Multipurpose Function Research Articles

Achieving new excellence in an augmented reality dental education system

Background/purposeSimEx-Plus (EPED. Inc) was already a mature augmented reality (AR) dental training simulator that allowed students to have a high quality dental education practice. Now the EPCAD software has been further developed into a comprehensive computer-aided design software. It helps relevant professionals learn how to create digital fixed prosthesis in a virtual environment. This study used the newly developed EPCAD software that was integrated within the SimEx-Plus to design dental restorations then digital output milling restorations. We hope that the SimEx-Plus AR dental training simulator can achieve the multi-purpose function in one machine. Materials and methodsA right maxillary central incisor was prepared in the standard dental model. The restorations were designed by EPCAD software integrated with the SimEx-Plus and milled by a 4-axis dental milling machine (N4+, vhf camfacture AG). The internal gap of the restoration was evaluated. ResultsThe internal gaps of the crowns set on the right maxillary central incisor were among 68.27–89.80 μm. The different setting for digital output did not influence the internal gap (P 0.05, One-Way ANOVA). However, the internal gap on the palatal side was larger than that on the labial, mesial, distal, and incisal surfaces (P < 0.05, One-Way ANOVA). ConclusionThe new software EPCAD that was integrated within the SimEx-Plus AR dental training simulator could design restorations, and the designed restorations had good internal gap for clinical use. The professionals can learn tooth preparation and digital restoration fabrication by the SimEx-Plus AR dental training system.

Uji Dosis Pupuk Kandang Kambing Dan Macam Pupuk Majemuk Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

The peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a food crop that has a strategic role in the national economy and given its multipurpose function as a source of food, feed and industrial raw materials. The aim of this research was to determine the growth and yield of peanut plants by providing goat manure and various types of compound fertilizer. The research was carried out in August - December 2022 in Dukuh Pokoh, Musuk Village, Musuk District, Boyolali Regency with an altitude of 632 (masl) and the soil type is Vertisol (PPT = Grumosol).&#x0D; The research used the Factorial method with a basic design of Complete Randomized Block Design (RAKL) consisting of 2 treatment factors, The first factor was the dose of goat manure: D1: 5 tons/ha, D2: 10 tons/ha, D3: 15 tons/ha. The second factor is the type of compound fertilizer: M1: 15-15-15, M2: 16-16-16, M3: 30-6-8.&#x0D; The results of the study showed that (1) The treatment dose of goat manure (D) had a very real influence on the number of pods planted, the number of pods contained in the plant, the weight of 100 seeds and had no effect on plant height, weight of fresh stover, weight of dry stover, number of empty pods per plant, pod weight per plant and pod weight per plot. (2) The type of compound fertilizer (M) had a very significant effect on fresh stover weight, dry stover weight and pod weight per plot. Significant effect on pod weight per plant and weight of 100 seeds and no effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, and number of empty pods per plant. (3) The combination of doses of goat manure (D) and types of compound fertilizer (M) has a very significant effect on the weight of fresh stover and the weight of dry stover. Has a significant effect on the weight of 100 seeds and has no significant effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, number of filled pods per plant, number of empty pods per plant, weight of the pods per plant and weight of the pods per plot. (4) The best results were at a fertilizer dose of 15 tonnes/ha with 15-15-15 compound fertilizer, namely pod weight of 751.60 gr per plot (3.11 tonnes/ha of dry beans).

Multi-criteria optimization of micro-hole on glass using developed µ-abrasive jet machine set-up

In non-traditional machining, micro-abrasive jet machining (MAJM) is a cost-effective machining process. MAJM has been used for fabricating electronic devices and microfluidic channels. This work has made an effort to utilize MAJM for glass. A new design and fabrication of the Laval type of nozzle have been proposed to improve machining accuracy. A nozzle is conceived to ensure specific characteristics of the mixture (compressed air and abrasive particles) pass through it. The abrasive particle force is converted to kinetic energy, increasing the mixture’s velocity. The cross-sectional area of the nozzle can be circular, rectangular, square, or oval. A circular cross-sectional nozzle has been developed for high velocity, precise etching, and patterning on difficult-to-machine materials such as steel alloys. A circular cross-sectional micro-nozzle with a large aspect ratio is proposed, and the flow characteristics and cutting performance are examined precisely by the experiment. Efforts are being made to make machining processes sustainable, productive, and efficient. Here, the Taguchi-grey relational analysis integration approach has been used to analyze the machining parameters such as air pressure, stand-off distance, and abrasive mesh size (AMS). The top hole diameter, bottom hole diameter, material removal rate, and radial overcut are the response variables in this investigation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed that the AMS was the most efficient parameter, which followed the processing condition on the total input of the multi-purpose function. The reported optimized process parameters are air pressure of 8 bar, stand-off distance of 2 mm, and AMS mix (50%+100%) micron, which significantly affects the top and bottom micro-hole diameters.

