Multiple Logic Research Articles

A System of Interaction and Structure III: The Complexity of BV and Pomset Logic

Pomset logic and BV are both logics that extend multiplicative linear logic (with Mix) with a third connective that is self-dual and non-commutative. Whereas pomset logic originates from the study of coherence spaces and proof nets, BV originates from the study of series-parallel orders, cographs, and proof systems. Both logics enjoy a cut-admissibility result, but for neither logic can this be done in the sequent calculus. Provability in pomset logic can be checked via a proof net correctness criterion and in BV via a deep inference proof system. It has long been conjectured that these two logics are the same. In this paper we show that this conjecture is false. We also investigate the complexity of the two logics, exhibiting a huge gap between the two. Whereas provability in BV is NP-complete, provability in pomset logic is $\Sigma_2^p$-complete. We also make some observations with respect to possible sequent systems for the two logics.

Multiple Logics of Curriculum Leadership: How a Large Public School District Manages Institutional Complexity

Purpose: This study contributes to a growing literature focused on institutional complexity, or the phenomenon of competing institutional logics, in PK-12 public education. Responding to calls for more nuanced characterizations of district-level administration, our purpose was to identify the logics of curriculum leadership in one large school district in the Western U.S. and examine how district leaders made sense of their multiple demands. Research Methods: Employing case study methods, we collected curricular documents and conducted 21 interviews of district-level curriculum leaders, principals, and teachers. We used inductive coding to identify patterns in the district's culture of curriculum leadership and then drew upon institutional theory to associate these patterns with particular institutional logics. Findings: We found three coexisting logics of curriculum leadership in the school district: a logic of uniformity, which called for teachers’ fidelity to a prescriptive curriculum; a logic of participation, which valued teacher voice and shared leadership; and a logic of performance, which placed a premium on measurable student achievement. These logics were often incompatible or contradictory, producing mixed messages and an institutional complexity that remained largely unacknowledged among leaders. Implications: Tensions among logics of curriculum leadership may not always result in open contestation, yet if leaders do not resolve them at the district level, teachers may be unsupported in their efforts to reconcile competing demands in their classroom practices. Identifying specific logics of curriculum leadership and considering their interactions may help leaders make sense of conflicting values and better support teachers in their classroom decision making.

Managing Diversity and Inclusion in Nursing Homes: Practices and Regulations

Changing demographics and a rising number of immigrants entering the labor market have posed new challenges to managers in work organizations.Within this context, Norway has been noted to have a highly regulated work sector that is considered beneficial for minorities and marginalized groups. Through a case study of three nursing homes in Norway, this paper analyzes how managers engage with diversity-related regulations when addressing their everyday challenges, and how their enacted practices affect the inclusion of immigrants in the workplace. The study applies a practice-theoretical approach and contributes to diversity management research by identifying how managers’ differing enactments of inclusion-related practices are connected to competing institutional logics. The analysis shows how the co-existence of multiple institutional logics in this context represents an arena for political struggle.

A configurational approach to political risks and institutional logics

Advancing our understanding of political risks is crucial for international management (IM) research and practice. This study addresses how multiple institutional logics that govern multinational enterprises (MNEs), as latent tensions of political risks, may work together for superior or inferior performance. Methodologically, we adopt a configurational approach to predict how varying state logic and market logic combinations affect performance in the context of internationalization among Chinese financial services firms. Employing fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), we identify a specific taxonomy of four political risk prototypes that lead to different performance outcomes. Overall, this study provides novel insights into political risk variations of internationalizing firms and links different institutional logic configurations with performance outcomes.

Making first order linear logic a generating grammar

It is known that different categorial grammars have surface representation in a fragment of first order multiplicative linear logic (MLL1). We show that the fragment of interest is equivalent to the recently introduced extended tensor type calculus (ETTC). ETTC is a calculus of specific typed terms, which represent tuples of strings, more precisely bipartite graphs decorated with strings. Types are derived from linear logic formulas, and rules correspond to concrete operations on these string-labeled graphs, so that they can be conveniently visualized. This provides the above mentioned fragment of MLL1 that is relevant for language modeling not only with some alternative syntax and intuitive geometric representation, but also with an intrinsic deductive system, which has been absent. In this work we consider a non-trivial notationally enriched variation of the previously introduced ETTC, which allows more concise and transparent computations. We present both a cut-free sequent calculus and a natural deduction formalism.

