Mutual Contacts Research Articles

Primate and General. Contacts between Cardinal Wyszyński and Władysław Anders in the Light of Their Correspondence – a Contribution to the History of the Polish Independence Emigration

The article takes a closer look at the relationship between Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and General Władysław Anders between 1957 and 1970. The letters found in the Warsaw Archdiocesan Archives, complex: Secretariat of the Primate of Poland, and in the Archives of the Polish Institute and the Sikorski Museum in London show the close relationship between the Primate and the General. Although contact between them was occasional, we can observe the mutual respect and appreciation of these two leaders of “free Poland”. The former upheld Polish identity in a country ruled by communists, while also defending the independence of the Polish Church. At the same time, the latter acted as the leader of the Polish independence emigration community. Documented communication between Cardinal Wyszyński and General Anders began in 1957. It could not have taken place on a permanent basis, as the Primate feared that such relations could be a pretext for persecuting the Church in Poland – on the charge of maintaining contacts with “reactionary emigration circles”. Nevertheless, the Primate and the General met in person in Rome in May 1963, during Cardinal Wyszyński’s stay in the Holy See. The article is supplemented by an edition of correspondence concerning their mutual contacts. The text should be treated as a complementary contribution to the history of Polish emigration.

Exotic Diplomacy. Relations between the Polish Government–In–Exile and the Émigré Authorities of the Republic of the South Moluccas

This article is dedicated to the diplomatic relations between the Polish government–in–exile and the émigré authorities of the Republic of the South Moluccas. It presents the genesis of mutual contacts, their initiation, nature and course. The author discusses the level of joint initiatives and the importance of mutual communication for both emigrations.

The importance of side branches of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors: a molecular dynamics perspective.

Many proteins are anchored to the cell surface of eukaryotes using a unique family of glycolipids called glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. These glycolipids also exist without a covalently bound protein, in particular on the cell surfaces of protozoan parasites where they are densely populated. GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins participate in multiple cellular processes such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, protein trafficking and pathogenesis of Malaria, Toxoplasmosis, Trypanosomiasis and prion diseases, among others. All GPIs share a common conserved glycan core modified in a cell-dependent manner with additional side glycans or phosphoethanolamine residues. Here, we use atomistic molecular dynamic simulations and perform a systematic study to evaluate the structural properties of GPIs with different side chains inserted in lipid bilayers. Our results show a flop-down orientation of GPIs with respect to the membrane surface and the presentation of the side chain residues to the solvent. This finding agrees well with experiments showing the role of the side residues as active epitopes for recognition of GPIs by macrophages and induction of GPI-glycan-specific immune responses. Protein-GPI interactions were investigated by attaching parasitic GPIs to Green Fluorescent Protein. GPIs are observed to recline on the membrane surface and pull down the attached protein close to the membrane facilitating mutual contacts between protein, GPI and the lipid bilayer. This model is efficient in evaluating the interaction of GPIs and GPI-anchored proteins with membranes and can be extended to study other parasitic GPIs and proteins and develop GPI-based immunoprophylaxis to treat infectious diseases.

Reflection of The Socio-Economic Developments in Kazakhistan After USSR to Turkey

  The process of the collapse of the USSR, which began under the leadership of the Baltic countries, ended with the declaration of independence of the countries under its rule in 1991. Kazakhstan, which has been in the mosaic of the USSR for more than 70 years, declared its sovereignty on October 25, 1990, and independence on December 16, 1991. In the elections held on December 1, 1991, Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the first President of independent Kazakhstan. The first country to recognize it was the Republic of Turkey.  Before this period, "social, cultural, and economic" relations between the two countries were practically non-existent. After Kazakhstan gained independence, mutual political contacts resumed. Agreements have been signed with Turkey in many areas. A great contribution to the prosperity of Kazakhstan today was made by the first President of the country, Nursultan Nazarbayev. Turkey has established close cooperation with Kazakhstan, which is in our heart and cultural geography, and has strengthened the relationship that it has been striving for years. This study included field research and a literature review. In the study, the connection between Kazakhstan and Turkey was interrupted during the period of Soviet Russia. With the collapse of the USSR, very important opportunities appeared. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it reveals the importance of these relations between the two countries. A point will be given for further research on the connection between Kazakhstan and Turkey. Keywords: USSR, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Trade, Culture.