Covariates in sample planning optimization for digital soil fertility mapping in agricultural areas

The study aimed to evaluate whether the use of covariates in sample optimization helps characterize the spatial variability of soil chemical properties. To this end, data from two agricultural areas located in southeastern Brazil were used. The covariates were used at two stages: sample planning optimization and building predictive methods. The covariates were divided into five categories: relief, vegetation, soil, management, and spatial coordinates. We compared two criteria in sample planning optimization: one aims to ensure spatial distribution by minimizing the mean squared shortest distance (MSSD); the other integrated four criteria through a multipurpose function (SPAN), aiming to represent the distribution and correlation between the covariates, the minimization of the mean squared shortest distance and the distribution of pairs of points for each lag size of the semivariogram. We evaluated three predictive methods (Robust Ordinary Kriging (ROK), Random Forest (RF), and Random Forest-Robust Kriging (RF-RK)) and a null model (mean-based) to predict four soil properties (Cation exchange capacity (CEC), Base saturation (V), Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P)). We observed that not all areas would benefit from the inclusion of covariates in the sample planning. When our previous knowledge of variability is limited or unknown, we need to evaluate the management in the areas. When the cropping system is more complex and diversified, spatial coverage sampling is more feasible, using the covariates only on the prediction models.

Behaviour Factors and Smartphone Addiction among Youth in Selected Public Universities in Klang Valley

The smartphone has become an indispensable tool for reshaping human existence and life. Smartphones have been created as a valuable variety of functions and greater movability as a result of the development of smartphones, which has increased the high prevalence of smartphone use, specifically youngsters. Smartphone use is a part of digital technologies, like internet, and it has been expected to have a comparable impact, mainly on youth. People are becoming addicted or dependent on smartphones as a result of its appealing and convenient features, as well as their multipurpose function, to the point where a day without smartphone use seems to them to be an incomplete day. However, such social issues seem to elicit less attention from academicians, resulting in poor understanding of the topic. As a result, this research aims to identify behaviour factors on smartphone usage and determine the relationship between behavior factors and smartphone addiction among youths. There were employed survey method in this study. The research was carried out on 400 youths from four public universities in Klang Valley. The finding identified most of the respondents spent more that 12 hours on Internet usage. Based on the result concluded smartphone addiction is correlated with behavior factors namely loneliness, shyness, and stress. Higher assessment on the Internet tie-up on smartphone addiction. To mitigate the negative consequences, it is suggested that government need to give serious attention and must come out with prevention strategies focusing on attitudes that helping youths to set limits for their smartphone accessibility. Apart from that, future studies require different group of respondents and widen range of geographical scope in identifying smartphone users’ behaviors and mental health issues.