AutoCriteria: a generalizable clinical trial eligibility criteria extraction system powered by large language models.

We aim to build a generalizable information extraction system leveraging large language models to extract granular eligibility criteria information for diverse diseases from free text clinical trial protocol documents. We investigate the model's capability to extract criteria entities along with contextual attributes including values, temporality, and modifiers and present the strengths and limitations of this system. The clinical trial data were acquired from https://ClinicalTrials.gov/. We developed a system, AutoCriteria, which comprises the following modules: preprocessing, knowledge ingestion, prompt modeling based on GPT, postprocessing, and interim evaluation. The final system evaluation was performed, both quantitatively and qualitatively, on 180 manually annotated trials encompassing 9 diseases. AutoCriteria achieves an overall F1 score of 89.42 across all 9 diseases in extracting the criteria entities, with the highest being 95.44 for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and the lowest of 84.10 for breast cancer. Its overall accuracy is 78.95% in identifying all contextual information across all diseases. Our thematic analysis indicated accurate logic interpretation of criteria as one of the strengths and overlooking/neglecting the main criteria as one of the weaknesses of AutoCriteria. AutoCriteria demonstrates strong potential to extract granular eligibility criteria information from trial documents without requiring manual annotations. The prompts developed for AutoCriteria generalize well across different disease areas. Our evaluation suggests that the system handles complex scenarios including multiple arm conditions and logics. AutoCriteria currently encompasses a diverse range of diseases and holds potential to extend to more in the future. This signifies a generalizable and scalable solution, poised to address the complexities of clinical trial application in real-world settings.

Academic intrapreneurs navigating multiple institutional logics: An integrative framework for understanding and supporting intrapreneurship in universities

Although several studies have extensively discussed the role of intrapreneurs, individuals’ experiences of intrapreneurial processes in the academic context remain largely unexplored. The prominence of intrapreneurial logic in academia has led to increased institutional complexity and highlighting the need for an improved understanding of how to navigate multiple logics present at individual, organizational, and field levels to attain the desired intrapreneurial outcomes. To address these challenges, we propose an integrative framework that captures both organizational and individual-level responses to these multiple logics, while also incorporating intrapreneurial logic. Upon analyzing data from nineteen intrapreneurs across three universities, this study reveals that universities actively uphold the academic logic that intrapreneurs identify as a barrier, compelling them to refine their skills and actively hybridize logics by integrating multiple specific elements of intrapreneurship, teaching, and research. Simultaneously, universities incorporate intrapreneurial logic into their operational processes, even combining multiple logics, which intrapreneurs leverage within their own activities to push their ideas forward. The study offers implications for intrapreneurship literature, academic management, and policymakers to more effectively foster intrapreneurial activities.

Ternary combinational logic gate design based on tri-valued memristors

Traditional binary combinational logic circuits are generally obtained by cascading multiple basic logic gate circuits, using more components and complicated wiring. In contrast to the binary logic circuit design in this method, ternary combinational logic circuit implementation is more complicated. In this paper, a ternary circuit design method that does not require cascading basic ternary logic gates is proposed based on a tri-valued memristor, which can directly realize specific logic functions through a series connection of memristors. The ternary encoder, ternary decoder, ternary comparator, and ternary data selector are implemented by this method, and the effectiveness of the circuits is verified by LTspice simulations.

Contextualizing communication for digital innovation and the future of work

Abstract Digital innovation is the future of work. The ongoing and interlinked transformation of digital technologies, work, communication, and organizing raises important theoretical questions. Integrating recombination-based innovation theory and institutional theory of communication, this article contributes a novel framework that specifies the theoretical linkages between macro-level institutions and digital innovation: Social actors negotiate tensions arising from multiple institutional logics through (a) attention allocation; (b) sensemaking; and (c) external, boundary-spanning networking. The framework can advance the study of communication by (a) reconciling conflicting and inconclusive empirical findings; (b) targeting research efforts; and (c) responding to critiques of communication scholarship as failing to address social contexts. By focusing on digital innovation and the interplay between societal structures and communicative action in shaping it, this article advances scholarly discussions on the future of work, conceptualizing digital innovation as an institutional as well as communicative accomplishment.

