Municipal Incineration Bottom Ash Research Articles

Blending electric arc furnace slag and municipal incineration bottom ash to make ceramic tiles

Blending electric arc furnace slag and municipal incineration bottom ash to make ceramic tiles

Production of Cement mortars from glass powder and municipal incinerated bottom ash

The objective of this research is to find the optimal ratio of glass power (GP) and municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) for producing environmentally friendly interlocking paving blocks. To achieve this, 15 different ratios of mortar samples, sized 5 × 5 × 5 cm, were produced using a 1:3 cement-to-aggregate ratio and a 0.5 water-to-cement ratio. GP was used to substitute cement at 0, 10, and 20% by weight, while MIBA was used to substitute aggregate at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% by volume. The samples were divided into two groups and cured with water for 28 and 90 days. Physical testing was performed on the mortar samples after curing. The results show that at 28 days of curing, BA10 and BA20 had compressive strengths of 42.28 and 40.92 MPa respectively, which is higher than the standard for interlocking concrete block (40 MPa) according to TIS 827-2531. At 90 days of curing, GP10BA10, BA10, GP10, GP10BA20, GP20, BA20, and BA30 had compressive strengths of 47.62, 43.63, 43.51, 43.48, 42.73, 42.40, and 40.40 MPa respectively, which also meets the TIS standards.

Production and Characterization of Bricks from Bottom Ash and Textile Sludge Using Plastic Waste as Binding Agent

The production of traditional clay bricks consumes a large amount of energy and resources and can lead to the depletion of natural resources like clay. On the contrary, the improper disposal of waste materials such as bottom ash, textile sludge, and plastic waste can lead to environmental pollution and health hazards. Bricks and concrete blocks have been widely used in construction, but the continuous exploitation of raw materials can negatively impact the environment. This study aimed to produce bricks made from municipal solid waste, incinerated bottom ash, and textile sludge, using plastic waste as a binder. It assessed the potential use of these bricks as an alternative material for brick block production. The physical and chemical characteristics of the raw materials were determined using standard test methods. The crushed plastic waste was melted and mixed with dried textile sludge and bottom ash in various ratios, including 1 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, 1 : 2 : 1, 1 : 1 : 2, and 1 : 2 : 2 for plastic, municipal incinerated bottom ash, and textile sludge, respectively. The mixed sample was then placed into molds until it dried, and the resulting bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and leachability. The results indicated that the bricks had suitable physical and chemical properties, with compressive strength ranging from 8.527 to 16.4 MPa and water absorption percentages ranging from 1.3 to 3.4%. Slight efflorescence was observed for the 1 : 2 : 2 ratios. The production of traditional clay bricks consumes a large amount of energy and resources and can lead to the depletion of natural resources like clay. On the other hand, the improper disposal of waste materials such as bottom ash, textile sludge, and plastic waste can lead to environmental pollution and health hazards.

Structure and phase composition of ceramics based on pre-treated municipal incinerator bottom ash

In recent decades it has been demonstrated that some of the traditional raw materials in the ceramics industry could be successfully replaced by various industrial wastes. Sometimes, when the chemical composition of the waste is suitable, it is even possible to simply mix the waste with clay materials and to obtain new ceramics without feldspars, with higher crystallinity and improved mechanical properties. However, the sintering process and structure of these materials are very different from those of traditional clay-silica-feldspar ceramics. This is probably one of the reasons why they are not yet recognised as a viable alternative.The aim of this work is to investigate and explain the differences in phase composition and structure of six ceramics, based on bottom ashes from municipal incinerators, which form different amounts of amorphous phase, anorthite and pyroxene. For a better understanding, the viscosities of the residual melts at the corresponding sintering temperatures are also evaluated.It is shown that in the compositions richer in silica, the sintering temperatures are lower and the viscosity is significantly higher. As a result, notwithstanding of the high amount of formed glassy phase, the sintering is incomplete.At the same time, in the ceramics enriched with CaO and Al2O3, which form 40–45 wt% crystalline phase, the sintering temperatures are higher, but the viscosity is lower and the water adsorption is near zero. It is also clarified that in these compositions partial phase formation occurs on cooling, which increases their closed porosity.

