Multiple Range Test Research Articles

Hematological Correlations as Predictors of Disease Manifestations in Psychiatric Inpatients

Background/Objective. Psychiatric disorders exhibit significant symptomatic and etiopathological heterogeneity, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Hematological parameters may serve as indicators of overall health and predictors of psychiatric symptom manifestation and remission, particularly in long-term hospitalized patients. This study evaluated hematological and biochemical markers, including vitamin B12, vitamin D, and glucose levels, to explore their potential role in psychiatric disorders and disease progression. Methods. This prospective observational study was conducted from 1 January to 31 December 2022, at the M. Kaczyński Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Lublin, following ethical guidelines. The study included 28 psychiatric inpatients (18 women, 10 men) diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders (ICD-10: F03, unspecified dementia, and F06.2, organic delusional disorder) and 10 controls without psychiatric diagnoses. Blood samples from both groups underwent hematological and biochemical analyses. Statistical tests included the Shapiro–Wilk test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Tukey’s multiple range test. Results. Psychiatric patients had significantly lower vitamin B12 (278.00 pg/mL vs. 418.50 pg/mL, p = 0.026) and severe vitamin D deficiency (3.00 ng/mL vs. 26.00 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Hematocrit levels were also lower (38.00% vs. 41.30%, p = 0.033), suggesting anemia risk. No significant differences in glucose levels were found. Reduced mean platelet volume and altered leukocyte subtypes suggested immune dysregulation. Conclusions. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly in vitamin B12 and D, play a critical role in psychiatric disorders. Routine screening and targeted supplementation should be integral to psychiatric care. Addressing these deficiencies may improve treatment outcomes, reduce symptom severity, and enhance patient well-being. Integrating metabolic and nutritional assessments into psychiatric practice is essential for advancing research and clinical management.

Utilization of Milk Waste as a Probiotic in Drinking Water for Performance Improvement and Income Over Feed Cost of Broiler Chickens

The increasing demand for chicken meat consumption every year drives farmers to optimize the production performance of broiler chickens. The administration of probiotics has become one solution to maximize production. Probiotics are live microorganisms that enhance digestive efficiency. Prebiotics from milk waste and kefir grain starter are used as media for probiotic production, containing bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus sp., Pediococcus, Streptococcus, and Saccharomyces. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of performance and income over feed cost (IOFC) from probiotic supplementation during the finisher phase of broiler chickens. The research method uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications: P0 (without probiotics), P1 (3% probiotics), P2 (5% probiotics), and P3 (7% probiotics). Probiotics were administered in the broilers' drinking water from evening until morning. Statistical testing employed One Way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that the best probiotic dose was P3 (7% probiotics), with 0% mortality, an average feed consumption of 152 g/bird/day, final body weight of 2203 g/bird, average daily weight gain of 257 g/bird, an average Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of 1.467, and an excellent Performance Index (PI) of 354 (>351-400). The 7% probiotic dose in drinking water provided the highest IOFC, amounting to Rp. 10,263 per bird.

Integrating organic manure and natural phosphate for sustainable long bean (Vigna sinensis L.) cultivation on marginal soils

Long bean (Vigna sinensis L.) is a legume widely cultivated for its high nutritional value and economic importance. However, marginal podzolic soils in regions such as Riau, Indonesia, pose challenges for sustainable agriculture due to low nutrient availability and high acidity. This study evaluates the integration of quail manure and natural phosphate fertilizers as a sustainable soil management strategy to enhance soil health and crop productivity. A factorial randomized complete block design was implemented with three levels of quail manure (0, 1.5, and 3 kg/plot) and natural phosphate (0, 12.5, and 25 g/plant) across 27 experimental plots. The effects of these amendments on soil properties, plant growth, and yield components were assessed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test. Results demonstrated that the combined application of quail manure and natural phosphate significantly improved plant growth parameters and soil fertility. The findings suggest that integrating organic and natural fertilizers enhances crop productivity while reducing dependence on synthetic inputs, offering a promising approach for sustainable agriculture on degraded soils.