HiC-TE: a computational pipeline for Hi-C data analysis to study the role of repeat family interactions in the genome 3D organization.

The role of repetitive DNA in the 3D organization of the interphase nucleus is a subject of intensive study. In studies of 3D nucleus organization, mutual contacts of various loci can be identified by Hi-C sequencing. Typical analyses use binning of read pairs by location to reduce noise. We use binning by repeat families instead to make similar conclusions about repeat regions. To achieve this, we combined Hi-C data, reference genome data and tools for repeat analysis into a Nextflow pipeline identifying and quantifying the contacts of specific repeat families. As an output, our pipeline produces heatmaps showing contact frequency and circular diagrams visualizing repeat contact localization. Using our pipeline with tomato data, we revealed the preferential homotypic interactions of ribosomal DNA, centromeric satellites and some LTR retrotransposon families and, as expected, little contact between organellar and nuclear DNA elements. While the pipeline can be applied to any eukaryotic genome, results in plants provide better coverage, since the built-in TE-greedy-nester software only detects tandems and LTR retrotransposons. Other repeats can be fed via GFF3 files. This pipeline represents a novel and reproducible way to analyze the role of repetitive elements in the 3D organization of genomes. https://gitlab.fi.muni.cz/lexa/hic-te/. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Kazahskaya nacional'naya intelligenciya i sibirskie deyateli: istoriya vzaimodejstviya (vtoraya polovina XIX — nachalo XX v.)

The article shows the history of the relationship of individual representatives of the Kazakh national intelligentsia with Siberian public and political figures in the middle of the 19th century to the end of 1917. The first stage of relations includes the 1850s - 1890s. During this period, the main aspects of cooperation in the fields of science, education, ethnography are formed, joint meetings of the Kazakh and Siberian intelligentsia are held. The second stage covers the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. At this time, the Kazakh elite, who studied and worked in educational and scientific institutions and institutions of Siberia, came into contact with such Siberian figures as G.N. Potanin, A.M. Yarmosh, P. S. Vologodskiy. The third stage of mutual contacts includes the activation of ties throughout 1917. During this short but busy period, the leaders of the Kazakh national movement Alash take an active part in the work of the Siberian Congresses.

Effectiveness of self -developed multimedia package tool’s influence on listening skill acquisition among integrated B.Sc B.Ed students in higher education

In these days, Higher Education of India (HEI) has more requisite to shift from face to face to virtual learning through online because of COVID-19 pandemic situation. Listening skill was neglected which was one of the main source to acquire the knowledge from different medium of e-learning platform by delivering several lectures on social media. It is True experimental research design (before and after with control group design).Random sampling was applied to identify the groups and treatment has been given to one of two groups is called experimental group. The investigator kept experimental study well without mutual contacts and interaction between two groups. Post-test was administered on two groups after treatment completed then the result of pre-test and post-test compared then paired t test value is 13.22 .It is higher than p value at the 0.05 level so null hypotheses is rejected. The findings are there was statistically significant difference between experimental and control group regarding acquisition of listening skill by influence of multimedia package tool and there was significance among integrated bsc,bed students on higher education regarding effectiveness of multimedia package tool.

Deployable Soft Pneumatic Networks (D-PneuNets) Actuator With Dual-Morphing Origami Chambers for High-Compactness

Soft pneumatic networks (PneuNets) actuators are widely considered as a robotic solution for safety and simplicity, yet the trade-off relationship between output force and bulkiness limits usability. In this letter, we propose a deployable soft pneumatic networks (D-PneuNets) actuator consisting of origami-designed chambers. In response to applied pressure, the origami chambers rapidly deploy to increase the moment arm, while simultaneously inflating to bend the whole body through asymmetric lengthening and mutual contacts. Consequently, the D-PneuNets actuator can generate relatively large force, and also provide compactness when not in use. Experiment and finite element analysis results show that the D-PneuNets actuator can grow more than 2.5 times of its initial height, and generate an output force more than 10 times higher compared to that of a conventional soft pneumatic networks actuator with the same initial height. In addition, a dual-material origami chamber with relatively stiff side walls was developed to prevent an unnecessary bulge out. Finally, a robotic soft glove using D-PneuNets actuators was developed and verified for grasping various everyday-objects. Our approach offers a design strategy to overcome the trade-off relationship of soft pneumatic networks actuators, enabling compact designs of soft robotic devices.