Partial Replacement of Municipal Incinerated Bottom Ash and PET Pellets as Fine Aggregate in Cement Mortars.

The objective of this study was to examine the optimal mixing ratio of municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) and PET pellets used as a partial replacement of fine aggregates in the manufacture of cement mortars. As a partial replacement for sand, 15 mortar specimens were prepared by mixing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) (A) and 0%, 10%, and 20% PET pellets (P) in 5 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm cube molds. The cement/aggregate ratio was 1:3, and the water/cement ratio was 0.5 for all specimens. The results showed that the compressive strength of cement mortars decreased when increasing the amount of MIBA and PET pellets. The mortar specimens with 10% PET pellets achieved the highest compressive strength (49.53 MPa), whereas the mortar specimens with 40% MIBA and 20% PET pellets achieved the lowest compressive strength (24.44 MPa). Based on this finding, replacing 10% and 20% sand in cement mortar with only MIBA or only PET pellets could result in compressive strengths ranging from 46.00 MPa to 49.53 MPa.

Study of the operative conditions and the optimum amount of municipal incinerator bottom ash for the obtainment of ceramic floor tiles.

The idea of reusing municipal incinerator bottom ash (MIBA), the residue from incinerating municipal solid wastes, fits nicely in a circular economy scheme, which leads to an avoided impact of landfill disposal, and at the same time reduces the demand of natural resources. Past studies have attempted to add 20 to 60% MIBA for ceramic production, and resulted in some inspiring success. Focused on delivering quality interior and exterior floor tiles meeting industrial standards, this study investigated the operative conditions and the optimum amount of MIBA in the mix. In this study, only the kaolinite clay and MIBA were used. Before making specimens, raw materials of clay and MIBA underwent SEM, EDS, and TCLP tests to determine their chemical contents. Six sets of specimens with different replacement levels of MIBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%) were then prepared. These specimens were fired at 1000°C, 1050°C,1100°C, and 1150°C and the products underwent a series of mechanical tests to verify their performance. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were also used to determining the organic compound structure after each specimens' crystallization. Research results showed that proper mix of MIBA up to 20% could result in quality tiles complying with specifications for interior and exterior flooring applications at certain kiln temperatures, while the specimens with 30% MIBA failed to meet either bending strength or size shrinkage requirement at all four kiln temperatures, and could not deliver a satisfactory result.

Applying Mixture of Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash and Sewage Sludge Ash for Ceramic Tile Manufacturing.

Municipal incinerator bottom ash (MIBA) and sewage sludge ash (SSA) are secondary wastes produced from municipal incinerators. Landfills, disposal at sea, and agricultural use have been the major outlets for these secondary wastes. As global emphasis on sustainability arises, many have called for an increasing reuse of waste materials as valuable resources. In this study, MIBA and SSA were mixed with clay for ceramic tile manufacturing in this study. Raw materials firstly went through TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) to ensure their feasibility for reuse. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM), clay’s smooth surface was contrasted with the porous surface of MIBA and SSA, which led to a higher water requirement for the mixing. Specimens with five MIBA mix percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (wt) and three SSA mix percentages of 0%, 10%, and 20% (wt) were made to compare how the two waste materials affected the quality of the final product and to what extent. Shrinkage tests showed that MIBA and SSA contributed oppositely to tile shrinkage, as more MIBA reduced tile shrinkage, while more SSA encouraged tile shrinkage. However, as the kiln temperature reached 1150 °C, the SiO2-rich SSA adversely reduced the shrinkage due to the glass phase that formed to expand the tile instead. Both MIBA and SSA increased water tile absorption and reduced its bending strength and wear resistance. Increasing the kiln temperature could effectively improve the water absorption, bending strength, and wear resistance of high MIBA and SSA mixes, as SEM showed a more compact structure at higher temperatures. However, when the temperature reached 1100 °C, more pores appeared and seemingly exhausted the benefit brought by the higher temperature. Complex interactions between kiln temperature and MIBA/SSA mix percentage bring unpredictable performance of tile shrinkage, bending strength, and water absorption, which makes it very challenging to create a sample meeting all the specification requirements. We conclude that a mix with up to 20% of SSA and 5% of MIBA could result in quality tiles meeting the requirements for interior or exterior flooring applications when the kiln temperature is carefully controlled.