Taking stock of research on hybrid organizations: Enriching theoretical perspectives, extending empirical contexts, and expanding practical relevance

Organizations are increasingly subject to conflicting demands arising from shifting consumer desires, evolving regulatory backgrounds, and emergent sociocultural trends. The concept of the hybrid organization (HO) has rapidly emerged as a powerful tool to explain organizations’ deployment of multiple logics to respond effectively to these external demands. However, despite its popularity, the theoretical concept and, crucially, its practical implications remain unclear. By combining state-of-the-art bibliometric techniques with content analysis, we delineate the current body of literature on HOs, uncover its patterns, reveal its intellectual underpinnings, and suggest avenues for future research. Our database of 596 academic works published between 1987 and 2019 reveals that contemporary debate surrounding HOs is structured around 11 major themes and anchored in four dominant theoretical foundations. We conclude by offering guidance on ways to enrich theoretical perspectives, extend empirical contexts, and expand the practical relevance of the body of knowledge on HOs.

DeepFire2: A Convolutional Spiking Neural Network Accelerator on FPGAs

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) replace the multiply-accumulate operations of traditional neural networks by integrate-and-fire neurons, with the goal of achieving greater energy efficiency. Specialized hardware implementations of those neurons clearly have advantages over general-purpose devices in terms of power and performance, but exhibit poor scalability when it comes to accelerating large neural networks. DeepFire2 introduces a hardware architecture which can map large network layers efficiently across multiple super logic regions in a multi-die FPGA. That gives more control over resource allocation and parallelism, benefiting both throughput and energy consumption. Avoiding the use of lookup tables to implement the <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">AND</monospace> operations of an SNN, prevents the layer size to be limited by logic resources. A deep pipeline does not only lead to an increased clock speed of up to 600 MHz. We double the throughput and power efficiency compared to our previous version of DeepFire, which equates to an almost 10-fold improvement over other previous implementations. Importantly, we are able to deploy a large ImageNet model, while maintaining a throughput of over 1500 frames per second.

Re-orientating agricultural research to address complex challenges: Legitimacy dynamics of a hybrid research organisation

Agricultural research organisations play a critical role in the agri-food system; not only through the provision of research and technologies, but also by brokering relationships with stakeholders throughout the research process to create impact. Yet over the past decade, as the focus has shifted towards such multi-actor innovation processes, the role and legitimacy of the agricultural research organisations world-wide has been challenged. Occupying an intermediary position in agricultural innovation systems means that agricultural research institute legitimacy is constantly under pressure from the rural community, academics, policy makers, industry, and general society as the institute attempts to be all things to all people. Here we present the outcomes of an organisational change programme within an applied agricultural research organisation, in response to a government-led agenda to increase impact for research users. By using institutional theory of hybrid organisation legitimacy, we shed light on the multiple institutional logics that co-exist within an agricultural research institute, and how these align with the external institutional environment. We show that with the introduction of a new multi-actor innovation logic, attempts were made to legitimise, externally and internally, knowledge co-production. Yet agricultural research organisations, and those who work within them, need dedicated time for learning and reflecting on the values, beliefs, and practices of the different actors in the innovation system, otherwise they only selectively adopt practices that maintain existing institutional logics. The main theoretical implications show how that change towards an impact culture is influenced by the existing logics, and how organisational legitimacy provides a framing for understanding the success (or otherwise) of introducing new modes of innovation in hybrid research organisations. Practically, space and resourcing are needed to experiment with new logics and deliberate strategies are required to increase the repertoire of research roles while maintaining internal and external legitimacy. The practical implications demonstrate the barriers and opportunities of re-orientating hybrid agricultural research institutes, agricultural innovation systems, and the roles of the researchers that work in them, to deliver to the complex societal challenges facing the agri-food sector.

