Mycogenic Synthesis Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Mycogenic Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Volvariella volvacea and Unveiling its Potential as Antibiofilm and Anticancer Agents

This research explores the eco-friendly creation of functional, biocompatible nanomaterials through green chemistry, utilizing natural extracts over chemicals to produce metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The study focuses on iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized with Volvariella volvacea (GIONP) and evaluates their physical, chemical, and biological traits, including their anticancer capabilities, against traditionally made IONPs (CIONP). GIONPs, confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering, showed enhanced stability and consistent size distribution. They also demonstrated smaller sizes via -Field Emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, and X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared studies verified their crystalline structure and organic functional groups. Notably, GIONPs exhibited strong antioxidant properties, low toxicity to blood cells, promising for intravenous use, and greater antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against various bacterial strains than CIONPs. The study revealed that both GIONPs and CIONPs exhibit a similar degree of toxicity towards MDA-MB 231 cancer cells. The internalization of GIONPs within these cells was verified through a Prussian blue assay and further supported by the concentration-dependent increase in intracellular iron levels post-treatment. These findings underscore the successful formulation of GIONPs that are not only biocompatible and eco-friendly but also capped with bioactive compounds, highlighting their promising applications in the field of biomedicine.

Mycogenic synthesis of iron nanoparticles using thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila and their applicability in environmental remediation

Culture extract of thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU7 played important role in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). The mould was grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at 45 °C and 200 rpm for 72 h. A colour change from transparent to reddish brown showed the synthesis of FeNPs due to the surface plasmon resonance by the fungal culture extract. The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using different reaction conditions. Biogenic iron nanoparticles were synthesized maximally at 50 °C and pH 5.0 after 24 h using 2 mM salt solution and one ml culture extract. Furthermore, formation of iron nanoparticles was significantly accelerated in the presence of light. The absorption peak was maximum around 250–350 nm in UV–vis spectrum. The absorption peaks of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 619.99 cm−1, 793.57 cm−1, 882.32 cm−1, 1121.46 cm−1, 1627.71 cm−1, 2923.17 cm−1 and 3430.70 cm−1, indicated functional groups of active biomolecules involved in the synthesis of FeNPs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of green synthesized iron nanoparticles indicated the average size of 80 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the crystalline nature of FeNPs. These FeNPs efficiently reduced p-nitrophenol (PNP) into p-aminophenol (PAP), which was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Biogenic FeNPs showed 96 and 35 % decolourization of bromphenol blue and malachite green, respectively. Further, addition of H2O2 enhanced the decolourization of malachite green up to 96 %. Biogenic FeNPs synthesized from culture extract of a thermophilic mould have been found effective in remediation of environmental pollutants released from various industries.

Proficient mycogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by soil derived fungus Aspergillus melleus SSS-10 with cytotoxic and antibacterial potency

The present study aimed at evaluating the extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by soil fungus Aspergillus melleus SSS-10 for antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. In this study, the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was estimated by the colour change in cell free extract from pale yellow to golden yellow after 24 h of the reaction. UV‐Vis study showed the absorbance maxima at 410 nm. Tauc plot analysis revealed the band gap energy as 2.34 eV. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) data revealed polydisperse anisotropic silver nanoparticles with average hydrodynamic diameter of 92.006 nm. Zeta potential of − 19.6 mV provided evidence of stable silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed four prominent Bragg peaks corresponding to (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes characteristic of silver (Ag) in FCC structural configuration. Average crystallite size was found to be 87.3 nm from Scherrer equation. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis revealed irregular morphology of silver nanoparticles. EDS analysis displayed characteristic energy peaks of silver from 2.72 keV to 3.52 keV confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited strong cytotoxic potential on MG-63 cells. AgNPs also showed antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In conclusion, this study provides a platform to explore the utility of fungal mediated silver nanoparticles synthesized for various pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

Mycogenic Synthesis of Extracellular Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Xylaria acuta and Its Nanoantibiotic Potential.

PurposeThe study aimed to find an effective method for fungal-mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using endophytic fungal extracts and to evaluate the efficiency of synthesized ZnO NPs as antimicrobial and anticancerous agents.MethodsZinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were produced from zinc nitrate hexahydrate with fungal filtrate by the combustion method. The spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), were used to characterize the obtained product. Antibacterial activity on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) samples was tested by broth microplate dilution technique. ZnO NPs antifungal activity was determined against plant pathogenic and regular contaminating fungi using the food-poison method. The anticancerous assay of the synthesized ZnO NPs was also investigated by cell uptake, MTT assay, and apoptosis assay.ResultsThe fungal synthesized ZnO NPs were pure, mainly hexagonal in shape and size range of 34–55 nm. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs could proficiently inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ZnO NPs synthesized from fungal extract exhibited antifungal activity in a dose-dependent manner with a high percentage of mycelial inhibition. The cell uptake analysis of ZnO NPs suggests that a significant amount of ZnO NPs (1 μg/mL) was internalized without disturbing cancer cells’ morphology. As a result, the synthesized ZnO NPs showed significant anticancer activity against cancer cells at 1 μg/mL concentration.ConclusionThis fungus-mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs is a simple, eco-friendly, and non-toxic method. Our results show that the synthesized ZnO NPs are an excellent novel antimicrobial and anticancer agent. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism of the antimicrobial, anticancerous action of ZnO NPs and their possible genotoxicity.