Sintering and phase formation of ceramics based on pre-treated municipal incinerator bottom ash

Ceramics, based on 60 ​wt% of municipal incinerator bottom ashes (MIBA) and 40 ​wt% of industrial clays, were prepared by using two fractions of pre-treated ashes (above and under 2 ​mm) and three different industrial clays. The obtained six compositions with amounts of CaO from 12 to 14 ​wt%, with SiO2/Al2O3 ratio ranging from 3.5 to 1.6 and with Al2O3/CaO ratio - from 1.25 to 1.75 were investigated and characterized.These compositions were located in the crystallization field of anorthite (CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2); the ceramics with high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio are near to the eutectic with SiO2, while with low ratio – closer to the anorthite stoichiometry.The phase transformation and the subsequent melting were studied by non-isothermal DTA-TG analysis, while the densification process - by contactless optical dilatometry. Then, the optimal sintering temperatures and times were evaluated by isothermal dilatometric runs at different temperatures.At high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio the sintering temperature is lower but the sintering range is very narrow. This behavior can be explained by the formation of too high amount of liquid phase at the eutectic temperature. On the contrary, at lower ratio, the sintering temperature increases but, notwithstanding the decrease of viscosity and shorter sintering time, the densification range becomes wider. This last result is a very important technological finding with a view to industrial transferability.Additional tests performed demonstrated that a preliminary thermal treatment of ash with elevated residual organic phase is necessary, which leads to a lower firing shrinkage and to a shorter sintering time.

Potential Use of Incineration Bottom Ash in Construction: Evaluation of the Environmental Impact

Knowledge of the long-term leaching behavior of potentially harmful substances is crucial for the assessment of the environmental compatibility of reusing municipal solid-waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in construction, i.e., as a road base layer. BA fractions obtained from wet-processing aiming at the improvement of environmental quality were used to investigate the mobility of relevant substances. Eluates from laboratory-scaled leaching procedures (column percolation and lysimeters) were analyzed to learn about the long-term release of substances. Unsaturated conditions and artificial rainwater (AR) were used in the lysimeter tests to simulate field conditions. In addition, batch test eluates were generated at usual liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S) for compliance testing purposes. A variety of cations and anions was measured in the eluates. The wet treatment reduces the leaching of chloride and particularly sulfate by more than 60%. The release of typical contaminants for the treated MSWI BA such as the heavy metals Cu and Cr was well below 1% in the conducted leaching tests. An increase in the Sb concentration observed in the lysimeter experiments starting at L/S 0.75 L/kg and in the column experiment at L/S 4 L/kg is assumed to be related to decreasing concentrations of Ca and thus to the dissolution of sparingly soluble calcium antimonate. The same leaching mechanism applies with V, but the concentration levels observed are less critical regarding relevant limit values. However, on the long term the behavior of Sb could be problematic for the application of MSWI BA in construction.Graphic

Use of incinerated ashes as aggregate in concrete: a compressive strength model

Municipal solid waste, described as household waste, and sewage sludge, arising from wastewater treatment, are produced in large quantities around the world. Incineration plays a key role in the management of these materials, although the process leaves behind residual ashes: municipal incinerated bottom ash and sewage sludge ash, respectively. This paper examines the use of these ashes as aggregate in concrete, focusing specifically on developing a model to estimate the compressive strength of the concrete. The data used in this work have been obtained from a comprehensive search of the globally published literature. The strength model, focusing on 28 d results, has been developed using a regression analysis approach, with the renowned Abram's law as the foundation. The validated model demonstrated that, with favourable ash properties and mix design parameters, compressive strength results close to the control can be targeted with the use of the ashes as a low content aggregate component.