Differences in Nutritional Value of Rice Crackers with the Addition of Three Types of Leaves (Moringa, Torbangun, and Katuk)

Rice crackers are a popular snack made from rice flour, typically characterized by a moisture content of less than 3%. The incorporation of moringa, torbangun, and katuk leaves in their formulation is based on their high iron content, which can help reduce iron deficiency. Additionally, xanthan gum is added to enhance the texture of the final product. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different leaf types and xanthan gum concentrations on the nutritional properties of rice crackers. A factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, with two factors and two replications. Factor I was the type of leaf (moringa, torbangun, and katuk), while Factor II was the xanthan gum concentration (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level, and significant interactions were further examined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5%. The results indicated that the type of leaf and xanthan gum concentration had a significant effect (P<0.01) on moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content. The highest moisture (2.93%), ash (3.12%), and protein (1.29%) contents were observed in rice crackers containing moringa leaf and 1.5% xanthan gum. The highest fat content (6.10%) was found in moringa leaf rice crackers with 0.5% xanthan gum, while the highest carbohydrate content (82.55%) was recorded in torbangun leaf rice crackers with 1% xanthan gum. These findings highlight the potential of incorporating iron-rich leaves and xanthan gum to improve the nutritional quality and textural properties of rice crackers. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and InfrastructureSDG 12: Responsible Consumption and ProductionSDG 13: Climate Action

Microbiological Qualities of Red Napier Silage (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Purple) added Prebiotic Inulin

The use of additives in making silage can increase the microbial population and silage quality. One of the prebiotics that can be used is inulin. This study aims to determine the effect and percentage of the best use of inulin probiotics in making red napier grass silage on the microbiological quality of silage. This research was carried out at Kledung Research Park and the Integrated Laboratory of Tidar University. The study method used a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) with four treatments (P0 = Red Napier + 0% inulin), (P1 = Red Napier + 1% Inulin), (P2 = Red Napier + 3% Inulin), (P3 = Red Napier + 5% Inulin) each treatment was repeated 5 times. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and continued using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT), calculated using IBM SPSS 26 tools. The results of this study showed that the addition of inulin had a real effect (P<0.05) on lactic acid levels and total lactic acid bacteria but no effect (P>0.05) on total bacteria. This study concludes that adding inulin positively impacts lactic acid levels and total lactic acid bacteria silage Red Napier.

Utilization of Various Diluents on the Quality of Frozen Semen from Saanen Goats

Saanen goats have low semen volume per ejaculation but high concentration. This study was conducted at the Singosari Center Artificial Insemination (SCAI), Malang Regency, East Java. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using various diluents on the quality of Saanen goat semen. The samples used consisted of 3 male Saanen goats with body weights of 32.5 kg, 43 kg and 44.5 kg with ages of 1.5-2 years. The use of various different diluents consisted of tris aminomethane egg yolk diluent (Treatment 0), AndroMed® (Treatment I) and OvixCell® (Treatment II). The research method used a laboratory experimental method using a Randomized Block Design (RAK). Data analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) if there is a significant or very significant difference then further analysis using Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the use of various different diluents had no significant effect (P>0.05) on motility, viability and spermatozoa abnormalities. The research variables included volume, color, pH, odor, consistency, spermatozoa concentration, motility, viability and abnormality. The results showed that the use of various diluents was feasible to be used as diluents and was able to maintain normal motility>40%, spermatozoa survival and abnormality (<5%) against semen freezing.

Utilization of Papaya Waste as Dairy Cattle Feed on Fermentability Value (In Vitro)

Papaya is a plant that is commonly found in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. The waste produced in the form of peel, seeds and leaves can be used as an alternative animal feed. The aims of the study was to utilize and evaluate papaya waste as dairy cattle feed. The research was carried out in two places, at the Laboratory of Ruminant Nutrition and Feed Chemistry, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Padjadjaran University and at the Service Laboratory of Pakuan University from September to October 2021. The research method used was Completely Randomized Design with seven treatments (P1: 100% Papaya peel, P2: 100% Papaya Seeds, P3: 100% Papaya leaves, P4: 50% Papaya peel and 50% seeds, P5: 50% Papaya peel and 50% leaves, P6: 50% Papaya seeds and 50% leaves, P7: 33,33% Papaya peel, 33,33% seeds, and 33,33% leaves), each treatment was repeated four times. The research were tested in vitro. The used medium was McDougall fluid and rumen of dairy cattle. The data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 20 software and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The variables observed were feed fermentability values (VFA, NH3, and pH). The results showed that the utilization of papaya waste significantly (P<0.05) affected to the production of VFA, and NH3, pH with an average of 98.17-194.42 mM, 3.48-7.10 mM, and 6.87-7.04. In conclusion, the utilization of papaya waste mixed with peel and leaves showed the best results.