Bioreduction of Gold Ions from Anisotropic to Isotropic Nanostructures by NADPH‐Dependent Reductase from Bipolaris oryzae

AbstractHere, we report an eco‐friendly, benign and rapid mycogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles of various shapes using cell‐free extract of the fungus Bipolaris oryzae (B. oryzae). Three different volumes of cell‐free extract of the fungus were exposed to an aqueous solution of gold chloride and in all three cases, there is a gradual color change from light yellow to pink indicating the formation of gold nanoparticle. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dependent enzyme present in the cell‐free extract of the fungus B. oryzae leads to the rapid reduction of Au3+ to Au0 within 5–10 min when incubated with an aqueous solution of gold chloride. UV‐visible and fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements show the presence of aminoacids, such as tyrosine/phenylalanine and proteins as the possible capping agent. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) revealed the morphology of the structures were anisotropic triangles, hexagons, decahedrals and isotropic spheres. Isotropic spherical nanoparticles and anisotropic nanoparticles such as triangles, hexagons and decahedrals were produced at higher and lower volumes of the fungal extract, respectively. Rapid and sustainable approach for the production of gold nanoparticles of various shapes such as the one reported has a plethora of applications in the field of life‐sciences and medicine.

Eco-friendly Mycogenic Synthesis of ZnO and CuO Nanoparticles for In Vitro Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Antifungal Applications.

Mycogenic synthesis of medically applied zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were exploited using Penicillium chrysogenum. The biogenesis and capping processes of the produced nano-metals were conducted by functional fungal extracellular enzymes and proteins. The obtained ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs were characterized. Also, the antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs were determined. Also, antibiofilm and antifungal activities were investigated. Results have demonstrated the ability of the bio-secreted proteins to cape and reduce ZnO and CuO to hexagonal and spherical ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs with particle size at 9.0-35.0nm and 10.5-59.7nm, respectively. Both ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs showed high antimicrobial activities not only against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but also against some phytopathogenic fungal strains. Besides this, those NPs showed varied antibiofilm effects against different microorganisms. Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that CuO-NPs had an effective antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus and therefore can be applied in diverse medical devices. Thus, the mycogenic green synthesized ZnO-NPs and CuO-NPs have the potential as smart nano-materials to be used in the medical field to limit the spread of some pathogenic microbes.

Mycogenic Metal Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Mycobacterioses.

Mycobacterial infections are a resurgent and increasingly relevant problem. Within these, tuberculosis (TB) is particularly worrying as it is one of the top ten causes of death in the world and is the infectious disease that causes the highest number of deaths. A further concern is the on-going emergence of antimicrobial resistance, which seriously limits treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened current circumstances and future infections will be more incident. It is urgent to plan, draw solutions, and act to mitigate these issues, namely by exploring new approaches. The aims of this review are to showcase the extensive research and application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and other metal nanoparticles (MNPs) as antimicrobial agents. We highlight the advantages of mycogenic synthesis, and report on their underexplored potential as agents in the fight against all mycobacterioses (non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections as well as TB). We propose further exploration of this field.

Mycogenic Selenium Nanoparticles as Potential New Generation Broad Spectrum Antifungal Molecules.

The current challenges of sustainable agricultural development augmented by global climate change have led to the exploration of new technologies like nanotechnology, which has potential in providing novel and improved solutions. Nanotools in the form of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides possess smart delivery mechanisms and controlled release capacity for active ingredients, thus minimizing excess run-off to water bodies. This study aimed to establish the broad spectrum antifungal activity of mycogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) synthesized from Trichoderma atroviride, and characterize the bioactive nanoparticles using UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The synthesized nanoparticles displayed excellent in vitro antifungal activity against Pyricularia grisea and inhibited the infection of Colletotrichum capsici and Alternaria solani on chili and tomato leaves at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. The SEM-EDS analysis of the bioactive SeNPs revealed a spherical shape with sizes ranging from 60.48 nm to 123.16 nm. The nanoparticles also possessed the unique property of aggregating and binding to the zoospores of P. infestans at a concentration of 100 ppm, which was visualized using light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopy. Thus, the present study highlights the practical application of SeNPs to manage plant diseases in an ecofriendly manner, due to their mycogenic synthesis and broad spectrum antifungal activity against different phytopathogens.