Use of incinerated ash as a cement component in concrete: compressive strength modelling

This paper presents a model for the estimation of the compressive strength of concrete using incinerated ashes, municipal incinerated bottom ash and sewage sludge ash as an addition. Based on sourcing and systematic coordination of global data on this subject, an analysis of the properties of the ashes was undertaken. Collective data on the compressive strength performance of mortar and concrete mixes were also assessed. The strength model was then developed using a regression analysis approach, utilising the structure of the renowned Abram's law as the foundation, focusing specifically on the 28 d performance. The resultant model estimates can provide a greater focus for the initial trial testing undertaken when experimenting with the concrete mix design process with ashes. The model offers an informed view of how the properties of incinerated ash influence concrete strength, which can be useful for evaluating the quality of local ashes and avoiding unfavourable end-product performance.

Soluble Salt in Municipal Solid-Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash and Its Effect on the Performance of Cement-Stabilized Materials

The contents of soluble salts, including chloride and sulfate, were tested to use municipal solid-waste incinerator bottom ash (IBA) in cement-stabilized materials for roadbase. In addition, the effects of soluble salts on the strength properties of cement stabilized IBA and crushed stone mixture were analyzed by applying unconfined compressive and splitting strength tests, respectively. Moreover, the deformation properties of the mixture were analyzed by applying dry and temperature shrink tests, respectively. In addition, the microscopic mechanism of chloride and sulfate on the mixture was analyzed by using micro-test methods. Results show that the average contents of chloride and sulfate in IBA are 0.57% and 1.01%, respectively. The strength of the mixture that contains 30% IBA greatly decreases when the contents of chloride and sulfate in IBA are higher than 1.67% and 2.00%, respectively. The dry and temperature shrinkage deformations of the mixture greatly increase when the contents of chloride and sulfate are higher than 0.67% and 1.00%, respectively. Water treatment reduces the soluble salt content of IBA. Unlike the control mixture, the strength properties of the mixture that contained IBA with water treatment shows no remarkable difference, whereas the short and temperature shrinkage deformations increase and decrease, respectively. Microscopic analysis shows that Cl- reacts with cement hydration products to produce Friedel salts, and the amount of hydration products increases in the mixture due to the addition of chloride and sulfate. However, some cement particles are not hydrated when the Na2SO4 content is 1.0%. The content of soluble salts in IBA should be limited to ensure the performance of the mixture.

Municipal incinerated bottom ash use as a cement component in concrete

The characteristics of municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) and its potential use as a cementitious component in concrete applications are examined through an analysis and evaluation of global experimental data. As raw feed in cement clinker production, MIBA can be incorporated at minor contents without compromising performance. To avoid damaging hydrogen gas expansive reactions arising due to the metallic aluminium in the ash, treatment of MIBA is required for use as cement components in cement, mortar and concrete. As such, thermal and chemical treatments, as well as tailored slow and wet grinding treatments, have been effective in improving performance. The hydrogen gas expansion associated with MIBA can beneficially contribute towards the lightweight properties required for aerated concrete, with the ash serving as an alternative to aerating agents and also contributing to strength development. Initial work on controlled low-strength materials has highlighted MIBA as a potential cement replacement material that can meet the low-strength requirements.

Municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) characteristics and potential for use in road pavements

The characteristics of municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) and its performance in road pavement applications is assessed through systematic analysis and evaluation of the global experimental data. MIBA has been used in unbound, hydraulically and bitumen bound forms. As unbound material, after processing, MIBA exhibits suitable mechanical properties for use as capping, fill and sub-base material, which has been successfully demonstrated in field testing. In hydraulically bound form, MIBA can be a viable aggregate component in subbase and roadbase layers at low to moderate contents, depending on the performance requirements and binder content. As bituminous bound aggregate in roads, the material can be fit for use at low contents, which is reinforced by a number of completed case studies, with the allowable MIBA fraction controlled by the voids contents, abrasion resistance and bitumen content requirements.