Sensory and Chemical Quality of Kombucha Fermented Whey with the Addition of Subang Pineapple Juice

Kombucha fermented whey is whey fermented products which utilize kombucha inoculum as starter. The addition of subang pineapple juice is expected to improve the taste of kombucha fermented whey. This research aimed to determine the sensory and chemical quality of kombucha fermented whey with the addition of subang pineapple juice. This research used 1-factor Completely Randomized Design, namely the variation ratio of kombucha fermented whey and subang pineapple juice (kombucha fermented whey:subang pineapple juice) with 5 treatments which were as follows: P1 (100:0), P2 (95:5), P3 (90:10), P4 (85:15), and P5 (80:20). The testing of sensory and chemical quality, included hedonic test, pH, Total Soluble Solid (TSS), Titratable Acidity (TA), and vitamin C content. The sensory quality data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and the chemical quality data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance then further analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Research results showed the variation ratio of kombucha fermented whey and subang pineapple juice siginficantly affected (P<0.05) flavor, aroma, viscosity and overall aceptability, however it did not affected the color, whereas in chemical quality, the variation ratio of kombucha fermented whey and subang pineapple juice significantly affected (P<0.05) the TSS and vitamin C content, however did not affect (P>0.05) the pH and TA. The best treatment was P5 with the ratio of 80:20 (kombucha fermented whey : subang pineapple juice).

Nutritional Characteristics and Organoleptic Properties of Cassava Flour (Lafun) Enriched With Sesame Seed Flour

Lafun is one of the major food products of fermented cassava that is regularly consumed in many parts of West Africa. It has low nutrients in terms of protein, vitamins and mineral content. The limitations of cassava flour (lafun) as other cassava products include low protein content, low minerals, and vitamins and the presence of cyanide toxicity. In previous studies, enriching flours with sesame seed flour significantly improves the proximate, micronutrient composition and functional properties of the flours. The aim of this study is to assess the nutritional characteristics and organoleptic properties of cassava flour (lafun) enriched with sesame seed flour. Enriched lafun flour samples were prepared by thoroughly mixing the lafun and sesame seed flour in ratios 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20 respectively. The samples underwent chemical and sensory evaluations using standard methods of AOAC. Analysis of variance was performed to calculate the significant difference between means, and multiple range test (Tukeys Least Significant Difference) was conducted on the results obtained. Level of significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that the enrichment significantly increased the protein content, ranging from 5.2% to 7.60%, compared to the control sample with 1.160%.The hydrocyanic acid content was reduced from 0.58 mg/100g in the control lafun to a range of 0.082 mg/100g to 0.058 mg/100g in the enriched samples. Tannin content varied significantly among the samples, with sample 95:5having a lower value than other samples. Moreover, sample 95:5 had the lowest mean values for phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, while sample 80:20 had the highest mean values for these minerals. Sample 95:5 generally showed higher values for phenolic content and antioxidant activity, while Sample 80:20 consistently had the lowest mean values for phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Sensory evaluation revealed that the sample enriched with 20 g of sesame seed flour had a lower appearance score. Overall, the control sample was rated as the best in terms of overall acceptability, followed closely by the sample enriched with 5 g of sesame seed flour. Therefore, the optimal ratio of lafun to sesame seed flour for the best chemical and sensory properties was determined to be 95 g of lafun flour with 5 g of sesame seed flour. Based on the findings of this study, incorporating sesame seed flour into lafun resulted in improved quality parameters, particularly in terms of nutritional and functional properties. Samples 95:5 and 90:10 exhibited desirable properties, suggesting their suitability for consumption .It has the potential to enhance protein nutrition and help mitigate the risks of Protein Energy Malnutrition in populations with limited access to animal protein sources.