Biosorbents for wastewater treatment

Biosorption is a promising technology for removing various pollutants from industrial wastewater, which consists in the use of secondary plant raw materials (e.g., agro-industrial waste) to solve environmental pollution problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of nut shells as a biosorbent, to study the effect of alkaline modification of shells on their properties and to study the use of spent biosorbents as additives in cement. The influence of the fractional composition of the initial material on its sorption capacity and the influence of the modification of shells with alkaline solution on the properties of the obtained biosorbents are investigated. The yield of the final products was determined gravimetrically as the ratio of the mass of the product to the mass of the raw material. The sorption capacity was studied using model solutions. The concentration of sodium hydroxide solutions was determined by titration, and the cationic dye by spectrophotometric method. Methylene blue was used as a test dye. The studies have shown that the fractional composition of the material largely determines its sorption properties. Reducing the particle size of the nut shells leads to an increase in the sorption efficiency of methylene blue from 17.2% for the fraction with a size of 1.5-2.0 mm to 39.2% for the fraction with a size of 0.5-1.0 mm. The static exchange capacity increases by an average of 30 % for each subsequent fraction. To improve the sorption properties of the initial material, along with grinding, it is advisable to use chemical modification. The method of alkaline modification was used, which is accompanied by partial destruction of the aromatic component of raw materials and low molecular weight polysaccharides and by removal of extractives of different nature, which leads to the formation of a more porous structure. The maximum sorption efficiency of methylene blue (80 %) corresponds to the biosorbent obtained from nut shells (fractional composition 0.5-1.0 mm) by modifying with 5 % NaOH solution for 180 min at a temperature of 100 oC. Alkaline treatment significantly improves the adsorption capacity of the biosorbent to the cationic dye compared to the initial material. The sorption capacity of nut shells and biosorbent based on shells was studied as a function of pH of aqueous dye solution and duration of contact. It was found that pH of the aqueous solution had a significant effect on the sorption of the dye and the maximum value was reached at pH 6. This is due to the electrokinetic properties of the surface of lignocellulosic materials - the ability to change charge depending on pH (positive in acidic, negative in neutral and alkaline), due to the presence of different functional groups. The study of kinetics showed that the maximum rate of absorption of methylene blue corresponded to the first 30 minutes of contact. Sorption equilibrium is achieved within 240 minutes of contact. Sorption kinetics was also studied using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models, as well as a diffusion model. The pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) best describes the absorption kinetics of the cationic dye and suggests that the fixation of methylene blue on the surface of the biosorbent occurs due to various mechanisms. The problem of further use of spent sorption materials is no less important than the efficiency of sorbents in creating an effective integrated water treatment technology. Spent biosorbent was used as an additive to the composition of cement type I/500. The use of plant material in the amount of 5% will not lead to a significant deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of cement. This indicates the prospects of such an approach in the utilization of spent sorbents. In further research, it is planned to investigate various modification options for plant materials for obtaining highly effective biosorbents of multipurpose function for the solution of environmental problems.

Aqueous fruit pulp extract of Adansonia digitata (L) protects against lead-acetate-induced hepato-renal damage in rat model

BackgroundAdansonia digitata (L) fruit has a multi-purpose function one among many, is the antioxidant activities of the fruit by preventing oxidative stress. The effect of Adansonia digitata (L) fruit on lead-induced liver and kidney damage is not clear. Hence, the study was aimed to assessed the protective role of Adansonia digitata (L) fruits against lead acetate induced changes in the liver and kidney function test parameters and the histology of both organ in experimental rats. The rats were divided into five groups with five rats each. All the rats were administered with respective assigned treatment once daily for 6 weeks. Rats in groups I were administered with just distil water (2 ml/kg). Rats in groups II were administered with lead acetate (30 mg/kg) while rats in groups III–V were administered Adansonia digitatata (L) fruit extract (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and Succimer (5 mg/kg) respectively, then additionally challenged with lead acetate (30 mg/kg) immediately after. At the end of the administration, the blood serum from the experimental rats were used for biochemical analysis. Then, the the organs such as the liver and kidney collected for histological study.ResultsRats administered with Lead acetate showed an increase in AST, ALP and ALT as well as increase in urea and creatinine level (p < 0.001), when compared with the control group (group I), where as Adansonia digitatata (L) fruit prevented the effect (upsurge of serum, Urea, Creatinine, AST, ALP and ALT) of lead acetate. Rats administer with only Lead acetate revealed marked liver steatosis and the degeneration of the kidney glomerulus. The Adansonia digitatata (L) fruit extract and Succimer prevented the histological liver steatosis, as well as the degeneration of the glomerulus of the kidney cytoarchitecture.ConclusionThe findings in this study suggest that Adansonia digitata fruits extract has a protective potentials against lead acetate induced liver and kidney toxicity by preventing the upsurge of liver function enzymes and kidney function parameters. Hence, Adansonia digitata fruits can serve as a natural plant agent that can prevent hepato-renal toxicity. Therefore, Adansonia digitata holds future prospects in preclinical framework to ameliorate organs toxicity for oral therapeutic applications.

