non-Muslim Groups Research Articles

Response of Muslims in Indonesia, particularly the Council of Indonesian Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia) as well as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, to the social discrimination against Muslim communities in France

A report by a global human rights organization, found that violations against Muslim groups in France were widespread and all the acts committed were based on the name of state security. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was prepared by representatives of countries with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world which was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 in Paris, France. This declaration then signifies that fundamental human rights must be universally protected. In this research, researchers aim to find out what social discrimination has occurred against Muslim groups in France, and researchers also want to know what are the reactions of Muslims in Indonesia in general and their responses, especially Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI) and Nahdhatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah as representatives of Muslims in Indonesia against social discrimination against Muslim groups in France by using a qualitative approach method whose data collection techniques are through internet-based research, literature studies, and interviews. In their research results, researchers found that Indonesian society in general, especially MUI, NU, and Muhammadiyah continue to guard against Islamophobia in France and France as the country where the rules regarding international human rights were declared still have a high rate of discrimination, especially against Muslim minority groups.

Islam in the News: Persistent yet Changing Characterisations

Abstract Islam and Muslim people feature regularly in news coverage internationally and in Aotearoa New Zealand. Previous research shows a dominant tendency towards the perpetuation of stereotypes of Muslim people as threats to society. Although such international trends are also evident in news items produced in Aotearoa New Zealand, there are also alternative and more positive depictions. Using Newztext Plus to find 583 New Zealand – produced news items and press releases from the Muslim community for the period 2013 to 2018, this article documents the mediated depiction of Muslim people and Islam, intergroup relations with non-Muslim groups, and the range of contemporary issues that were covered. Findings are presented in three interrelated sections: (1) positive and inclusive depictions evident through the lens of peace, tolerance, and inclusivity; (2) persistently negative stereotypes through the lens of violence and terrorism; (3) the contestation of negative depictions by Muslim leaders and inter-faith allies. This article sets the groundwork to foreground some of the complexities around positive and negative depictions of Islam in news coverage leading up to the Christchurch terror attacks. Future research will explore if and how depictions change in light of the events of March 15, 2019.

A Successful Model of Acculturation: Historic Overview of Baloch Migration from West and South Asia to East Africa

By examining the historic settlement of the Balochi people from West Asia to East Africa, this article seeks to study and examine their past immigration patterns, presence and current socio-political situation as a minority Muslim population. The Balochi people are an Indo-European ethnic Sunni Muslim minority population located in a region currently shared and divided by modern Islamic republics of Iran in West Asia and Pakistan in South Asia. The Balochis have formed a significant part of the non-indigenous Muslim population in East Africa since the late 17th century. Yet, there is not much written on them as a distinct Sunni Muslim minority group originating from historic Iran (including parts of South Asia) to Africa. Being part of a larger project, this study will explore the chief reasons behind the immigration of the Balochis to the regions of East Africa and how did their presence affect the local population and vice versa. The hypothesis is that the Balochis were formerly welcomed by the indigenous and non-indigenous population of East Africa and established amicable relationships with them. Using the method of qualitative content analysis combined with historical analysis, this article highlights the reciprocal impacts of the Balochi immigrants and indigenous people of East Africa.

The Social Construction of Muslim Minority Groups in Canada

The Social Construction of Muslim Minority Groups in Canada

Treatment of Non-Muslims in Moderate Saudi in Muhammad Bin Salman’s Religious Reform

This study tries to highlight the changes and breakthroughs that Muhammad bin Salma echoes in the Saudi Vision 2030, particularly in the aspect of treatment of non-Muslim groups. As mentioned above, this group experienced a lot of discrimination and persecution during the previous administration. As promised by the Prince, the government that was previously conservative will be returned to a more moderate direction. However, it is necessary to further explore whether the application and practice of moderate Islam includes the relationship between the state and non-Muslims in this country or not. For this reason, this study will compare several policies before Muhammad bin Salman era and their changes (if any) after the reforms carried out by the Prince. This research shows that Muhammad bin Salman has initiated some changes in relations with non-Muslims at the global level. Some changes in formal textbooks in schools have also been made towards a more moderate ideology. However, the changes in religious reforms brought by the Prince were limited to a symbolic level and were more external in nature. Meanwhile, domestic commitments related to the management of diversity and the fulfillment of the rights to freedom of religion have yet to be seen in real policies that provide rights for non-Muslims.

