Myracrodruon Urundeuva Research Articles

Effect of Oxidation of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva All. (Anarcadiaceae) on its Antimicrobial Activity

This study investigates the relaction between oxidation and antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva, a plant known for its traditional medicinal uses. The primary objective was to evaluate how the oxidation of bioactive compounds within the extract affects its antimicrobial efficacy against common pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The extract was prepared following a standardized methodology, and its antimicrobial properties were assessed using disk diffusion assays over a 60-day period, with samples tested every 15 days to monitor changes in activity. The results revealed that the extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, particularly at higher concentrations (100%~50%), with inhibition zones reaching up to 16.7 mm against Staphylococcus aureus by day 30. However, a notable decline in activity was observed between days 30 and 45, indicating a potential degradation of the extract's efficacy over time. Interestingly, lower concentrations (12.5% and 0.4%) showed a resurgence in inhibitory activity towards the end of the study, suggesting that certain oxidative processes may enhance the antimicrobial properties of specific compounds. The study highlights the complex relationship between oxidation and antimicrobial activity demonstrating that certain compounds lose effectiveness, while others become more potent after oxidative modification. This finding is particularly relevant in the context of increasing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, as it suggests that the oxidation of plant-derived compounds could be a viable strategy to enhance their antimicrobial properties. Overall, this research underscores the potential of Myracrodruon urundeuva as a natural alternative in combating resistant pathogens and emphasizes the need for further investigation into the mechanisms by which oxidation influences the activity of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants.

Polyphenols of four medicinal plants extracts and relation with antifungal activities through in vitro and in silico studies

Several medicinal plant´s extracts contain phenolic compounds with antifungal properties useful in pharmaceutical formulations. This study selected species from Cocó River State Park in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, and compare their efficiency as antifungal products. To achieve this goal phenolic profile and anticandidal actions of extracts were evaluated, main constituents were characterized and correlated with antifungal properties through in vitro and in silico studies. Anacardium occidentale, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Laguncularia racemosa, and Terminalia catappa were chosen. The plant parts were collected in accordance with folk medicine recommendation. The main compounds present in the extracts were gallic acid, epicatechin, ellagic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin and rutin, detected by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The anticandidal activity of extracts varied from high to moderate, and A. occidentale present the best activity followed by L. racemosa. The in silico studies revealed that affinity energy (∆G) for ellagic acid (-9.4), isoquercitrin (-9.3) and rutin (-9.0) kcal moL-1 were better in relation to secreted aspartic proteinase 5 (Sap5) from Candida albicans, nevertheless ellagic acid and isoquercitrin act in different places in relation to the active site of Sap5 and could act in synergism with fluconazole.

Sensitivity and antioxidant response of forest species seedlings to the atrazine under simulated conditions of subsurface water contamination

Atrazine is an herbicide with a high soil leaching capacity, contaminating subsurface water sources. Once the water table is contaminated, riparian species can be exposed to atrazine. In this way, understanding the impacts of this exposure must be evaluated for planning strategies that minimize the effects of this herbicide on native forest species. We aimed to evaluate forest species' sensitivity and antioxidant response to exposure to subsurface waters contaminated with atrazine, as well the dissipation this herbicide. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with three replications and one plant per experimental unit. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 10 factorial. The first factor corresponded to the presence or absence (control) of the atrazine in the subsurface water. The second factor comprised 10 forest species: Amburana cearensis, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Bauhinia cheilantha, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Hymenaea courbaril, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Mimosa tenuiflora, Myracrodruon urundeuva, and Tabebuia aurea. The forest species studied showed different sensitivity levels to atrazine in subsurface water. A. cearensis and B. cheilantha species do not have efficient antioxidant systems to prevent severe oxidative damage. The species A. macrocarpa, E. contortisiliquum, L. ferrea, and M. caesalpiniifolia are moderately affected by atrazine. H. courbaril, M. urundeuva, and T. aurea showed greater tolerance to atrazine due to the action of the antioxidant system of these species, avoiding membrane degradation events linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among the forest species, H. courbaril has the most significant remedial potential due to its greater tolerance and reduced atrazine concentrations in the soil.

USO DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS DA COMUNIDADE MARRUÁS DO MUNICÍPIO DE CRAÍBAS-AL, COMO FERRAMENTA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DO CONCEITO DE EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL.