Comparison of Subsoiler Plow Performance using Different Vibration Wings Designs

Abstract The study aims to manufacture and develop the vibrating wings for the subsoil plough and to evaluate the performance of the locally manufactured wings and their impact on the stability of the driver’s seat, noise, slipping, and fuel consumption. Three factors were used to evaluate the performance of the subsoiler plough, the factors including the types of vibrating wings, traditional vibrating wings (TD35) and two designs of locally manufactured wings (ND35 and ND45), and two angles of penetration of 40° and 50° at a speed of wings vibration of 60 and 120 m·s−2. The experiment was analysed using a randomised complete block design with a split-plot design and Duncan’s multiple range test at the 0.05% and 0.01% probability levels. The results showed that the stability of the driver’s seat and noise in TD35 was higher than that in both ND35 and ND45, with higher values of approximately 2.450 m·s−2 and 86.4 dB. The vibration and noise values are considered higher than those specified by international organisations that protect farmers in agricultural work (European Parliament Directive 2003/10/EC). Moreover, ND35 recorded the lowest slipping and fuel consumption results, estimated at 7.948% and 4.563 l·h−1 at the penetration angles of 50° and 40°, respectively. Finally, the results showed that the stability of the driver’s seat, noise, slipping, and fuel consumption were higher at TD35; simultaneously, the best results were achieved as the solution for the problem when using ND35 in the 40° and 50° penetration angles with both wings vibrations. The conclusion is that local vibrating wing designs reduced all the characteristics studied.

Effect of black seeds, African nutmeg and Negro pepper on carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of broiler chickens

The use of herbs and spices as natural feed additives in poultry diets has increased due to their ability to improve growth without the use of synthetic antibiotics. A total of 224 one-day old Arbor acre strain of broiler chickens were used to evaluate the effect of three herbal feed additives (black seed, African nutmeg and Negro pepper) as growth promoters in place of conventional antibiotics in the diet. The birds were randomly assigned to 7 treatments consisting of 4 replicates with 8 birds each in a completely randomized design experiment. Data were collected on carcass-organs characteristics and organoleptic properties of broiler chickens. The data were subjected to analysis of variance using SPSS version 25 and significant means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test of the same software. Vaccines were given to the birds in all treatments. The treatments were T1 - control (0% additives but given conventional antibiotics), T2 - 0.5% black seed, T3 - 1.0% black seed, T4 - 0.5% African nutmeg, T5 - 1.0% African nutmeg, T6 - 0.5% Negro pepper, T7 - 1.0% Negro pepper. The inclusion of the phyto-additives had significant (P < 0.05) effect on carcass, organ and the sensory evaluation. However, at 0.5% inclusion level, the three phyto-additive did not have effect on the spleen and heart which indicates that this inclusion levels may not cause any detrimental effects on the organs of the birds but at 1% inclusion level, there was a slight increase in the organs which reflects the effects of high level of phytochemicals. It was concluded that inclusion of the three phyto-additives at 0.5% improved carcass quality parameters, reduces the abdominal fat and had no deleterious effect on the internal organs of the birds.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on the Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Varieties

Cucumber is a vegetable mostly consumed fresh as a snack or in salads, soups, smoothies, boats, roll-ups, dips, dressing and ice pops. Problems affecting the production of cucumber in the tropics are low soil fertility and low yielding varieties. Therefore, this research assessed the influence of phosphorus fertilizer rates on growth and yield of cucumber varieties at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo state. The treatments involved three varieties of cucumber (Amarisa Super, Oliveira Bold and Oliveira Super) subjected to five level of phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 kgP2O5/ha). The fifteen treatment combinations were laid out in a 3 x 5 factorial experiment fitted into a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected on growth and fruit yield were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The significance of the treatments effects was determined using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result shows that phosphorus fertilizer rates significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the variables assessed. The growth parameters and fruit yield increased as the applied phosphorus rates increased from 0 up to 60kgP2O5. The fruit yield of the cucumber varied significantly among the varieties. The combination of Oliveira Bold Variety and 60kgP2O5/ha recorded highest (2.07 tons/ha) yield, closely followed by Oliveira Super Variety and 60 kgP2O5/ha which gave (1.81tons/ha) while the least (1.71 tons/ ha) fruit yield of cucumber was obtained with combination of Amarisa super and 60kgP2O5/ha. In conclusion, farmers in Ogbomoso can make use of Oliveira Bold Variety and 60kgP2O5/ha for optimal performance in cucumber production.