Penyebaran Nilai-Nilai Ideologis Kelompok Minoritas Muslim: Kajian atas Jamaah Tabligh Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah

The presence of minority groups always presents dynamics in society. The Tablighi Jamaat has so far been classified as a religious minority group from among Muslims. As a minority group, the presence of the Tablighi Jamaat creates dynamics and conflict in the neighborhood where they live. This article aims to explain the forms and strategies in conveying the values of the religious ideology of the Muslim minority group Jamaah Tabligh in Tambi village, Wonosobo, Central Java to the surrounding community. The data used as the basis for the analysis were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature review. This article shows that the process of spreading ideological values carried out by the Tablighi Jamaat in Wonosobo was carried out based on the texts fadholilul amal, six characteristics of a friend, and khuruj fi sabilillah. Meanwhile, the efforts made by the Tablighi Jamaat group to be accepted in society through a number of things, such as: fighting the stigmatization of post-ijtima 'ulama in Gowa, South Sulawesi, carrying out a distinctive and consistent da'wah strategy, and cultural acculturation. In the face of rejection by the community, the solution chosen by the Tablighi Jamaat is to seek legitimacy for their actions through the text of fadholilul amal, the central emir, and other fellow followers of the Tablighi Jamaat. This article is still limited to the practice of spreading ideological values from the teachings of the Tablighi Jamaat in the village of Tambi, Wonosobo, so there is still a need for studies on similar Muslim minority groups in various regions in Indonesia.

Review on Present Status of Rohingya People in Bangladesh: Effects on Social, Economic, Environment and Wildlife Habitat

The Rohingya peoples are an ethnic Muslim minority group who are the most ill-treated and persecuted refugee groups in the World. The present study is designed to reveal the present situation of Rohingyas in Bangladesh. We also focused on the socio-economic impact of the Rohingyas on the local population as well as their impact on the environment and wildlife of Bangladesh. More than 9,00,000 Rohingya have recently fled from Myanmar to Bangladesh and are now residing in refugee camps in Cox's Bazar District. In the majority of cases, the forest and hills have been replaced by the Rohinga to create the accommodations in this area. Forestland is therefore being destroyed to make camps for this enormous inflow of refugees, posing a serious threat to ecosystems, biodiversity, and wildlife habitats in this area. We reviewed recently published papers about Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. There is broad agreement that the high speed of refugee settlements and their engagement with antisocial activities with other malpractices are major drivers for making the huge socio-economic crisis and environmental threat in that area. The current study concluded that the decades-long presence of refugees in Bangladesh has created a natural disaster for wildlife habitats in these areas. There is only one way that Bangladesh's government must implement various strategies for liaising with the international community to compel Myanmar's government to begin repatriating the Rohingya to their own country.

AN EXPANDING DIAGRAM OF RECIDIVISM OF ROHINGYA OFFENDERS IN BANGLADESH: AN OVERVIEW

The Rohingya, an ethnic Muslim minority group of Myanmar, have moved into neighboring Bangladesh as their homeland had revoked their citizenship. Despite many limitations, Bangladesh has given them shelter. The massive increase in population has created a disastrous situation in the Myanmar-Bangladesh border areas. Undocumented Rohingya people sought shelter primarily in Cox’s Bazar and the hilly areas of the south-eastern border of Bangladesh. They rely on natural resources and have easy access to the nearby forests which as a result is endangering the ecological balance and overall environmental condition of the surrounding areas. Being non-citizens logically they have no allegiance to the host country. In addition, they do not have any lawful profession to sustain their lives, which is leading them to get involved in various offences like narcotics smuggling, theft, dacoity, human trafficking, murder, deforestation, adverse possession of forest land, and various criminal activities. The Rohingya crisis may threaten the internal stability of Bangladesh in addition to bringing a humanitarian crisis. Rohingya are gradually assimilating with the locals in Cox’s Bazar and spreading throughout the country, posing a threat to Bangladesh’s national values and identity and impeding national development programs. Unfortunately, they are not solely to blame for all the crimes, local offenders are correspondingly engaged with them. This study attempts to draw the attention of the proper authorities to see the real scenario of criminality among the Rohingya and the impacts of such criminality in Bangladesh.

The Trilogy of Linguistic Communication of the Qur’an Surah Al-Kâfirûn

In Indonesia, the word "al-kâfir" which comes from the Arabic word "al-kâfir" (الكافر) as in the Qur'an surah al-Kâfirûn is often used to offend non-Muslim groups. This study aims to reveal the essence of the meaning of linguistic features in the form of the main word "al-kâfir" and sentence in the first verse of surah al-Kâfirûn, which is still ambiguous, as the word "kâfir" is often only interpreted to non-Muslim people. This study used Jakobson's "interlingual" linguistic translation theory with the "mutual translatability" analysis method. These methods reveal aspects of the equivalent of words and sentences from the source language of the Qur'an to the target language (Indonesian). This study found that the word al-kafir in the first verse of al-Kâfirûn does not only mean to people who are not Muslim but contains meaning to all individuals who are blind to the truth of the Qur'an. Allah taught the linguistics of the Qur'an through Muhammad to all individuals. Thus Allah teaches the meaning of effective and persuasive communication through the trilogy of linguistic communication of surah al-Kâfirûn. As an implication, this finding is expected to reduce the gap in understanding the word "al-Kâfirûn," which sometimes triggers social conflict.