Environmental awareness was applied in this work with the aim of instigating environmental awareness in local communities in the Alagoas countryside, with the aim of building, together with the community, a concept of environmental education, using medicinal plants as a tool. For this purpose, visits were made to the target communities, and semi-structured questionnaires were applied, emphasizing the informants' socio-economic data, as well as ethnobotanical data. The study was carried out in the Marruás community, district of Craíbas – AL, between the months of February and October 2010. 100 interviews were carried out with residents, aged 12 to 80, appointed by the community leader. 40 plant species were surveyed, distributed in 35 families. Most interviewees cited Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allem, known as aroeira, as the most used, followed by Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm) and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. (Holy grass). The predominance of leaves (97%) was observed in relation to other vegetative organs, followed by the bark (6%). The local disappearance of some species such as Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (mastruz) and Eucalyptus globulus Labill was recorded. (eucalyptus). The data obtained reveals the need for instructions to promote the sustainable use of medicinal plants in communities like this, creating a perspective of conservation and management of local vegetation.

Wound Healing Effect of Lippia sidoides and Myracrodruon urundeuva Nanogel.

Wound healing is a natural regenerative response to tissue injury and the conventional treatments consists of the use wound dressings with local administration of medicines, but, in some cases, are only partially effective and limited by toxicity or ineffective anti-microbial protection. Medicinal plants such as Lippia sidoides and Myracrodruon urundeuva have shown interesting pharmacological activities, allied to this, the association of these medicinal plants and nanotechnology, could mean an advantage in relation to classical approach. This study investigated the effect of a nanogel loaded with Lippia sidoides essential oil and Myracrodruon urundeuva extract (NAA) in an excisional wound healing model in rats. Animals were anesthetized and skin wounds were made using a metal punch. The groups were treated with vehicle, NAA or collagenase gel, for 7, 14 or 21 days and then sacrificed for tissue analysis. NAA did not show acute dermal irritation, further significantly reduced (p<0.05) the final wound area, accelerated the wound contraction and organization of collagen in the group treated for 14 days. The data presented here demonstrate the therapeutic potential for the use of nanotechnology associated with medicinal plants and provides evidence that corroborate with the use of L. sidoides and M. urundeuva as healing medicinal plants.

The Enhanced Activity of a Plant Mixture from the Brazilian Caatinga Biome against Venereal Trichomonads Confirms the Traditional Use

Women living in the semi-arid region of Caatinga in the northeast of Brazil report the use of plant mixtures to treat diseases in the genitourinary tract. Plant extracts were obtained from barks to simulate traditional use. The anti-trichomonads activity as well as the cytotoxic effect of plant extracts were tested. Herein, we confirmed this traditional knowledge by testing plants aqueous extracts against Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus, the etiologic agents of human and bovine trichomoniasis. All plant extracts were active individually against at least one trichomonads species except for Prosopis juliflora and Amburana cearensis. Cedrela sp. was the most active against both trichomonads species. Finally, a mixture of plants used in traditional medicine was evaluated for activity. A mixture containing extracts of the plants Ximenia americana, Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Sideroxylon obtusifolium, and Amburana cearensis was active against the two trichomonads. This finding confirms the traditional practice by women living in the Caatinga region of using a mixture of plants during sitz baths to treat vaginal infections. Altogether, these results highlight the ethnopharmacological use of Cedrela sp. and of the plant mixture for the treatment of venereal diseases by Caatinga residents.

ENDOPHYTIC MICROORGANISMS OF AROEIRA TREE AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS PRE-EMERGENT BIOHERBICIDE FOR WEEDS

The endophytic microbiota of native plants is still poorly understood, but their potential to produce bioactive compounds of interest for agriculture has registered an increasing number of articles. Environments such as the Dry Forest bring together characteristics that can harbor a diverse endophytic microbiota with metabolic particularities with potential to be explored. The objectives of this study were to isolate fungi and bacteria from aroeira leaves (Myracrodruon urundeuva Freire Alemão) situated at the Mata Seca National Park, Manga/MG; identify them through the sequencing of the ITS region and 16S rRNA gene, and evaluate the potential bioherbicidal effect of their metabolites on germination and vigor of Urochloa brizanthaCV. Piatã, Bidens pilosa L. and Stylosanthes sp. seeds. The genus Phomopsis was the most abundant in the capoeira tree, being found in 12 of the 19 isolated fungi. Phomopsis sp., Bacillus sp., and Brevilacillus sp. metabolites interfered with the vigor of the seeds, presenting a potential bioherbicidal effect.

