Municipal Inspection Research Articles

Advances and challenges in animal source food inspection legislation for Brazilian small-scale and artisanal producers.

The strict sanitary inspection legislation of animal source food has been considered a trade barrier for smallholder farmers and small-scale producers in Brazil. In this sense, law flexibilization is suggested to facilitate national trade of these products. We conducted a social and sanitary analysis, presenting the current Brazilian conjuncture and difficulties for animal source food Brazilian inspection law flexibilization. By discussing inequalities, human rights issues, animal source food legislation, and international food safety standards, we evidenced critical barriers for legislative reform in Brazil. Among these barriers, the main ones are social inequalities; high zoonotic risk of animal source food products; the Brazilian political structure and its reflection on different inspection practices among country jurisdictions; and the lack of inspection services in most Brazilian municipalities. At the same time, we present positive updates in the normative framework, and point out game-changers to modify the actual safety and trade situations of Brazilian small-scale and artisanal animal source food products, including policies to strengthen state and municipal inspection services and harmonization initiatives based on international standards and national legislation. We also suggest policies to implement inspection services in municipalities, whether by municipal action or by a consortium, as well as policies to strengthen technical assistance and rural extension for small-scale and artisanal producers. These policies aim to reduce technical and sanitary education inequalities and build a fairer animal source food system.

Awareness of producers in the municipality of Passos and region for certification of milk and dairy products

There are several producers of milk and dairy products in the region of the municipality of Passos, most of which perform informal services. The standardization of the product and hygienic-sanitary qualities, as a means of obtaining certification, ensures the entry of products into a formal market, in addition to adding value to it. The work aims to help small producers obtain certification in the municipality of Passos, through the Municipal Inspection System (SIM) and the Brazilian System of Inspection of Products of Animal Origin (SISBI-POA), through a lecture on the subject. and assessment of compliance with standards. Developed in partnership with producers of milk and dairy products in the municipality of Passos-MG, they will be manifested to the sphere of commerce of the responsible government, according to the need of the producer, which corresponds to its production, recognized and regularization of its product, obeying the strict criteria in current laws, namely: Municipal Inspection System (SIM); Brazilian System of Inspection of Products of Animal Origin (SISBI-POA) and the Federal Inspection System (SIF).

Assessing Landslide Drivers in Social–Ecological–Technological Systems: The Case of Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil

Urban landslides are increasing globally, mainly caused by human-induced changes in hillsides. Most of these events have caused low-intensity damages to housing and infrastructure. A total of 2038 locations of landslides in the hydrological year of 2010 were used to model landslides’ occurrence in the metropolitan region of São Paulo—Brazil—using a social–ecological–technological system’s approach, which enables the analysis of urban landslides as the outcome of dynamic socioeconomic and infrastructural conditions alongside climatic and geophysical conditions. A multi-step model approach was used to select the best set of variables related to landslides’ occurrence and assess their importance. The value of AUC of the model was 0.9087, denoting the high level of discrimination achieved. Antecedent rainfall played the most important role, followed by terrain slope. Informal settlements, associated with poor constructive practices and a lack of municipal inspection on civil works and buildings, as well as the number of households, which stands for built density and greater alteration in hillsides, yielded a slightly lower contribution. Other variables showed a marginal contribution. These results reinforce the role of local ordinances aimed at restricting occupation in steeper slopes and public policies to promote adequate housing and constructive practices. Future climate projections to MRSP point to the increase in intense rainfall days, making disasters caused by landslides a major source of risk.

Sources of the history of the Jewish community in Dobrzyń nad Wisłą (1507-1939)

No full monograph has yet been devoted to the history of the Jewish community in Dobrzyń nad Wisłą. This paper, whose subject is the almost completely unknown history of Jews from Dobrzyń in the years 1507-1939, stems not only from the author’s own interests, but also from the need to fill the above-mentioned gap. To study the topic, the author used mainly archival sources, which were the legacy of administrative and political authorities. Fragments of source materials are currently kept in the State Archive in Bydgoszcz and the State Archive in Toruń, and the branch in Włocławek. Especially noteworthy sources include: the vital records of Jewish people (1826-1936), the records of the Pomeranian Voivodeship Office in Toruń (1920-1939), the town records of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą (1917 -1937), and the records of the Board of the National Council (1950-1972). In these collections, the largest numbers of documents are extracts from birth records, official correspondence, minutes from the meetings of local authorities, and municipal inspections from the inter-war period. Apart from the above-mentioned archival collections, the author used a wide range of other source materials, for example, collections of maps kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw and in the District Office in Lipno, as well as very interesting items from private collections. Most of the above-mentioned sources have not yet been published.