Arthropod diversity and corn stem borer Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee population in corn endophytes

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a strategic commodity that plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the Indonesian economy because corn has a multipurpose function that can be used for food and feed purposes. Obstacles in corn cultivation that cause low corn productivity include the attack of plant pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes is an alternative to chemical insecticides but can also be used to decrease the use of fertilizers. The research has been carried out at the Department of Food Crops and Horticulture Agriculture, Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, and the Laboratorium of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. Observation of larvae population of O. furnacalis was started when the plant was 35 days after planting (DAP) by observing the presence of grinding marks on the leaves and stalks of corn. The larvae found in the field are reared in the laboratory. Arthropod exploration in the field used 4 methods, namely visual observation, pitfall traps, yellow traps and using nets. The results obtained in this study were the arthropods found in the land of endophytic corn using the pitfall trap method, found as many as 48 insects. Using a net, 150 insects were found. Using the yellow trap, 243 insects were found and with visual observation found as many as 95 insects. The number of larvae of O. furnacalis infected with the fungus B. bassiana in corn female parents were 20 with an infection percentage of 83.3% and 11 male parents with an infection percentage of 91.7%.

Performance of Physiological Characteristics and Content of Sweet Corn Mutant Some Lines of Sugar (Zea mays L. saccharate Sturt.) Sied of Gamma Ray Irradiation in M1 Generation.

ABSTRACT Sweet corn has a multipurpose function. The need for this commodity continues to increase every year, while the sied of production produced by farmers have not been able to meet the needs. One effort to increase sweet corn production is by mutation techniques to assemble the genetic traits of varieties. This study aims to obtain the best interaction between sweet corn lines and gamma ray irradiation doses on physiological characteristics and sugar content in maniss corn plants (Zea mays L saccharata Sturt). This research was carried out in PT. Pertani, Sirnabaya Village, East Telukjambe sub District, Karawang start in May 2019 until September 2019. The method used is an experimental method using a factorial randomized block design. There are two factors consisting of 20 treatments. The first factor was the sweet corn with replications consisting of 5 lines, the second factor is the dose of gamma ray irradiation consisting of 4 levels. The effect of the treatment was analyzed by analysis of variance, to find out the best treatment continued with the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) test at 5% level. There was the best interaction between sweet corn lines and gamma ray irradiation dose, the best effect was on G1M1 treatment in almost all parameters of observation (plant height, number of leaves, weight of cobs with hurt, weight of cobs without hurt, long of cobs with hurt, long of cobs without hurt, diameter of cobs with hurt, diameter of cobs without hurt, sugar content, leaf area, leaf area index, crop yields). Keywords : lines, sweet corn, gamma ray irradiation, sugar content

Fisheries community behaviour towards water quality of the Deket river, Lamongan district

The river as a water source is one of the natural resources which has a multipurpose function for life, livelihood and also aquaculture. The Deket River is one of the rivers in Lamongan Regency that has experienced a decline in water quality, due to contamination by domestic and industrial waste. This study aims to determine the behaviour, perceptions and attitudes of the fisheries community towards the quality of the waters in the Deket River, Lamongan Regency. This research uses descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods. This research was conducted at 3 stations and 3 sample points for observation of water quality. The lab test results show that the average value of 3 stations still has several parameters that exceed the maximum threshold and are classified as light pollution. Based on the multiple linear regression test, people’s perceptions and attitudes about the decline in water quality affect fisheries community behaviour by 49%. Several water quality parameters caused by domestic and industrial waste have values above the maximum threshold, so they can be an indicator of degradation in water quality. The decline in water quality in the Deket River can affect the behaviour of the fisheries community around the riverbanks

Pengelompokkan Sumber Air Minum Dari Air Sungai Menggunakan Metode K-Means

River water is one of the most frequently used water by the community and has a multipurpose function for life, one of which is a source of drinking water. However, now we know that the population of river water pollution is very high and it is used as a waste disposal site which causes a lot of river water to be polluted, it can make people susceptible to disease because they consume unhealthy river water. Judging from the data obtained by province, many use river water as a source of drinking water, for this reason the authors conducted a study that aims to classify drinking water sources from river water by province using the K-means Clustering algorithm and will test it with the Rapidminer application, so that Data from 34 provinces will be divided into 3 clusters in which cluster 1 (C1) is a high group, cluster 2 (C2) is a medium group, and cluster 3 (C3) is a low group. The results obtained from this study are C1 with a total of 2 provinces, C2 with a total of 9 provinces, C3 with a total of 23 provinces and the value of the results carried out with the Rapidminer application has the same value. With this research, it is hoped that this can provide information for the government about the data on the grouping of drinking water sources and used as a consideration for overcoming polluted rivers.