Karel starší ze Žerotína a Karel I. z Lichtenštejna. Provázané osudy dvou moravských politiků bělohorské doby

Charles the Elder of Ĺ˝erotĂ­n and Charles I of Liechtenstein are considered by modern historiographers dealing with early modern times to be important figures in Moravian, Czech and Central European history. Reflections on issues of status and proto-parliamentarism as well as the rise of new princely elites, issues of freedom of faith and cultural and artistic patronage are relevant to them. Interest in Charles the Elder of Ĺ˝erotĂ­n at the present time has led to the publication of his newly discovered correspondence, to an appreciation of his language, epistographical style, political and legal education and, last but not least, his moral values. The personality of Charles of Liechtenstein, on the other hand, has become the subject of polemic and controversy. On the one hand, Liechtenstein used to be presented as an upstart. Emphasis was placed on his conversion, his role in the currency consortium, his participation in the defeat of the Bohemian Uprising and in the punishment of its supporters. On the other hand, it is possible to encounter a defence for him when Liechtenstein is portrayed as an aristocrat seeking compromise and protecting the emperor’s enemies, emphasizing his role as the founder of a major princely dynasty, an expert on architecture, a patron of artists and a collector of works of art. A study of Ĺ˝erotĂ­n and, to a limited extent, Liechtenstein sources indicates that the relationship between the two representatives of the White Mountain became more intense at a time when Ĺ˝erotĂ­n and Liechtenstein came into closer contact for personal or political reasons, or can be described as socially tense. Leaving aside the period of their shared studies in Moravia and Western Europe, there are the period of Liechtenstein’s tenure of the office of governor of Moravia, the Moravian resistance against Emperor Rudolf II, his period as governor of Ĺ˝erotĂ­n, the period of the Bohemian and Moravian uprising, and at the same time Liechtenstein’s „Bohemian mission” as imperial viceroy. The irregular frequency of their mutual contacts and the destruction of documents do not make it possible to find out what happened in the „interim periods”. All this has led historians dealing with the aforementioned issues to attempt reconstructions of sources and interpretations, and consequently to construct various historical myths.

Ewolucja i trendy w polsko-szwajcarskich stosunkach politycznych, gospodarczych, kulturalnych i naukowych po 1989 r., z uwzględnieniem uczestnictwa w organizacjach międzynarodowych

Polish-Swiss contacts have a centuries-old tradition of trade, science, culture and diplomacy. The beginning of diplomatic contacts was Poland’s regaining independence in 1918, which resulted in the establishment of official bilateral contacts, which was connected with the development of economic, scientific and cultural cooperation. Contacts between the states continued throughout the interwar period and the period of World War II, but were limited during the Cold War. Mutual contacts were revived after 1989. There were many official and working mutual visits of heads of state, representatives of governments and parliamentary groups. During the meetings, both bilateral and international issues were discussed. In the initial period, the cooperation between Poland and Switzerland was based on bilateral agreements, which – with Poland’s accession to the EU – were replaced by Switzerland-EU agreements. Bilateral cooperation is maintained in the interstate area as well as within international and military organizations.

The epics of the peoples on the Great Silk Road

The Great Silk Road played an important role in the history of the peoples, along which the caravan roads went from west to east and from east to west, through which mutual contacts of the peoples living on its territories were carried out. Such international contacts were carried out not only in economic, trade, political, but also in spiritual and cultural terms. This can be confirmed by the fact that some monuments of oral folk art were widespread among many peoples living along the Great Silk Road. The epic monuments “Ker-ogly”, “The Book of my grandfather Korkut”, “Manas” can serve as an example of such interpenetration of cultural artifacts. The purpose of the research is to consider the actual problem of interrelationships of folklore traditions of the peoples of Central Asia and the Caucasus, the history of study and publication on the example of such epics as the Kyrgyz heroic epic “Manas” and the epic monuments “Ker-ogly”, “The Book of my grandfather Korkut”.