Bovine brucellosis seroprevalence and flow network analysis in slaughterhouses in the state of Ceará.

The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis in slaughterhouses in the state of Ceará using spatial distribution and flow network analysis. Four slaughterhouses were sampled in Ceará: two under municipal inspection and two under state inspection. Blood samples were randomly collected from bovine animals, resulting in a total of 964 samples. The collected sera were subjected to the Acidified Buffered Antigen (AAT) test, and the complement fixation test (FC) was performed for positive cases. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to 38 producers who slaughter animals at the sampled facilities to assess the risk factors for brucellosis. An apparent prevalence of 1.55% (15) was found in the AAT test and 0.2% (n=2) in the FC test. A higher percentage of reactive animals was observed (66.6%) in properties where cattle farming is not the main activity, with OR = 4.75. The absence of contact with neighboring animals is a factor associated with protection, with a lower prevalence of seroreactive animals (23.5%) when animals were raised without contact with others (OR = 0.30). Therefore, bovine brucellosis in herds and animals can be considered low in the studied region and under all production systems. Nevertheless, despite the importance of this disease to the economic and public health aspects and the advances of the PNCEBT Program, brucellosis is still circulating in Ceará.

Factors associated with the purchase of family farming products for national school feeding program in Minas Gerais in 2017, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The National School Feeding Program (in abbreviated Portuguese: PNAE) states that ≥30% of the amount transferred by the National Fund for Education Development (in abbreviated Portuguese: FNDE) to the executing entities should be used to purchase products made from Family Farming (FF). This study aimed to identify the municipal characteristics associated with the compliance of the municipalities of Minas Gerais (MG) to this target in 2017. For this, data on municipal purchases of FF for the PNAE were obtained from the FNDE’s website. Sociodemographic, economic, and agricultural characteristics of the municipalities were associated with compliance to the PNAE’s goal. Approximately half (55.07%) of the municipalities complied with the FF purchase target, wherein carrying out programs or actions to encourage organic agriculture (29.8% vs. 22.6%, p=0.018) were associated with a greater compliance to this target, presenting the official rural union registration (76.4% vs. 68.8%, p=0.026) and the Municipal Inspection Service: (35.6% vs. 29.1%, p=0.048). Overall, a low compliance to the goal was observed in MG municipalities, and associations between certain agricultural management characteristics and goal fulfillment were evidenced.

Microbiological quality of seasoned chicken cuts using Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. as quality indicators.

Enteropathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli are important health challenges in the poultry production chain, because when installed in the production chain, they impair the safety of food supply. The determination of the microbiological quality of chicken meat, especially when marketed in spiced form, is necessary, given that consumer prefer this type of processed protein. This work aims to evaluate the microbiological quality of the meat of seasoned chicken marketed in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goias, using Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli as target microorganisms, and considering as variables the type of establishment, validity date and presence of municipal inspection seal. From 80 analyzed samples, 30% (24/80) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. and 55% (44/80) for E. coli. Regarding the type of establishment, it was observed that 27.45% (14/51) of supermarket samples and 34.48% (10/29) of meat store samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp. Considering E. coli, 49.01% (25/51) of supermarket samples and 65.55% (19/29) of meat store samples were positive for this pathogen. 80% (64/80) of the samples had the municipal inspection seal (MIS), and 83.75% (67/80) contained the expiration date on the label. The legislation in its narrative guarantee’s protection for the consumer with regard to the presence of pathogenic serotypes of these agents, however, it is worth noting that the effective action of health surveillance, and the constant laboratory investigation of the products are necessary.