Viabilidade econômica de um sistema silvipastoril com e sem a inclusão de crédito de carbono

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the economic viability of exotic and native caatinga forest species grown in silvopastoral systems, combined with the Guinea grass forage crop, compared to monoculture forestry systems, using carbon credits as an alternative source of extra income, aiming for an economic return on the sale of standing timber for firewood production. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Pernambuco Agricultural Research Institute (IPA) in Belém do São Francisco, located in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco, in the Itaparica micro region. Four tree crops were chosen, two of which are native to the Caatinga biome: Angico (Anadenanthera colubrina var. Cebil) and Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), and two exotic eucalyptus clones, E. urophylla x E. tereticornis. Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq) was chosen as the forage. The intercropping of Guinea grass with the two eucalyptus clones proved to be economically viable in all the economic parameters analyzed, and this is the most suitable for marketing standing wood for firewood production. It is not economically advisable to sell the standing wood for firewood production in the monoculture and silvopastoral systems with the native species (Angico and Aroeira) at 96 months of age due to the system's economic unfeasibility. By adding the possibility of financial credit through the atmospheric carbon sequestered by the trees, it is possible to make all the costs of forestry crops in silvopastoral and monoculture systems economically viable.

Bioactive Components of Myracrodruon urundeuva against SARS-CoV-2: A Computational Study

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2) is the causative agent for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It raises serious biosecurity questions due to its high contagious potential, thereby triggering rapid and efficient responses by the scientific community to take necessary actions against viral infections. Cumulative scientific evidence suggests that natural products remain one of the main sources for pharmaceutical consumption. It is due to their wide chemical diversity that they are able to fight against almost all kinds of diseases and disorders in humans and other animals. Knowing the overall facts, this study was carried out to investigate the chemical interactions between the active constituents of a promising medicinal plant, Myracrodruon urundeuva, and some specific proteins of SARS-CoV-2. For this, we used molecular docking to predict the most appropriate orientation by binding a molecule (a ligand) to its receptor (a protein). The best results were evaluated by screening their pharmacokinetic properties using the online tool pkCSM. Findings suggest that among 44 chemical compounds of M. urundeuva, agathisflavone, which is abundantly present in its leaf, exhibited excellent molecular affinity (−9.3 to −9.7 kcal.mol−1) with three functional proteins, namely, Spike, MPro, and RBD of SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, M. urundeuva might be a good source of antiviral agents. Further studies are required to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of the bioactive compounds of M. urundeuva acting against SARS-CoV-2.

Evaluation of the skin whitening and antioxidant activity of Myracrodruon urundeuva extract (aroeira-do-sertão)

Myracrodruon urundeuva, popularly known as ‘aroeira-do-sertão’, a large tree, with a tall trunk. Belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, it occurs in the ‘caatinga’ and dry forests of Brazil, from Ceará to the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. The present study aimed to analyse the whitening and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Myracrodruon urundeuva (AELMU). Inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme, as well as its copper chelating capacity and antioxidant effect were evaluated. The AELMU (at 2000 µg/mL) showed excellent inhibitory action (83.76%) on tyrosinase by chelating the copper ion while kojic acid at the same concentration inhibited 97.81%. Moreover, the extract displayed important antioxidant activity (inhibited 76,46% of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical - DPPH; 49,59% of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 51,07% of the hydroxyl radical). Thus, the extract under study is promising for use in cosmetics, given its multifactorial action.

Tratamentos pré-germinativos no controle da dormência de sementes de Myracrodruon urundeuva fr. All (aroeira-preta)

The objective of this work was to test different methods to overcome dormancy in seeds of Myracrodruon urundeuva, a species of economic and environmental interest. Seven treatments were tested, plus the control. The parameters analyzed were the percentage and speed of germination and the statistical analysis adopted the completely randomized design and the Tukey test (5%). Conclusions: 1) chemical scarification compared to mechanical scarification is a good option to speed up seed germination; 2) seed immersion was not interesting in breaking dormancy and 3) sulfuric acid and washing in running water (2 hs), for germination speed, are statistically superior to the control.

Myracrodruon urundeuva lectins present anticancer and anticryptococcal activities with low cytotoxic or genotoxic effects

Myracrodruon urundeuva lectins present anticancer and anticryptococcal activities with low cytotoxic or genotoxic effects

Trichoderma as a growth promoter in Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.

Trichoderma as a growth promoter in Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.