Stavovi revizora u Republici Srbiji o upotrebi virtuelnih sastanaka

The Covid-19 has significantly changed the way we live and work. The way viruses are transmitted and people become infected has caused social distancing and avoidance of mutual contacts, which is largely reflected in the way audit meetings are held, which, unlike the previous reliance on physical presence in the office and direct communication between members of the audit team and others moved to a new environment that can be considered virtual. In most cases, meetings are held using internet applications without physical presence. The subject of the research is to examine the attitudes of respondents engaged in audit work on the use of virtual meetings in the audit. The main conclusion is that respondents believe that the use of virtual meetings in auditing is useful, but at the same time, they are not ready to fully adapt to the continuous use of virtual meetings, because they believe that in some cases physical presence meetings are more useful than virtual meetings.

Życie kobiet — więźniarek w obozie Auschwitz-Birkenau

The book by Halina Rusek Koleżanki z Birkenau. Esej o pamiętaniu [Friends from Birkenau: An essay on remembering] published by the University of Silesia is a kind of diary about the life of women in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The author describes the fate of her mother and her friends confined in one of the most horrific war camps. This publication, apart from descriptions and memories of female prisoners, contains original letters and photographs collected by families, which allows the reader to refer to the past more directly. The book was divided by the author into chapters which intensify the women’s experiences: from pre-war times through the war period to regaining freedom and returning to their family homes. Reading the book, one gets to know the early life of young girls who were unexpectedly captured and transported to the concentration camp. Their fates are intertwined with the struggle for existence, forced labour, camp experiences and the anticipated freedom. Important throughout the book is the documentation collected by the families of the prisoners. Post-war letters, mutual contacts, feelings and family memories make the reader feel close to the characters. The author tries to describe the lives of girls coming from different regions of Poland, whose fates were intertwined with each other. The book shows different ways in which the female prisoners were treated, based on their nationalities. In an attempt to make camp life more real for the reader, the author refers to prison correspondence. Halina Rusek’s publication shows young readers how important it is to remember the past and what concentration camps were.

Features of intraregional trade turnover of Southern Federal District

The economic interaction of the constituent entities of Russian Federation is manifested in the strengthening of mutual trade contacts between them. An indicator of mutual trade between regions is intraregional trade turnover. The purpose of this article was to identify and substantiate the features of the intraregional trade turnover of Southern Federal District based on data on its levels, dynamics and structure. At the same time, the trade turnover was considered as a result of the development of mutual trade flows and an indicator of the effectiveness of trade and economic relations between regions. In the course of the study, the economic and statistical method prevailed, associated with the calculation, analysis and interpretation of relative statistical indicators, their visualization through graphic-analytical images. Based on the system of statistical indicators, the article examines the specific features of intraregional trade turnover of Southern Federal District in comparison with data from other federal districts of Russia and national levels. Southern Federal District occupies insignificant positions in the ranking of the federal districts of Russia in terms of retail and wholesale turnover, which does not correspond to its resource, production and demographic potential. The authors identified the following features of intraregional trade in Southern Federal District: the predominance of the segment of private trade enterprises in retail trade; a high share of the market and fair trade format in the sale of consumer goods; dominance of stationary outlets in retail turnover; expansion of network retail. The materials of this article have analytical significance and can be used as an information basis for making managerial decisions in the field of regional economic policy to activate mutual trade flows of the regions of Southern Federal District and expand mutual trade contacts between them.

Les relations entre l’Extrême-Orient eurasien et le nord de l’archipel du Japon au Paléolithique

The aim of this paper is to present a review of current knowledge concerning the Paleolithic records and the related natural environmental setting in the Eurasian Far East and Hokkaido, located at the northern tip of the Japanese islands. At present, it is quite difficult to answer whether the archaic humans dispersed from Siberia and northern China across the Amur River basin and Sakhalin into Hokkaido or not, because there is no reliable evidence indicating the Lower and Middle Paleolithic in Hokkaido. We demonstrate that the Upper Paleolithic assemblages in Hokkaido can be divided into at least three phases such as the early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), the middle Upper Paleolithic (MUP), and the late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), based on a synthesis of available radiocarbon dates and the techno-typological characteristics of lithic assemblages. It is reasonable to suggest that the lithic assemblage from the Rubenosawa site, located in northern Hokkaido, and some of lithic assemblages at the transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic or the initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) in Siberia share the relative similarities of techno-typological attributes in the reduction sequences, although the reliable radiocarbon dates have not been obtained from the Rubenosawa site unfortunately. Also, the emergence of microblade technology at the MUP in Hokkaido, such as represented by the microblade assemblage recovered from the Kashiwadai-1 site, central Hokkaido, indicates a close interaction between the Eurasian Far East and Hokkaido. As a result, the comparison of archaeological evidence in these regions provides us with a suggestion that the appearance and development of the Upper Paleolithic assemblages in Hokkaido were sometimes associated with the human dispersions and the mutual contacts crossing between the Eurasian Far East and Hokkaido.