Susceptibility of three Colombian Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to a Lysinibacillus sphaericus formulation

AbstractThe increased incidence of vector‐borne diseases and insecticide resistance in mosquitos constitute public health concerns in the tropics. Biological control is an effective alternative in the management of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus populations. Lysinibacillus sphaericus a bacterium proved to be harmless for non‐target organisms has shown promising entomopathogenic activity. In Colombia, the control of A. aegypti using L. sphaericus has not been contemplated as part of vector control programmes. To assess the susceptibility of three A. aegypti populations to a L. sphaericus formulation consisting of vegetative cells of 2362 and III(3)7 strains, simulated‐field bioassays were conducted in the municipalities of Ricaurte in Cundinamarca and Tauramena in Casanare, as well as in the municipal inspection of San Joaquin, Cundinamarca. Sixty larvae were deposited in a test device, which contained nine litres of chlorine‐free tap water and 100 ml of the bacterial formulation (109 CFU/ml). Six replicates were set‐up for treatment with bacteria and for the control. Larvae mortality was recorded at 24 and 48 hr. The three A. aegypti populations were susceptible to L. sphaericus formulation with a mortality rate higher than 90% at 48 hr. The formulation of L. sphaericus comprised of vegetative cells of 2362 and III(3)7 strains showed promising results that could guarantee the implementation of this formulation to control of A. aegypti populations.

Prevalence and economic losses due to fasciolosis in cattle slaughtered under a municipal inspection regime in Itaperuna, Rio de Janeiro

Liver disease known as "liver cheap" is a zoonotic disease, it is caused by the helminth fasciola hepatica. There are definitive hosts that are bovine, the parasite infects the liver of the bovine, and also the intermediate hosts that are lymnea snails, they shelter themselves in humid grazing and dams. Infected livers are condemned by the inspection service in the slaughterhouses, as they are considered unfit for human consumption, and thus entail great economic losses for the refrigerating industries. In the municipality of Itaperuna in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the focus of this study, there is a high prevalence of this disease. The average rate of occurrence of hepatic Fasciola in cattle slaughtered in the municipality from January 2017 to April 2018 was 15.4%. In this scenario, the objective of this study was to analyze and report the rates of condemnation of bovine livers due to hepatic fasciolosis in a refrigerator under municipal inspection service located in Itaperuna-RJ and to measure the economic losses caused by this parasite. With a result of a period of 14 months it obtained a loss of R $ 4,480.00. Emphasizing the importance of the dissemination of these data to raise awareness among producers about the prevention of this endemic disease in our region, such as deworming of animals and proper management of grazing.

Bovine brucellosis in slaughterhouses controlled by Federal and Municipal Inspection Services in the state of Maranhão, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The aims of the current study were to investigate the prevalence of bovine brucellosis, to correlate laboratory results of serum reactive samples to the serology of animals presenting serous pouches, and to identify possible risk factors for the development of the disease. In order to do so, 1,265 bovine blood samples were collected from male and female animals bred in different counties in Maranhão state, Brazil, and in other regions of the country. The animals were slaughtered in two slaughterhouses controlled by the Federal Inspection Service (FIS), and in two others controlled by the Municipal Inspection Service (MIS), of regions such as Açailândia and Imperatriz. Samples were tested for specific antibodies by using buffered acidified antigen (BAA) and 2-mercaptoethanol in combination with slow serum agglutination (2-ME + SSA). Additionally, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to 100 owners, who provided animals to the slaughterhouses, to enable investigating the risk factors for bovine brucellosis. Fifteen serous pouches of animals presenting this lesion were also collected at slaughter time. Thirty-nine out of the analyzed samples were reacted to BAA, whereas 15 reacted to the 2-ME + SSA test; only one male was reagent and it resulted in 1.19% prevalence. One out of the 15 collected serous pouches reacted to the 2-ME + SSA test. The risk factors identified in this study were: the incidence of miscarriages, the sale of animals without previous examination, and the failure in testing the animals before introducing them in herds and before slaughter. It was possible to conclude that the animals slaughtered in the herein evaluated slaughterhouses were infected with Brucella abortus, as well as that this infection prevailed in females.

Detection of Salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in fresh pork sausages

The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in meat products may result in foodborne diseases and economic losses to their producers. Small industries in the region of Londrina, Paraná, produce sausages that are commercialized in free fairs, small markets, bars, and restaurants in the city. Although these industries are inspected by the Municipal Inspection Service of Londrina, there are no data about the pathogenic microorganisms present in these products. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in sausages produced and sold in the region of Londrina, Paraná, and identify eae, bfp, stx1, stx2, hlyA, ipaH, elt, est, aggR, aap, and AA probe genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from these samples. Forty-six samples of three types of sausages (fresh pork, Tuscan, and Calabresa) produced by four different producers (brands A, B, C, and D) were analyzed. Salmonella spp. was isolated from 13 (28.3%) and E. coli from 33 (71.3%) of the analyzed samples. Seven (53.8%) of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. were from brand A. Salmonella spp. contamination was the highest in the Tuscan sausage samples (8/17, 41.7%) when compared with the fresh pork sausage samples of all brands analyzed. E. coli was isolated from 12 of 13 samples contaminated with Salmonella spp. One sample of Calabresa sausage was contaminated with atypical enteropathogenic E. coli serotype O108:H9 that has the eae and hlyA genes. The results suggest contamination of the processing plant and/or raw meat used in the manufacture of sausages. A better inspection of the industries is required to ensure that Good Manufacturing Practices are followed by which the contamination of products by pathogenic bacteria can be prevented.