FINDER: A Fluidically Confined CRISPR-Based DNA Reporter on Living Cell Membranes for Rapid and Sensitive Cancer Cell Identification.

The accurate, rapid, and sensitive identification of cancer cells in complex physiological environments is significant in biological studies, personalized medicine, and biomedical engineering. Inspired by the natural confined enzyme on fluidic cell membrane, afluidically confined CRISPR-based DNA reporter (FINDER) was developed on living cell membranes, which was successfully applied for rapid and sensitive cancer cell identification in clinical blood samples. Benefiting from the spatial confinement effect for improved local concentration, and membrane fluidity for higher collision efficiency, the activity of CRISPR-Cas12a was, for the first time, found to be significantly enhanced on living cell membranes. This new phenomenon was then combined with multiple aptamers-based DNA logic gate for cell recognition, thus a FINDER system with accurate, rapid and sensitive cancer cell identification was constructed. The FINDER can rapidly identified target cells in only 20 min, and achieved over 80% recognition efficiency with only 0.1% of target cells presented in clinical blood samples, indicating its potential application in biological studies, personalized medicine, and biomedical engineering.

The multiple logics of market-based governance: How the sharing economy platform Airbnb governs user conduct

Building upon the rich tradition of research on governmentality, this paper introduces the notion of market-based governance (i.e. the coordinated efforts of companies to align the conduct of its constituents with the institutional norms, values and interests of the company), and presents an empirical investigation of market-based governance in the context of a sharing economy platform, Airbnb. Whereas existing governmentality research has focused on specific discourses or aspects of governance in the marketplace, our aim is to develop broader-spectrum conceptual tools for ‘ordering’ the increasingly multifaceted forms of marked-based governance. We show that Airbnb mobilizes three distinct logics of governance (i.e. the regulatory, competitive and communitarian) which subsume diverse modes of power (i.e. the sovereign, disciplinary and pastoral) that contribute to the cultivation of governable subjects (i.e. the compliant subject, entrepreneurial subject and community member). The theoretical framework developed in this work is applied to critically reflect on emergent forms of market-based governance, the dilemmas of multi-logic governance and the uneven geographies of market-based governance.

Institutional Logics Among Returnee Entrepreneurs: A Study of the Vietnamese Information Technology Industry

Returnee entrepreneurs are unique actors spanning between different environments. When coming back to their home countries to start new ventures, they inevitably face challenges in reconciling different logics from their home and host countries. The interplay of these different logics creates institutional complexity. This paper examines the interplay of multiple logics induced from home and host countries and the entrepreneurs’ responses to this situation. Multiple in-depth interviews with returnee entrepreneurs in the information technology industry in Vietnam have revealed that the entrepreneurs configure market and innovation logics among three sets of practices, including product/market, internal capacity, and reactions to institutional constraints. Four strategic responses to institutional complexity, namely non-learner, adaptor, camouflager, and innovator were also identified. Furthermore, this study finds the entrepreneurs’ strategic responses and their active influence on local institutions upon their return. Relevant implications and recommendations are also discussed.

Layered Logic

Organizations instantiate multiple institutional logics, which operate in a nested fashion across levels of analysis. A demand on organizations in the Global South from aid donors is to adopt new management systems. Management systems like kaizen, a Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement, have an inherent logic. Kaizen’s adoption in Ethiopia, a postsocialist state, can be rendered ceremonial if its logic is not fully instantiated along with prevailing logics within recipient organizations. Our examination of the Ethiopian Sugar Corporation is an application of Besharov and Smith’s 2014 framework. We assume there is a high degree of centrality in this state-owned enterprise, because any managerial logic absorbed would have to adhere to the state logic. We conducted interviews, supplemented by archival data review, to illustrate what actors do to improve compatibility with state logic. Our findings suggest three institutional logics were instantiated, in order: the macro logic of developmental authoritarianism; micro logics of production order and social control; and the meso logic of knowledge brokerage. We propose the concept of layered logic, or ordering of institutional logics, each serving a distinct purpose yet fitted with the others.