Russian-Israeli Relations during the Reign of Prime Minister Netanyahu: Abrasive Friendship or Realpolitik?

The subject of my interest is to present the most important determinants of relations between the Russian Federation and Israel. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the current state of affairs in mutual contacts and their importance for international security. In addition, it will be important to try to answer the question of whether Russia will continue to play an important role as an economic and political partner of Israel in the near future, in the face of the gradual containment of the Syrian conflict.
 At the beginning, I intend to refer to the history of relations of both countries, dating back to the time of the existence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the breaking of diplomatic relations after the Six-Day War in June 1967. In the following part of the discussion, I present the relations of both entities immediately after the collapse of the Soviet empire and coming to power of Vladimir Putin, who from the beginning of his term in office has sought to significantly improve contacts with Israel. Then, I raise the problem of Moscow-Tel Aviv contacts after Benjamin Netanyahu took over as prime minister again and after the Arab Spring, which implied the conflict in Syria, during which Russia and Israel established cooperation. It will also be important to trace the attitude of the authorities in Tel Aviv to the annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine. I would also like to refer to the relationship of both entities on the historical and cultural level, as well as on the economic and military level.
 In the summary, I highlight future perspectives and try to determine whether the current relations of both countries will intensify in the face of the end of war in Syria, and whether we can observe a close alliance of both countries now and in the future, or a limited partnership, determined by the need to implement real policy in the world.

Ferro-tschermakite with polysomatic chain-width disorder identified in silician magnetite from Wirrda Well, South Australia: A HAADF STEM study

Abstract Silician magnetite within ~1.85 Ga lithologies hosting the ~1.6 Ga Wirrda Well iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) prospect, South Australia, was examined at the nanoscale. The magnetite is oscillatory-zoned with respect to the density and orientation of nanometer-scale inclusions, among which Si-Fe-nanorods and Al-rich amphibole (as much as hundreds of nanometers long and tens of nanometers wide) form swarms along <111> directions in magnetite. The amphibole is identified as ferro-tschermakite (Ftsk) with the crystal-chemical formula: A(K0.06Na0.01)0.07B(Ca1.65Na0.35)2C(Fe2.072+Al1.64Mg1.15Ti0.06Fe0.043+Mn0.04)5T(Si6.48Al1.52)8O22W(OH)2. This contains single and double rows of a triple-chain silicate attributed to clinojimthompsonite (Cjt) as coherently intergrown (010) zippers along the entire length of the grains. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM) imaging and simulation of Ftsk and Cjt on the [001] zone axis provide direct visualization of crystal structures. These are defined by the 7- and 10-atom octahedron strips (B+C sites) and flanked by double- and triple-pairs of Si atoms (T sites). Remarkably, the sites for light cations and/or vacancies are clearly imaged as single and double, darkest, diamond-shaped motifs separating the octahedron strips showing that A cavities known in amphibole are readily depicted in the wider-chain silicate. I-beam models show that nanoscale intergrowths among the two silicates are coherent along zigzag chains of cations at the edges of the octahedron strips, with single and double rows of the triple-chain silicate corresponding to 1 and 1.5 unit cells of Cjt (27 and 41 Å intervals along the b axis). This type of polysomatic chain-width disorder is widely reported in Mg-rich pyriboles but is shown here in an Al-Fe-rich amphibole. The lack of planar defects and/or reaction fronts at mutual contacts between three-chain zippers and host amphibole indicates primary co-crystallization growth, promoted by the formation of the Si-Fe-nanorods. Co-crystallizing plagioclase is also preserved in close vicinity to the amphibole hosted by magnetite (from a few nanometers to micrometers apart). In contrast, the replacement of amphibole by phyllosilicates is recognizable as irregular swells along the (010) zippers and results in extensive chloritization of the amphibole during an overprinting event. Pressures of ~11.5 kbar are estimated using Al-in-hornblende nano-geobarometry and calculated Al content in Ftsk (3.16 apfu). Assuming the amphibole-plagioclase association buffered by host magnetite fulfills the textural equilibration criteria required for application of this barometer, we interpret the Ftsk nanoinclusions in magnetite as preserved evidence for amphibolite facies metamorphism affecting host lithologies at Wirrda Well with subsequent retrograde alteration during the ~1.6 Ga IOCG mineralizing event. Magnetite records petrogenetic processes by accommodating variable ranges of nanomineral inclusions and preserving them over geological time scales. HAADF STEM imaging is ideally suited to the depiction of crystal-structural modularity and also provides insights into the evolution of geological terranes with protracted histories.