Brucellosis Prevalence in Brazilian Slaughterhouses with Different Meat Inspection Systems

Brucellosis Prevalence in Brazilian Slaughterhouses with Different Meat Inspection Systems

CONDENAÇÕES DE BOVÍDEOS ABATIDOS SOB INSPEÇÃO MUNICIPAL EM SANTARÉM – PA

RESUMO: O estudo objetivou apresentar ocorrências de condenações de bovídeos abatidos sob serviço de inspeção municipal em Santarém – PA. Para coleta dos dados, foram consultados relatórios mensais de abate de três abatedouros municipais, fornecidos pela Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura e Pesca (SEMAP). No período avaliado, correspondente de janeiro a dezembro do ano de 2016, foram abatidos 52.046 bovídeos, dos quais 49.486 eram bovinos e 2.560 bubalinos, com total de 296 condenações, em sua maioria, procedentes do município de Santarém com 127 carcaças condenadas. As causas foram: lesões sugestivas de tuberculose (72,30%) e brucelose (24,66%), hematomas generalizados (1,35%), Caquexia (1,01%), Peritonite (0,34%) e morte no curral (0,34%). Das 296 ocorrências, os índices de condenações em machos e fêmeas, responderam por 16,22% e 83,78%, respectivamente. O município de Santarém apresentou maior incidência em condenações, na qual a espécie bovina predominou, com destaque para as fêmeas que apresentaram, principalmente, lesões sugestivas de tuberculose e brucelose, além de hematomas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Abate, Doenças ocupacionais, Patologia.

Considerações sobre possíveis irregularidades em produtos de origem animal

The commercialization of products of animal origin in Brazil, by virtue of specific legislation, is preceded by previous industrial and sanitary inspection. Such inspection is performed by the Federal Inspection Service in establishments that carry out interstate or international commerce; by the State Inspection Services in those that carry out inter-municipal trade; and by the Municipal Inspection Services in those that carry out local trade. Independently of this obligation, it is the exclusive responsibility of the establishments to assure the quality and appropriateness for consumption of the products elaborated by them, leaving to the public authority the prerogative to authorize the regular ones and prevent irregularities from reaching consumers’ table, punishing the offenders when it is the case. The operation started by the federal police called “weak meat”, had as scope the information that abattoirs would be marketing deteriorated or otherwise unsuitable for consuming beef, constituting a criminal process and with the participation of public agents responsible for Inspection in these establishments. The objective of this debate was to evaluate the possible circumstances that motivated the fact in the interpretation of the author, as a result of his technical knowledge as Veterinarian PhD in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, without considering official information for which it did not have access.

Decision Support Model for Integrated Risk Assessment and Prioritization of Intervention Plans of Municipal Infrastructure

This paper presents a model for the integrated risk-based prioritization of municipal infrastructure assets. The model is a three-module decision-making tool for planning risk-based rehabilitation of water and sewer networks sharing the same corridor. The model is developed to identify corridor segments, assess risk of individual and integrated asset networks, and to set priorities for intervention plans of related critical corridor segments. The probability of failure of water pipe segments is calculated utilizing data from municipal inspection reports, while the probability of failure of sewer pipe segments is determined by soliciting experts’ opinions. The consequences of failure for individual water and sewer networks account for 13 economic, social, and environmental factors. Risk matrices are used to determine the criticality index of water and sewer segments depending on the combinations of probability and consequences of failure for each network measured on an ordinal scale. To integrate water and sewer indices, a novel dynamic weighting system is introduced to account for the varying impact of different pipe segments deterioration on the overall risk index. A case study from the metropolitan area of the city of Montreal in Canada is analyzed to illustrate the use of the developed model and highlight the essential features of its functions. The developed model is a well-structured decision support tool that utilizes input data commonly collected by municipalities. This model is expected to assist municipal engineers and decision makers to prioritize inspections, rehabilitation and replacement decisions, and optimize budget allocation and resource usage.