To Empower or Safeguard? How Novice Rape and Domestic Violence Victim Advocates Render Institutional Complexity Visible

Organizational life is patterned by shared meanings and practices known as “institutional logics.” Often, multiple logics exist within the same organization in a potentially tense state of “institutional complexity.” Extensive research examines how organizational elites and professionals (i.e., “experts”) manage this complexity by replacing, combining, or segregating contradictory logics. However, experts sometimes manage complexity tacitly, which obscures tensions between logics. This paper, drawing on an ethnographic study of an anti-gender-based violence organization, theorizes inexperience as a lens through which tensions become visible. Analysis of the data reveals that novice victim advocates noticed conflicts between directives to both empower and safeguard victims, practices originating from professional social work and bureaucratic state logics, respectively. In contrast, expert volunteers and staff members tacitly combined these competing logics by empowering victims to safeguard themselves. For organizational scholars, these data show how novices bring attention to contradictions that experts take for granted.

Combining differentiating and integrating over time to sustain multiple institutional logics: a case study of a higher education institution.

To understand how organizations adopt varying configurations of differentiating (i.e., compartmentalizing logics into different subunits or roles) and integrating (i.e., combining logics to highlight synergies) over time to navigate logic contestations and extract logic complementarities for organizational innovation, we conduct a 15-year in-depth longitudinal case study of a higher education institution to examine how it devised innovative hybrid practices to manage and support college student development. By employing the grounded theory method, we develop a four-stage process model of the varying configurations of differentiating and integrating that expounds on how two contested logics are sustained and exploited over time. We assert that selective bridging-the instrumental use of one logic enables some practices of one logic to be selectively integrated with the other, while irreconcilable practices remain differentiated to play their respective roles, is vital in allowing organizations to leverage respective advantages in combining differentiating and integrating over time. Further, we show that combining integrating and differentiating features simultaneously transforms contested logics into compatible and complementary, offering a novel way for logic hybridization. These findings advance the understanding of how organizations can differentiate and integrate contested logics over time through a dynamic and paradoxical view, thus being manageable and manipulated for organizational innovation.

CSR managers as hybrid professionals: managing at the intersection of coexisting logics

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is evolving, with new sustainability issues and related tasks emerging as priorities for large hotel groups. Within this institutionally complex environment, the role of CSR manager (a relatively new professional role) is becoming ever more diverse and contextualised. We unveil how CSR managers advance their work amidst logic plurality in the early stages of institutionalising CSR. Through interviews (with eight senior managers responsible for sustainability and eight sustainability experts) and pattern-inducing interpretive analysis of the resulting data, we gain a practical understanding of CSR under four institutional logics: corporate, market, professional and sustainability. Three micro-level strategies - anchoring, switching and interlinking - allow individuals to advance organisational CSR work where multiple logics are pertinent for legitimate actions. Adherence to a single frame of reference (e.g. one logic) guides most organisational practices, with managers rarely switching between logics to adapt to situations and audiences, or linking practices enacted from different logics. This results in low problematisation of the work of CSR managers, and avoidance of tensions. Implications are discussed for organisations engaging in CSR, including the organisational advantages and risks that emerge as CSR managers evolve to become hybrid professionals.

The Right to Success: Paradoxical tensions between contested logics in a multi-sectoral collaboration to promote scientific excellence in Israel

The research examined the interplay between institutional logics in a multi-sectoral initiative. Taking a longitudinal approach, we tracked the first three years of an initiative that aimed to reduce social inequality by promoting science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in Israel. We observed how the paradoxical dynamics between multiple logics unfolded over time, following the alternating dominance of business, civil and state actors. Results showed the initiative oscillated between a civil society logic, seeing STEM as a ‘springboard’ for equal opportunities and social change, and a market logic, seeing STEM as a ‘pipeline’ towards a technological workforce and economic profit. The state logic influenced this oscillation by converging with one of the two other logics, affecting both the working processes and the social impact of the initiative. We contribute to paradox theory by developing a process model of the paradoxical dynamics between multiple institutional logics in multi-sectoral initiatives. We identify three main mechanisms that drive this process: power shifts, logic divergence/convergence and turning points. We suggest implications for the management of complex organizational environments.