Municipal incinerated bottom ash characteristics and potential for use as aggregate in concrete

The use of municipal incinerated bottom ash (MIBA) as aggregate in concrete applications has been assessed through the analysis and evaluation of the globally published data. After appropriate pre-treatments, MIBA can be used as fine or coarse aggregate in mortar, concrete and blocks. Full-scale operations have been undertaken with success, mainly in blocks. MIBA lightweight aggregate had similar properties to Lytag, though with marginally lower strength. Concrete containing MIBA lightweight aggregate achieved low density, high consistence properties, with strengths just below Lytag mixes. Replacing sand in foamed concrete, MIBA mixes satisfied the high flowability, low strength requirements.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of a Novel Tobermorite-Based Porous Material from Municipal Incineration Bottom Ash

A novel tobermorite-based porous material has been synthesized from municipal incineration bottom ash (MIBA), using a hydrothermal processing method under saturated steam pressure (1.0 MPa) at 453 K for 12 h. Without additional vesicants, NaOH solution that is incorporated into the starting material acts as both a reaction solvent and a vesicant. As a reaction solvent, the NaOH solution first promoted tobermorite formation to form a huge number of small pores during hydrothermal processing; then, as a vesicant, it was released as vapor from the solidified specimens to form large pores after drying. The porous material possessed a pore diameter distribution of 0.01−10 μm, a BET specific surface area of 60 000 m2/kg, and a bulk density of 500−700 kg/m3. Moreover, the leaching tests showed that the concentration of heavy metals dissolved from the solidified specimen became very low after hydrothermal processing.

Municipal incineration bottom ash treatment using hydrothermal solidification

Solidification of municipal incineration bottom ash (MIBA) has been carried out using a hydrothermal processing method, in which the MIBA was first compacted in a mold at 5–20 MPa, and then hydrothermally cured in an autoclave under saturated steam pressure at 150–250 °C for 10–72 h. Experimental results showed that the tensile strength of the solidified body was greatly influenced by the addition of NaOH solution and fresh cement in the MIBA. The hydrothermal curing temperature and time exerted a significant influence on the development of tensile strength of solidified body. The strength development is speculated to be due primarily to the formation of 1.1 nm tobermorite. Laboratory leaching tests were conducted to determine the amount of heavy metals dissolved from the solidified bodies and the results showed that under the hydrothermal conditions of this study the leaching of heavy metals was very low. As such, the hydrothermal processing method may have a high potential for recycling MIBA.

Microstructural Characterization and Properties of a Glass and a Glass-Ceramic Made from Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash

Microstructural Characterization and Properties of a Glass and a Glass-Ceramic Made from Municipal Incinerator Bottom Ash

Use of municipal incinerator bottom ash as sintering promoter in industrial ceramics : Barbieri, L. et al. Waste Management, 2002, 22, (8), 859–863

Use of municipal incinerator bottom ash as sintering promoter in industrial ceramics : Barbieri, L. et al. Waste Management, 2002, 22, (8), 859–863

Use of municipal incinerator bottom ash as sintering promoter in industrial ceramics

The use of glassy frits obtained from municipal incinerator bottom ash and glass cullet, as sintering promoters in the production process of porcelainized stoneware, was investigated. The emphasis was on studying the similarities and differences with respect to the standard body. The characterization involved the application of several techniques: chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, linear shrinkage during firing, water absorption, bending strength and spot resistance test. The results show that, the addition of these glassy frits in the body improve the characteristics of water absorption and spot resistance which is related to the absence of surface porosity originated by the glassy phase. Moreover, addition of glassy frits to the porcelanized stoneware body does not change significantly its bending strength. In the firing conditions used there is a slight worsening in the tiles planarity, while there is a significant modification of the color, which becomes darker with respect to the base body.