NARASI PERJALANAN HIJRAH RASULULLAH DALAM BUKU SKI

This study aims to examine and explain the migration journey of the Prophet in the SKI book. This research uses library research methods or library research with a historical approach. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the meaning of hijrah was not merely an attempt to escape from trials and ridicule, but in addition to that meaning, hijrah was also intended as a stepping stone to establish a new society in a safe country, it also had the meaning of affirming the position of Muhammad and his followers. , with the previous era After the Prophet migrated to Medina, Islam developed rapidly. The Prophet made many agreements with non-Muslim groups such as the Prophet's agreement with the Jews of Medina and the agreement with the Quraysh infidels known as the Hudaibiyyah agreement. In addition, there were also many wars that took place between Muslims and infidels, such as the wars of badr, uhud, khandak, hunain, and fathul Mecca.
 

Outside belonging: a discursive analysis of British South Asian (BSA) Muslim women’s experiences of being ‘Othered’ in local spaces

ABSTRACT Drawing on empirical research with British South Asian (BSA) Muslim women in Oldham and focussing on the embodied intersectional nature of discrimination they face, this paper explores British Muslim women’s experiences of belonging in local spaces. Through a discursive analysis of place, belonging and identity, this paper argues that BSA Muslim women appear as a visible threat to the nation, occupying a contradictory position of both within the local and national but not part of it. Focused on the context of Oldham, a former mill town in the North of England, findings suggest wider hegemonic discourses of Muslim woman as “Other” are inflected by local dynamics and shape discordant everyday experiences. It is argued that Oldham presents a microcosm with which to view the nations complex relationship with its Muslim minority groups and resonates with the current political landscape of rising right-wing populism and Islamophobia.

The Government’s Role in the Implementation of Religious Tolerance Practices in Southeast Asia

The dynamics of Islam within the framework of Islamic majority and minority groups cannot be separated from the government’s role in maintaining religious tolerance. Minority groups such as Moro Muslims in the Philippines, Patani Muslims in Thailand, and Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar have illustrated the government’s minimal role in resolving conflicts between the majority and minorities. Therefore, this paper discusses the Muslim majority and minority groups in several countries and their relationship with the government to implement the practice of religious tolerance. This article uses a library method with a content analysis approach from relevant articles related to the government’s role in implementing religious tolerance practices in Southeast Asia. The study shows that the existence of Islam as a belief of a person and the people who are part of the state and government cannot be separated from one another. In other words, the state’s support for its people of various ethnicity, cultures, and religions will contribute to the peace of the state and the creation of state stability. The position of the majority and minority in the religious process will also influence religious institutions socially, economically, and culturally. Showing the expression of diversity in religious practices in the Southeast Asia region will create a new order in creating peace.

Relevansi Surat Edaran Menteri Agama Tentang Pedoman Pengeras Suara Di Masjid/Mushollah Dalam Mengimplementasikan Toleransi Umat Beragama Kota Lubuklinggau

The issuance of a circular letter from the minister of religion regarding the rules for loudspeakers in mosques/mushollah indeed brings many positive and negative sides. Each resident has the choice to decide to admit or dismiss. This small-scale research is planned to find out and understand the fairness of issuing circulars from scholars regarding the rules for loudspeakers in mosques or rooms asking for God with the peculiarities experienced by non-Muslim community groups in the city of Lubuklinggau. Therefore, leading research is very important. The right exploration strategy for us to use in overcoming these problems is a subjective examination technique that puts forward interviews (interviews). From the consequences of our exploration, it is possible to reason that the circular letter of the religious pastor regarding the rules for amplifiers in the mosque/mushollah in the view of non-Muslim groups in Lubuklinggau is very relevant. less applicable. This is because there is only one respondent who feels helped by the circular letter. Meanwhile, 1 other respondent felt that the round had no impact, and surprisingly, 1 other reaction emphatically rejected it.