Post-logging changes in a neotropical dry forest composition and structure modify the ecosystem functioning

Native forests are considered to be the main centers of terrestrial diversity in the world and they provide important ecosystem services for humanity. Unsustainable logging is currently-one of the greatest threats to the biodiversity of these forests. In northwestern Argentina, about 90 % of the piedmont forest in the Southern Yungas has been transformed and the remaining 10% is being intensively logged. The aim of this study was to identify post-logging changes in the structural and compositional attributes affecting the functionality of a dry forest in Argentina. In the control forest, we recorded 1559 individuals from 45 tree species and 22 families, and at post-logging forest, 1376 trees from 47 species and 25 families. Logging affected the forest structure by decreasing timber tree density and basal area. In addition, at the post-logging forest, we observed an increase in the density of non-timber trees and in the horizontal understory cover, which were associated with the normalized difference vegetation index, thus, affecting the forest functioning. The threatened timber species Amburana cearensis and Jacaranda mimosifolia were not recorded in the logged forest. In the control, four timber species had the highest importance value indexes (IVI): Phyllostilon rhamnoides, Anadenanthera colubrina, Calicophylum multiflorum, and Myracrodruon urundeuva. Additionally, in the logged forest there was a change in the species order regarding the IVI, with A. colubrina, P. rhamnoides, Cordia americana, and a non-valuable timber species (Ocotea puberula) being the most important tree species. In order to preserve the economic and ecological value of the piedmont forest, the density of non-timber tree species and the horizontal understory cover must be maintained at values close to the control forest. These guidelines can be implemented by applying low-impact logging techniques.

Optimized method for dna extraction and PCR amplification in aroeira tree

Molecular markers are important tools in the characterization of plant genetic diversity and can provide support for conservation strategies for endangered populations. The different molecular techniques involve the evaluation of many individuals; therefore, it is crucial to have fast, efficient, and inexpensive methods for DNA extraction. Given the importance of the Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.) it is pertinent to optimize a protocol that allows the obtainment of intact and pure DNA, aiming to assist conservation strategies for this species that is threatened with extinction. Thus, this study aimed to compare five DNA extraction methods: Dellaporta et al. (1983), Doyle and Doyle (1987) modified, Ferreira and Grattapaglia (1995), Romano and Brasileiro (2015), and Khanuja et al. (1999) and optimize the most efficient protocol for M. urundeuva. The modified DNA extraction protocol proposed by Doyle and Doyle (1987), using 100 mg of leaf tissue and 6 µl of β-mercaptoethanol was the protocol that presented the sharpest bands after DNA electrophoresis and after the reactions of amplification employing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Therefore, it is suggested to use the protocol described by Doyle and Doyle (1987) modified for the extraction of DNA from young M. urundeuva leaves to carry out techniques involving molecular markers.

Use of medicinal plants by community from Fazenda Nova district, Brejo da Madre de Deus, PE, Brazil

The survey of medicinal&nbsp; plants used by people in the Fazenda Nova district, Brejo da Madre de Deus Municipality, Pernambuco State, Brazil was the main aim of this work. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. The botanical material were identified and deposited at the Herbarium Professor VasconcelosSobrinho (PEUFR) of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Were recorded 81 species, distributed in 45 families. The families with&nbsp; larger number of species were: Euphorbiaceae (7 ssp.), Caesalpiniaceae (5 ssp.), Lamiaceae ( 5 ssp.), Mimosaceae (5 ssp.), Asteraceae (4 ssp.), Fabaceae (4 ssp.), Bignoniaceae (3 ssp.) e Solanaceae (3 ssp.). Therapeutic indications for respiratory problems (24.54%), gastrointestinal disorders (17.47%) and inflammation in general (11.52%) are the most cited. The tea was the main form of preparation and the leaves were the part of the plant most used in the production of natural remedies. The species angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa&nbsp;(Benth.) Brenan.), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva&nbsp; FR. Allemão), babosa (Aloe vera L.), colônia (Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. R. M. Sm), hortelã-miúda (Mentha crispa L.) e romã (Punicagranatum L.) stood out because besides being mentioned by all informants there was complete consensus regarding the main use of the plant, reaching ROP 100.

Does the type of substrate influence growth and antioxidant systems? Case study of Myracrodruon urundeuva under water deficit

• The type of substrate and water deficit influences growth and the antioxidant response in Myracrodruon urundeuva . • The intensity of the water deficit varies depending on the composition of the substrate, which is influenced by the physicochemical mechanisms of the soil. • The MDA is an important marker of stress in Myracrodruon urundeuva. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of M. urundeuva to conditions of differing water availability and substrates. The study was carried out in a greenhouse using three-month-old plants grown in sand or sandy loam soil under conditions of continuous watering (CW) or water deficit (WD) for 30 days. Subsequently, the plants subjected to water deficiency were irrigated for 15 days. All reviews were conducted at 30 and 45 days, corresponding to the period of water restriction and recovery, and evaluations were performed of absolute growth rates stem height, leaf number, the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), as well as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Plants subjected to water deficit showed a reduction in growth parameters, an increase in antioxidant enzyme, activities, and higher H 2 O 2 and MDA concentrations, with differences between soil types. At 45 days, the growth of rehydrated plants continued to be reduced in both substrates, and except for plants grown in sand. CAT activity was increased in these rehydrated plants. In contrast, SOD activity was reduced by 35% in plants rehydrated in substrate. Plants grown in sandy loam soil had higher levels of MDA under both water conditions at 45 days. In conclusion, we corroborate the hypothesis that the greatest damage occurred by lipid peroxidation in plants in sand under deficit, however antioxidant enzymes showed increased activity in plants in soil with no difference in growth reductions under deficit, although greater heights were observed in plants grown in the sandy loam soil after 45 days. The understanding of the responses of M. urundeuva to water deficit in different substrates is important for supporting future studies on the impacts of climate change on the vegetation present in different soil types in the Caatinga.