BODIPY dimers: structure, interaction, and absorption spectrum

The object of the present study are BODIPY molecules obtained previously by Piskorz et al. (Dyes Pigm. 178:108322, 2020) for their antimicrobial activity. Structural analysis of the BODIPY dimers is presented in context of the aggregation influence on the photophysical properties. The thorough investigation of the nature of intermolecular interaction in the representative BODIPY dimers is provided together with the decomposition of the interaction energy into the components of well-defined origin according to SAPT procedure. For the model BODIPY systems the careful examination of the interaction nature for the dimer structure based on experimental crystal study as well as fully optimized is given. The tendencies observed in the model dimers are further on investigated for two pairs of BODIPY systems designed for biomedical application. The analyzed molecules are shown to maximize the mutual interaction by the optimization of the stacking dispersion contacts between the aromatic rings of the molecules, therefore producing stable dimers. The estimation of SAPT0 interaction energy components confirms the dominating dispersion character arising from mutual BODIPY core contacts. The influence of the dimerization process on the photophysical properties of the systems studied theoretically depends to the high extend on the dimerization mode and is significant for parallel and antiparallel dispersion-governed dimers.

Overdispersion in COVID-19 increases the effectiveness of limiting nonrepetitive contacts for transmission control

Increasing evidence indicates that superspreading plays a dominant role in COVID-19 transmission. Recent estimates suggest that the dispersion parameter k for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is on the order of 0.1, which corresponds to about 10% of cases being the source of 80% of infections. To investigate how overdispersion might affect the outcome of various mitigation strategies, we developed an agent-based model with a social network that allows transmission through contact in three sectors: "close" (a small, unchanging group of mutual contacts as might be found in a household), "regular" (a larger, unchanging group as might be found in a workplace or school), and "random" (drawn from the entire model population and not repeated regularly). We assigned individual infectivity from a gamma distribution with dispersion parameter k We found that when k was low (i.e., greater heterogeneity, more superspreading events), reducing random sector contacts had a far greater impact on the epidemic trajectory than did reducing regular contacts; when k was high (i.e., less heterogeneity, no superspreading events), that difference disappeared. These results suggest that overdispersion of COVID-19 transmission gives the virus an Achilles' heel: Reducing contacts between people who do not regularly meet would substantially reduce the pandemic, while reducing repeated contacts in defined social groups would be less effective.

3D analysis of occlusal surfaces of teeth and their contacts. Part II. Assessment of the degree of wear of occlusal surfaces

Of this study was to evaluate the informativeness of the developed tools for 3D analysis of occlusal surfaces and their mutual contacts on the example of tooth rows with different degrees of abrasion and bite features. The developed method of 3D analysis of occlusal contacts (in the range of 0-300 microns of occlusal surfaces separation) was tested in 50 people with different degrees of tooth abrasion. It is determined that the area of direct contacts (in the range of separation 0-50 microns) increases from 30 to 150% depending on the degree of abrasion of teeth during virtual optimization of contacts. The area of occlusal contacts increases as the teeth wear out, and the relief index decreases. With virtual alignment of abnormally placed teeth, the contact area also increases, with the exception of patients with tooth abrasion up to dentin. When teeth wear out, the proportion of direct contact zones increases relative to the total contact area and the proportion of near-contact zones decreases (200-300 microns). Four key indicators and ranges of their values for differential diagnosis of the degree of tooth abrasion were determined.