Effect of knowledge, social and religious factors effecting the intention of Muslims in Pakistan to receive COVID-19 vaccination: mediating role of attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination

PurposeThis study aims to empirically examine the knowledge, social and religious factors effecting the intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination while considering the mediating role of attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination. The research explores how the Islamic ideologies shape Muslims’ knowledge, social and religious beliefs towards COVID-19 vaccination acceptance or refusal.Design/methodology/approachTheoretically, the study is based on the functional theory of attitudes. The model of the study is comprised of nine variables explaining the attitude and intention towards COVID-19 vaccination. Among nine variables, perceived Islamic religiosity, perceived behavioural control and Halal consciousness among Muslims are explained through the value-expressive function of attitude. Furthermore, the perceived risk of COVID-19, the perceived side effect of COVID-19 vaccination and the perceived efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination are considered in the model based on the utility function of attitude. Moreover, social influence for COVID vaccination, subjective norms and group conformity are abstracted from the social-adjustive function of attitude. This study used a quantitative survey research method to test the hypotheses. A total of 1,000 questionnaires were distributed to non-vaccinated Muslim respondents from five cities in Pakistan. The structural equation modelling (SEM) technique was used to test the relationship among the variables in the proposed model. The partial least square-SEM method explained the variances in the dependent variables. Moreover, to test the structure of data, different statistical tests, including exploratory factor analysis (EFA), factor loadings and average variance extracted, were used with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and analysis of a moment structures (AMOS) 23.0 version.FindingsResults for direct effect showed a significant negative effect of Islamic religiosity, perceived behavioural control, halal consciousness, perceived side effect of COVID-19 vaccination, social influence, subjective norm and group conformity on attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination. In contrast, insignificant results showed no relationship of perceived risk from COVID-19 infection and perceived efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination with attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination. Results for mediating effect showed the significant negative mediating effect of attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination between Islamic religiosity, perceived behavioural control, halal consciousness, perceived side effect, social influence, subjective norm, group conformity and intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination. While results showed the insignificant mediation of attitude towards COVID-19 between perceived risk from COVID-19 infection, perceived efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination and intention to receive COVID-19 vaccination.Research limitations/implicationsFurther studies are required to compare the attitude and intention among the temporary refusal group (those who will consider vaccination the future) and the permanent refusal group (those who will not consider vaccination the future). Comparing Muslim and non-Muslim groups can also explain differences in attitude and intention towards COVID-19 vaccination.Originality/valueThe area of acceptance and refusal of COVID-19 vaccination has been given limited attention in academic literature. Theoretically, this research has proposed a well-defined model to explain the attitude of Muslims towards COVID-19 vaccination. This model can helpf predict the attitude and intentions of Muslims towards vaccination or medicines. Moreover, this research is a unique contribution for the vaccination brands to consider the discussed factors before launching their brand in Muslim countries.

Muslim and Buddhist Encounters: Between Conflict and Harmony

Recent public concern over Muslim–Buddhist relations in South and Southeast Asia has emerged because of massive violence against Muslim minority groups in the region's Buddhist-majority states. The Buddhist have expressed fear that the rise in the Muslim population would force out the Buddhists, as has happened in several historical records. Thus, in this article, we provide a preliminary analysis of Buddhist-Muslim relations from past to present as it unfolds the various forms of relations, conflicts, and harmonies. This article also analyses the driving factors that contribute to the relation of both religious societies in terms of politics, religion, and economics. This research is qualitative. The research method used is descriptive-analytical by emphasizing content analysis of data information from various books and articles covering the Muslim and Buddhism encounters. Despite certain polemics having occurred along the relationship, the study shows that Muslim-Buddhist encounter occurred in harmony, particularly when relation was rooted in tolerance. Studies affirm that disputed facts ought to be critically updated to establish the causes, which will also help address the misunderstanding between religious societies.

Chinese Adolescents’ Perceptions of Parental Socialization Goals: Variations by Ethnicity and Gender

This research examined ethnic and gender variations in early adolescents’ reports of parental socialization goals among the majority Han and two Muslim ethnic minority groups (Hui and Kazakhs) in China. 1584 adolescents (mean age = 13.49; 54.6% girls) listed and ranked the five most important goals from parents. Achievement outcomes were emphasized the most across ethnicities. According to adolescents, Han (vs. Kazakh) parents emphasized relatively more on self-maximization and psychological well-being, and less on extrafamilial relationships, morality, and social contribution, with the Hui appearing to be midway between the two groups. Gender differences in perceived parental goals were mostly consistent with traditional gender roles across ethnicities. This research painted a more nuanced picture of adolescents’ perceptions of parental socialization in China. Results pointed to the significance of traditional values and economic development in understanding the socialization goals of Chinese parents of different ethnicities.

