particle size, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Supplementation with n-3fa alone increased total HDL-C and HDL₂-C, while exercise alone increased total HDL-C, HDL₃-C, and total LDL-C. LDL subfractions, particle size, and LCAT and CETP activities were not affected by supplementation. Combination treatment resulted in an additive effect for HDL₃-C only and also increased LDL₁-C versus baseline. LCAT and CETP activities were not affected by treatments. These results suggest that n-3fa supplementation or an exercise session each affect total HDL-C and subfractions but not LDL-C or subfractions. In addition, the combination of n-3fa and exercise may have additional effects on total HDL-C and LDL-C subfractions as compared to either treatment alone in active young men.

Effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and exercise on low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein subfractions

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of combining exercise with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3fa) supplementation on lipoprotein subfractions and associated enzymes. Subjects were 10 recreationally active males, aged 25 ± 1.5 years (mean ± SE), who supplemented n-3fa (60% eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 40% docosahexaenoic [DHA]) at 4 g/d for 4 weeks. Before and after supplementation, subjects completed a 60-minute session of treadmill exercise at 60% V o 2max. Following a 24-hour diet and activity control period, blood was collected immediately before and after the exercise session to assess lipid variables: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and subfractions, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and subfractions and particle size, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) activity. Supplementation with n-3fa alone increased total HDL-C and HDL 2-C, while exercise alone increased total HDL-C, HDL 3-C, and total LDL-C. LDL subfractions, particle size, and LCAT and CETP activities were not affected by supplementation. Combination treatment resulted in an additive effect for HDL 3-C only and also increased LDL 1-C versus baseline. LCAT and CETP activities were not affected by treatments. These results suggest that n-3fa supplementation or an exercise session each affect total HDL-C and subfractions but not LDL-C or subfractions. In addition, the combination of n-3fa and exercise may have additional effects on total HDL-C and LDL-C subfractions as compared to either treatment alone in active young men.

EXERCISE AND FISH OIL

In sedentary subjects, aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplementation interfere with each other and results in no change in postprandial lipemia (PPL). It is unknown if this interference is present in recreationally trained subjects. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to measure changes in PPL and to determine if this interference occurs in recreationally trained males. METHODS Ten recreationally active males (VO2max 53.1 ± 1.7 ml/kg/min) served as subjects. Each subject completed postprandial trials: Pre n-3FA supplementation 1. High fat meal (HFM) only (M), 2. HFM plus exercise (MX). Post n-3FA supplementation (F) 3. HFM only (MF), and 4. HFM plus exercise (MFX). In addition, fasting lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLa) was determined before and after supplementation. Supplementation consisted of 3 wk of n-3FA ingestion at 4 g/d. The exercise session was a 60 min treadmill run at 60% of VO2max. Blood was collected prior to the HFM and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the HFM. Triglyceride (TG) peak response, the total area under the TG curve (TG-AUCT), the incremental area under the TG curve (TG-AUCI), and LPLa were analyzed for differences among the trials. RESULTS TG peak response was significantly reduced 38% by n-3FA supplementation and 50% by the combination of exercise and n-3FA supplementation. N-3FA and the combined treatments significantly reduced the TG-AUCT by 27% and 42%, respectively. When compared to the MX trial, the TG-AUCT during the MFX trial was significantly lower. Exercise, n-3FAs, and the combination of the two significantly reduced the TG-AUCI by 40, 42, and 58%, respectively. There was a non-significant 22% increase in fasting LPLa following n-3FA supplementation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the interference of aerobic exercise and n-3FA supplementation is not present in recreationally active subjects. These results also suggest that the combined treatments may have an additive effect on PPL. Supported by ACSM Foundation Research Grant and UMC Research Council Grant.

Usefulness of fish oil supplements in preventing clinical evidence of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

This study assesses the effect of dietary supplements with high dose omega-3 fatty acid (N3FA) on the frequency of clinical restenosis during the 6 months after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). One hundred ninety-four patients (214 significant coronary narrowings) were randomized after successful PTCA to receive conventional medical therapy or to an identical regimen supplemented by high dose N3FA (4.5 g/day). Enrollment required angina pectoris and successful dilatation of all significant coronary narrowings. The subjects were randomly assigned to either no N3FA (control, n = 99) or N3FA supplementation (n = 95). After a 1-week trial period, 11 (group 2) declined further treatment because of side effects. The remaining 84 subjects (group 1) continued N3FA throughout the 6-month period. Monthly clinical follow-up was obtained in all patients. Ninety-two percent of patients had cardiac testing for evaluation of recurrent ischemia. Except for a greater percentage of women in the group refusing N3FA supplementation (group 2), the 3 groups were similar in demographic data, medical history, dietary habits, history of previous PTCA and angiographic characteristics. Of the 194 subjects, 56 had clinical restenosis (45 by cardiac catheterization, 8 by exercise testing and 3 by symptoms alone [refused further clinical testing]). Reocclusion rates were: group 1 19%, group 2 46%, and control 35%. Analysis both in accordance with the principle of intention to treat and for subjects who actually received N3FA revealed a significant effect of N3FA on preventing clinical restenosis (p < 0.04 and p = 0.008, respectively). These data suggest that high dose N3FA supplements reduce the clinical restenosis rate after successful PTCA.