Análise microbiológica e teor de Nitrito e Nitrato em queijos

Objetivo: Analisar a quantidade de coliformes termotolerantes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus coagulase positva, os teores de nitritos e nitratos, pH e atividade de água, em queijos tipo prato e colonial, com Inspeção Municipal e Estadual do Vale do Taquari-RS. Material e Métodos: Os teores residuais de nitratos e nitritos, pH e atividade de água das amostras foram realizados segundo as metodologias analíticas oficiais previstas na Instrução Normativa n° 20, de 21 de julho de 1999 do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas em um laboratório certificado no Ministério da Agricultura. Resultados: Das 24 amostras de queijos 18,2% apresentaram coliformes termotolerantes acima da legislação com Inspeção Municipal e 61,5% das amostras com Inspeção Estadual. O Staphylococcus coagulase positiva não foi encontrado em nenhuma das amostras com Inspeção Municipal, e em 46,2% com Inspeção Estadual. A Salmonella não foi encontrada em nenhuma amostra. As concentrações de nitrato e nitrito encontradas acima do recomendado pela legislação nas amostras foram de 33,3% (p=0,030) e 100% (p<0,001), respectivamente. Conclui-se as amostras de queijo produzidas com Inspeção Estadual apresentaram resultados mais preocupantes em relação à contaminação por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e coliformes termotolerantes quando comparados à Inspeção Municipal. Conclusão: Concluiu-se neste estudo que a totalidade das amostras analisadas apresentaram concentrações acima do recomendado pela legislação para nitrito e mais de um terço apresentou-se não conforme em relação a concentração de nitrato. Em relação à atividade de água e o pH, a maioria das amostras encontrou-se de acordo com o preconizado pela legislação.

ESTUDO AMBISPECTIVO DE COORTE DA CISTICERCOSE BOVINA EM ABATEDOUROS COM SERVIÇO DE INSPEÇÃO MUNICIPAL (SIM) NA REGIÃO SUL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL.

Between 2009-2013, of 15,408 cattle slaughtered in abattoirs with Municipal Inspection Service (SIM)in the city of Pelotas, RS, , 389 were identified with cysticercosis problems, which represented anaverage prevalence of 2.52%. The temporal distribution of prevalence showed the highest frequencies,with significant differences in the months of May and December, with an odds ratio (OR) 1.35 (1:06<OR <1.71), ?2 = 6.32 and p = 0.0113. Reevaluating 18 weeks of the higher prevalence period, toinvestigate the causes of environmental contamination, the months of July, January and Februaryin the period 2009-2013, had higher rainfall 100 mm, therefore indicating a factor for dispersionof eggs of T. saginata. Slaughterhouses with SIM, are stocked with a few animals from small farms,mostly family farms. These increase manpower especially in the months of July, December, Januaryand February, when the sons of farmers are on school holidays and help in the handling of animalsand also in agriculture. They primarily assist in the soybean harvest (January-May), the maize harvest(December-June), tobacco harvest (December-February) and bean harvest (October-March).Therefore, there is a higher concentration of likely sources of infection in the field. In calculating theindex of endemic bovine cysticercosis by means of quartile criterion based on retrospective data forthe period 2009-2013, the third quartile (alert zone), had the expected prevalence described above.

Impact of Food Acquisition Program in the Sertto-Apodi and A u-Mossor Territory from Brazil

Impact of Food Acquisition Program in the Sertto-Apodi and A u-Mossor Territory from Brazil

Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos abatidos em matadouros do estado da Bahia, Brasil

Serum samples of 600 slaughtered cattle from Ilhéus and Itabuna Municipal slaughterhouse and Jequié Federal slaughterhouse, all of them located in the State of Bahia were screened using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test against Toxoplasma gondii. Prevalence was 11.83% (71), and positive samples were distributed as 19.3% (37) from Ilhéus, 9.8% (21) from Itabuna and 6.8% (13) from Jequié slaughterhouses respectively. From positive cattle, 91.5% (65) had titles 1:64, and 8.5% (6) had title 1:256. The majority of serum positive samples against T. gondii were related to animals from dairy farms which were slaughtered at municipality stockyards under municipal inspection in comparison with those slaughtered at Federal inspection which were related to beef cattle that were raised in farms extensively.

Situation of epidemic prevention in the late Qing dynasty in Shanghai

Situation of epidemic prevention in the late Qing dynasty in Shanghai