Social Oppression and American Cultural Imperialism: The Crisis of the Muslim Minority Groups’ Identity in Terrorist by John Updike

Terrorist (2006) by John Updike has been classified within the post-9/11 novel genre where many American authors depict their counter-narratives to the horrific event of 9/11. The novel revolves around the life of a young teenager named Ahmad and his religious mentor, Shaikh Rashid, who are accused as terrorists. This study problematises the issue of the identity of Muslim characters in facing oppression using the concept of cultural imperialism by Iris Marion Young (1990), focussing on the social treatment of Muslim minority characters in America perceived as inferior to the entire American cultural mainstream. The objective of this study then is to examine the author’s depictions of the American society as the cultural imperialism persecuting Muslim characters. The findings highlight the Muslim characters’ inability to emulate the prevailing American cultural imperialism which oppresses them. As such, the study’s originality lies in the interpretation of the aversive affinity between Muslim minority groups and American cultural imperialism from a social perspective. Thus, the social aspects of social oppression and the American cultural imperialism will be the core of the study’s novelty regarding the view of Muslims in America in the years ensuing the events of 9/11.

The Silencing and Ostracization of Rohingyas: A Study of Habiburahman’s Memoir First, They Erased Our Name: A Rohingya Speaks

A minority group refers to a racially, culturally, or ethnically distinct group that is secondary or subordinate to a dominant group. Nearly every state consists of various communities whose traditions, religion, language, and historical experiences differ from one another and through socio-political powerplay. People treat others based on what they perceive as essential characteristics of those individuals or groups, which are often based purely, on their position in the stratification hierarchy. Though in several states the ethnoculturally diverse communities co-exist in harmony, resulting in ‘Pluralism’, however, in others the minority groups are subjected to discrimination and violence. Establishing the cultural hegemony of the dominant group has been an effective tool in subjugating the minority communities. However, Repressive State Apparatuses are also employed by the state, in extreme conditions, which result in expulsion and genocide. One such instance of ethnic cleansing is the ostracisation of the Rohingya community. Rohingyas are a Muslim minority group in Myanmar, erstwhile Burma, which is predominantly, a Buddhist country. They have been the target of institutionalised discrimination. They were denied citizenship by the government and were rendered stateless. The discriminatory policies of the government of Myanmar have compelled a huge number of Rohingya Muslims to flee their homeland. Many took refuge in the neighbouring countries. The paper aims to examine the racial and ethnic discrimination of the Rohingya community and their systematic oppression and ostracisation which lead to the exodus of the Rohingyas, as documented in Habiburahman’s memoir First, They Erased Our Name: A Rohingya Speaks.

Generalised Trust among Second-Generation Muslim and Non-Muslim Minority Groups in Europe

Abstract This study compares generalised trust between second-generation Muslim and non- Muslim migrant groups in Europe, and examines the effect on trust of discrimination and cultural transmission. Analysis of data from the European Social Survey of 4,687 respondents in 32 European countries shows that second-generation Muslim groups have lower levels of trust than second-generation non-Muslim minority groups. The findings provide no evidence that Muslims’ lower levels of trust are due to discrimination and exclusion. Rather, results indicate that the differences are due to cultural transmission: Muslim groups originate more often from low-trust societies, and generalised trust is transmitted from one generation to the next.

The Counseling Challenges Facing Muslim Clients across the World

This systematic review is conducted with the major aim of highlighting the need for a comprehensive and modern Islamic counselling Model, due to the psychological challenges facing Muslim clients across the world. The main source of data collection in the research is past empirical studies related to the field of counselling as it affects Muslim countries. The study found, from the extant literature reviewed, that there is a high incidence of psychological problems among Muslim populated countries, especially the crises-ridden and turbulent regions such as Syria, Yemen, Palestine and others, as well as among the Muslim minority groups in some countries, such as the US, the UK and other European countries. It was discovered from the literature that the major causes of mental health problems are: lack of the fear of God, wars, poverty, natural disasters, political unrest, discrimination and Islamophobic tendencies. In this regard, the study highlights the need for research and action plans that focus on the well-being of Muslims in the entire global community. It is imperative that Muslims require professional assistance from specially trained counsellors equipped with culturally and Islamically-relevant skills for the mitigation of mental distress and depression. The need for a comprehensive Islamic counselling model that matches and competes with the western-oriented counselling models, is proposed. For precisely this purpose, therefore, the Al-Ghazali counselling model has been recently developed, which is compatible and commensurate with modern scientific therapeutic techniques, and is found to be a highly promising intervention for clients with mental and psychological challenges.