Three Steps Mixed (Fire Tube–Water Tube) Vertical Boiler to Optimize Thermal Performance

The research aims to design and construct a new mixed vertical boiler (fire tube – water tube) with three gas passes. The strength of this technological innovation is in the best use of the thermic transmission receiving fluid (hot water, steam, thermal oil), this due to its multipurpose function of three steps using alternative fuels (Diesel, Liquid Petroleum Gas LPG, natural gas), by improving the thermal efficiency of the boiler its temperature is reduced with gases at low temperatures, which in turn also reduce environmental pollution. The methodology focuses on calculating the transfer area with the calculation method that will allow dimensioning the boiler, considering the calculation of losses and the fluid speed, with two defined procedures, the first for fire tube and water tube boilers. And another alternative. The results obtained allowed optimizing the thermal efficiency level, achieving very significant thermal efficiency results: With LPG 92.4% for hot water and 92.42% to generate steam in the same way with natural gas 90.25% for hot water and 90.24% to generate steam as well with Diesel 2; 89.21% for hot water and 89.31% to generate steam.

Combination of renewable energy in the refinery, with carbon emissions approach

With increasing global energy demand and lower energy efficiency for inverted energy (EROEI) for crude oil, global energy consumption by the O&amp;G industry has increased dramatically in recent years. Moreover, this increased energy has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which has had negative environmental impacts. On the other hand, generating electricity through renewable resources has become a relatively competitive cost for fossil energy sources in a "cleaner" way. In this study, renewable energy is optimally combined into the refinery, taking into account costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Using Aspen HYSYS, a refinery in the Middle East was stimulated to estimate energy demand by different processing units. The L.P. problem is formulated based on the existing solar energy systems and wind potential in the region. The multipurpose function, which reduces cost and CO2 emissions, was resolved using GAMS to determine the optimum energy distribution from each power source to units inside the refinery. Besides, an economic feasibility study was conducted to determine the feasibility of implementing a renewable energy technology project to bypass the refinery's energy requirements. Electricity generation through all renewable energy sources considered (i.e., solar P.V., CSP, and wind) was considered feasible based on the low cost of electricity (LCOE). The payback period for the CSP project, which has an annual capacity of about 411 GWh and a useful life of 30 years, was ten years. In contrast, the solar P.V. and wind recovery periods were calculated at 7 and 6 years, respectively. This opens up possibilities for incorporating renewable energy into the refining sector, as well as for improving multiple energy transmission systems in the crude oil industry.

ANALISIS LEMBAGA PEMASARAN JAGUNG KUNING DI KECAMATAN BONTOLEMPANGAN KABUPATEN GOWA

Corn is an important food commodity after rice. Based on the sequence of staple foods, corn is a strategic commodity in agricultural development and the Indonesian economy, and has a multipurpose function, both for food and feed, and has balanced nutrition. The problem is whether the involvement of various yellow corn marketing institutions can increase marketing efficiency itself. While the purpose of the author is to see each marketing channel or marketing agency involved so that it can improve marketing efficiency. The most cost-effective marketing channel for marketing is channel III with a value of 6.84%, in this marketing channel the retailer directly buys farmers. Channel II the value of marketing cost efficiency is 9.31% because there are several marketing agencies involved, as well as marketing channels I with marketing cost efficiency value of 12.35%

The linkage of social-ecological system of Mangrove in Jor Bay, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara

The mangrove ecosystem in Jor Bay described as a social-ecological system (SES) that has a multi-purpose function and related to ecosystem services. The mangrove ecosystems have social and ecological dimensions that couldn’t be separated. Management based on this approach is social ecology-based management, which is basically the integration between understanding ecology and social values. Therefore, the investigation of the linkage of the mangrove social-ecological system needs to be done in an effort to map the balance of mangrove ecosystem services in Jor Bay. The study was conducted in April-May 2018 in Jor Bay, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The approaches that used in this research are Burkhard Model. The results obtained are ecosystem services that are most widely used in Jor Bay is provisioning services, especially in non direct extraction use. For example taking some biota that live in mangrove ecosystem. The general condition of ecosystem services in Jor Bay is still in a surplus condition (using a capacity matrix, demand matric and supply matrix).