Penicillium chrysogenum-Mediated Mycogenic Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Gamma Rays for In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Against Some Plant Pathogens

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of specific fungus to biosynthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by the aid of gamma rays and evaluate its performance as a unique antimicrobial agent in the agricultural fields. CuO NPs were synthesized by Penicillium chrysogenum filtrate utilizing copper sulfate at various gamma rays doses. The identification was performed by UV-Vis., FTIR, XRD, DLS, TEM, SEM, EDX and mapping images. Antimicrobial potential of CuO NPs against selected crop pathogenic microbes had been estimated. From the results, the preferred doses applied for CuO NPs synthesis was recorded at 50.0 kGy. The proposed reaction mechanism was studied. TEM image with DLS analysis confirmed the morphology of CuO NPs possesses a mean diameter at 9.70 nm. CuO NPs exhibited a maximum antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum (37.0 mm ZOI) followed by Alternaria solani (28.0 mm ZOI), and Aspergillus niger (26.5 mm ZOI). On the other hand, it was active as antibacterial agent against Ralstonia solanacearum (22.0 mm ZOI) and Erwinia amylovora (19.0 mm ZOI). Therefore, due to these outstanding properties, CuO NPs may be utilized as the significant antimicrobial agents in the agricultural area to restrain the plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria from proliferation.

Screening of filamentous fungi for antimicrobial silver nanoparticles synthesis

The present work had the goal of screening a batch of 20 fungal strains, isolated from sugar cane plantation soil, in order to identify those capable of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are known to have a large and effective application in clinical microbiology. Four strains were found to be capable of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesised nanoparticles were characterised by UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, EDX, and XRD. They were found to have an average size of 30–100 nm, a regular round shape, and potential antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity was found to be directly related to the nanoparticles concentration. Mycogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is a green biogenic process preferable to other alternatives. Because fungi are great producers of extracellular enzymes this process makes scaling-up an easier task with high importance for clinical microbiology on the fight against microbial resistance, as well as for other industrial applications.

Assessment of protein silver nanoparticles toxicity against pathogenic Alternaria solani.

Mycogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out in the present investigation using an aqueous extract of endophytic non-pathogenic Alternaria solani F10 (KT721914). The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by means of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The surface plasmon resonance found at 430 nm confirmed the formation of stable AgNPs for several weeks at room temperature. Also, the results revealed the formation of spherical and monodispersed AgNPs with an average size of 14.8 ± 1.2 nm. The FT-IR spectrum suggested that the fungal extracellular proteins and secondary metabolites had the role in Ag reduction and AgNPs capping of which protein Ag nanoconjugates were formed. Furthermore, the mycosynthesized AgNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity against different pathogenic isolates of the same Alternaria solani fungus, the causal pathogen of tomato early blight disease. The antifungal efficiency of the AgNPs at 1, 5 and 10 ppm were evaluated for 8 days after incubation by measuring the inhibition rate of fungal radial growth. The results were further supported by investigating fungal hyphae morphology alteration by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Treated fungal hyphae showed formation of pits and pores. Also, the mycosynthesized AgNPs were able to pass and distribute throughout the fungal cell area and interact with the cell components.

Preventing mosquito bites – Websites and apps how well do we manage the advice?

Nanomaterials have strikingly different physicochemical and optoelectronic properties which are now being widely investigated for a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture, textile, medicine, drug delivery, biochemical sensors, and allied areas. Hereby, the growing need for the fabrication of exotic nanostructures, surface manipulation, and functionalization has inspired us to explore a biological route apart from several available chemical and physical approaches. Recently, mycogenic synthesis has gained considerable attention due to the promising ability of a diverse group of yeast and fungus to produce an array of nanoparticles composed of gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, platinum, cadmium, and even metal composites and oxides. Fungi-assisted synthesis of nanostructures with desirable shapes and sizes is either intracellular or extracellular, where NADH-dependent nitrate reductase enzyme plays an important role in the transformation of metal ions into metal nanoparticles. Morphological features like the size and shape of the nanoparticles depend on the microorganism utilized and the reaction conditions employed during the synthesis process. This mycogenic green synthesis of nanoparticles is safe, environmentally benign, rapid, efficient, and biocompatible. In this chapter, we provide an elaborate description of the recent advances of nanobiotechnological applications of fungi that include synthesis, possible mechanisms, and their potential applications.

Myconanotechnology in agriculture: a perspective

Myconanotechnology is an emerging field, where fungi can be harnessed for the synthesis of nanomaterials or nanostructures with desirable shape and size. Though myconanotechnology is in its infancy, potential applications provide exciting waves of transformation in agriculture and fascinate microbiologists and other researchers to contribute in providing incremental solutions through green chemistry approaches for advancing food security. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the research efforts on the mycogenic synthesis of nanoparticles with particular emphasis on mechanisms and potential applications in agriculture and allied sectors.

Mycogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the Japanese environmental isolate Aspergillus tamarii

In this study, an environmental friendly process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a fungus Aspergillus tamarii has been investigated. The process of silver ion reduction by the fungal extracellular filtrate was spontaneous which lead to the development of an easy process for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The AgNPs formed were characterized using UV–Visible spectrum, FTIR, and SEM. The results revealed that silver ions reduction by the fungal extracellular filtrate started at 420 nm after 0.5 h of incubation time. The FTIR peaks were observed at 1393, 1820, 2727, and 3545 cm−1. The SEM result showed the distribution of spherical AgNPs ranging from 25 to 50 nm.