Effect of &lt;i&gt;seed priming&lt;/i&gt; with NaCl on the induction of salinity tolerance in &lt;i&gt;Myracrodruon urundeuva&lt;/i&gt; Allemão &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;

Soil salinization is an environmental factor that frequently occurs in semi-arid regions around the world and seed priming technique is one of the alternatives to obtain the greatest establishment of seedlings in the field, through the induction of tolerance to environmental stresses. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of seed priming with NaCl on the induction of salinity tolerance in Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão in vitro. The research was carried out at the Center for Strategic Technologies of the Northeast, in Recife / PE-Brazil M. urundeuva seeds were disinfected and submitted to two treatments: water (control) or NaCl (2mM), and inoculated in WPM medium at three saline concentrations (0.0; 25.0 and 50.0 mM NaCl) for 45 days. Plant height, number of leaves, fresh biomass (total, shoot, and root), shoot/root ratio, sodium and potassium and Na/K ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity, and peroxide content were evaluated malondialdehyde hydrogen. The data were subjected to variance analysis and the results were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls test at 5% probability, using the R software. Seed priming with NaCl promoted a beneficial effect on the height of seedlings exposed to salinity. On the other hand, height was inversely proportional to saline concentrations, regardless of seed priming. The shoot/root ratio was also lower in seedlings cultivated under 25 and 50 mM NaCl. Despite being favorable for most growth variables, seed priming with NaCl induced an increase in lipid peroxidation in seedlings that were not exposed to salinity, which is linked to a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The antagonistic response to NaCl stimulation between growth parameters and plant defense observed in the present research raises the need for further complementary studies that make it possible to delineate the metabolic alterations of M. urundeuva against a chemical stimulus to induce tolerance to a given stress.

Ethnobotanical knowledge of herbalists about medicinal plants from the semiarid region in northeastern Brazil

Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times to treat illnesses. This study aimed to identify through questionnaire the medicinal plants most frequently sold on public and street markets in some municipalities of Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil, and the knowledge of herbalists about their therapeutic indications and forms of use. The sample consisted of 28 herbalists. Fifteen plants with a dental indication were identified, including barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), gengibre (Zingiber officinale), romã (Punica granatum), cajueiro-roxo (Anacardium occidentale), mulungu (Erythrina velutina) andquixaba (Sideroxylon obtusfolium), as well as 21 plants used for the treatment of general diseases, including barbatimão (S. adstringens), aroeira (M. urundeuva), cajueiro-roxo (A. occidentale), quixaba (S. obtusfolium), boldo (Peumus boldus) and erva doce (Pimpinella anisum). Bottled preparations ("garrafadas")and teas were the most frequently indicated forms of use. The results suggest that herbalists have a vast traditional knowledge of the therapeutic potential of commercialized plants.

Antifungal susceptibility of the endophytic fungus Rhinocladiella similis (URM 7800) isolated from the Caatinga dry forest in Brazil.

The present study reports a new occurrence of Rhinocladiella similis isolated as an endophytic fungus in the Caatinga dry tropical forest in Brazil and describes its antifungal susceptibility. The isolate R. similis URM 7800 was obtained from leaves of the medicinal plant Myracrodruon urundeuva. Its morphological characterization was performed on potato dextrose agar medium and molecular analysis using the ITS rDNA sequence. The antifungal susceptibility profile was defined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol M38-A2. The colony of isolate URM 7800 showed slow growth, with an olivaceous-gray color and powdery mycelium; in microculture, it showed the typical features of R. similis. In the antifungal susceptibility test, isolate URM 7800 showed high minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for amphotericin B (>16 μg/mL), voriconazole (16 μg/mL), terbinafine (>0.5 μg/mL), and caspofungin (>8 μg/mL), among other antifungal drugs. Pathogenic melanized fungi are frequently isolated in environments where humans may be exposed, and these data show that it is essential to know if these isolates possess antifungal resistance.