Wayside Shrines and Crosses as the Spatial and Memorial Signs in the Cultural Landscape of Polish Rural Areas

This article concerns the issues of investigating the role of the wayside crosses and shrines in cultural landscape of Polish rural areas as well as its functioning as the spatial and memorial signs in the awareness of local communities. The article is based on the ethnographical field research and publications. In the investigation, there was used authorial method in the anthropology field, cognitive mapping method -mental maps, which enables the researchers to describe and knowledge many cultural landscape dimensions - sacral, historical, legendary- mythological, social and to identify significant elements that create the rural space. The thesis was that the wayside crosses and shrines are multi code and complex macro-signs that serve multipurpose function in the lives of the countryside residents. The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities of reading the encoded cultural meanings of these small sacral architecture forms created as a result of direct or earlier life experiences of the village inhabitants. The article points out the need of documentation to protect, preserve and maintain these archetypical elements that influence the clarity of cultural landscape and the identity of the local communities.

Dynamic Hybrid Model of the Low Voltage Distribution Network Area Construction Management

With the rapid development of economy, electrical load is increasing year by year, resulting in low voltage phenomenon in a peak time for the user side, and affecting the lives of the residents seriously. Based on the understanding of the causes of low voltage, this paper makes some analysis of the impact on the area of voltage regularity and combinations, because of using the control measures of distribution transformer on-load voltage regulation, low voltage reactive power compensation and 10kV bus voltage regulation. And establishes characterization of multiple correlation area of low voltage distribution network to adjust change process dynamic hybrid model, and then derives the sensitivity function of area voltage to each regulation variables, in order to determine different low voltage and corresponding adjustment measures to improve the combination of priorities. Taking constraints of distribution network area voltage level into account, it makes the multi-purpose function priority ranking, the function includes voltage deviation, network loss, and the minimum adjustment costs, etc. Then integrates each means of voltage regulation and makes the design of predictive control based on multipurpose constraint model area voltage control strategy with considering the constraints of safe operation and target priority.

A qualitative exploration of alcohol use among student sportspeople: A social identity perspective

AbstractResearch indicates that university student sportspeople are a high‐risk subgroup for hazardous alcohol consumption. Adopting a social identity perspective, we explored the social and psychological processes linking sports participation and alcohol use. Twenty‐two individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted with UK student sportspeople (male: 12; female: 10). A deductive thematic analysis identified three core themes: social identification and sports group membership, identity processes in (alcohol) behaviours and sport context‐specific significance of alcohol. Results suggest that the consumptive practices among student sportspeople were strategic activities underpinned by social identity processes, and which served to provide a positive sports experience at the group level. Our findings highlight the interactions between the sport environment, the social structure of sport participation and the multipurpose function of alcohol in this context. We discuss the implications of these results in support of a social identity approach to sport‐related drinking.

Multipurpose function of home gardens in the family subsistence

The floristic composition, species similarity and adopted management practices of 24 home gardens in central Mexico were studied. We investigated the multifunctional role of home gardens and their species richness and focused on food and medicinal plants because they were the largest contributors to families’ needs. Data were obtained by interviewing home garden owners, walking through each home garden, and recording eld observations. The floristic composition, use, and management practices were documented. The similarity between home gardens was estimated by listing the most frequently mentioned and most important plants. A total of 189 species were recorded, which were classified into eight use types, mainly corresponding to ornamental (48 %), edible (32 %), religious (20 %), and medicinal (20 %) plants. Some species presented more than one application. The similarity between home gardens based on the most cited and important species was 40 %. In 62 % of the home gardens, &gt; 42 % of the species were edible. Among the recorded plants, 84 % were cultivated, 7 % were enhanced, 5 % were tolerated, and 4.2 % were protected. Plants were obtained through purchase, exchange and collection and included exotic species. Plant production was performed predominantly for self-supply, but 25 % of the owners sold corn, squash, ciruela and escoba surplus. The resources provided by the home gardens met the food preferences of the families. Medicinal plants were less important, and ornamental plants represented a luxury. The importance of home gardens as areas with multiple functions, including self-supply and improvement of family life, is highlighted.

More than Movies: Cinema Petra in Amman During the Mandatory Period

The movie theater can be considered as one of various modernizing forces that dramatically transformed Middle Eastern societies in the 20th century. Cinema Petra was the biggest and most important movie theatre in Transjordan throughout the 1930s and 1940s and had a multi-purpose function. It did not only screen movies but also served as a place of cultural communication and space for interaction. It was a major place of public gathering and entertainment during the 1930s and early 1940s and became part of the public space needed by Amman's urban elite for their cultural and political activities. Thus the cinema contributed to the emergence of a critical public sphere in the growing young Transjordanian capital.