Impact of Compost Levels on Soil Properties and Growth Performance of Okra

The organic matter content of soil plays a pivotal role in determining its health, influencing its physical, chemical, and biological properties, in addition to the promotion of plant growth, highlighting the need for this study which investigated the effects of different levels of compost on soil physical and chemical properties, and on plant height and number of leaves of okra. An experimental layout covering an area of 4m x 2m was prepared, and okra seedlings were planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RBCD) consisting of six (6) treatments (0g, 200g, 400g, 600g, 800g, and 1000g) of compost. Soil samples were collected before planting (initial soil) and at maturity of crops, and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Plant data were taken on plant height and number of leaves at 4 Weeks after Planting (WAP), 6WAP, and 8WAP, they were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P≤0.05, and means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. Results of the study showed that before the addition of compost to soil samples, soil texture was sandy loam, soil pH was moderately acidic (5.37), moisture content (18.00%) and porosity (40.67%) were moderate. After the addition of different levels of compost, soil texture was loamy, soil pH was neutral (7.29), and soil had a higher moisture content (27.5%) and porosity (60.65%). Also, Organic carbon (4.25%), organic matter (7.37%), and available phosphorus (94.75 mg/kg) were significantly higher in soil mixed with compost compared to the levels of 1.40%, 2.43%, and 28.23 mg/kg, respectively recorded in soil samples before the addition of compost. The study concluded that increasing compost levels significantly improved soil physiochemical properties and okra growth, with 1000g treatment yielding the tallest plants and highest leaf count. These findings underscore the importance of compost application in sustainable agriculture, promoting soil fertility and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers.

Influence of Fertilizer, Salinity and Bicarbonate Treatment on Leaf Area and Fruit Mineral Content in Snake Tomato (Tricosanthes cucumerina L.)

Aims: To evaluate the influence of fertilizer, salinity and bicarbonate treatments on leaf area and on fruit mineral content. Study Design: Complete randomized block design (CRBD). Place and Duration of Study: Place of study was Department of Botany, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, botanical garden located on (Latitude 6.25/Longitude7.11). Plants were raised under screen house in the second planting season from August to November, 2024. Methodology: Viable seeds of snake tomato obtained from National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike, were sown into black plastic pots of 30 liters in volume. Treatments were fifteen comprising of fertilizer (inorganic single, organic single and 1:1 ratio of combined fertilizer, while the irrigation water was prepared at 2mM of NaCl, NaHCO3 and KHCO3, given at 7 days interval. Leaf area was observed and recorded in (cm2), some fruit minerals content were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: Results were analyzed with ANOVA using SPSS version 26, and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test, confidence level was P = .05. Leaf area increased progressively from seedling stage. Control, T2 showed lager leaf area followed by T14 and T15 at week 1. Subsequently, at week 6, T2 gave the largest followed by T14. Eventually, at week 11 T12 had the largest leaf area followed by T11, while T6 showed considerable increase in leaf size. For fruit magnesium T12 was highest followed by T14, for Calcium T12 was highest while the least was control also, Phosphorus composition was lowest in T1 and highest in T12 followed by T13. Zinc and Iron were highest in T12 and lowest in T2. Conclusion: Plant leaf area was influenced by treatments, and fruit mineral composition was significantly affected by the treatments. Also fruit mineral content was improved in snake tomato when treated with integrated fertilizer management and bicarbonate.

Nutritional assessment of instant poundo flour from blends of yam and unripe plantain flour

Instant pounded yam dough obtained from yam flour is an emerging alternative to pounding boiled yams. Incorporating unripe plantain four into it becomes necessary to obtain an enriched meal for a better and healthier diet option. This study therefore investigated the nutritional compositions of yam and unripe plantain flour blends and the sensory attributes of instant poundo yam made from the blends (100:00, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50) of yam to unripe plantain flour respectively. The blends were analyzed for proximate, vitamins, minerals and functional properties. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance, and means were separated using Duncan’s New Multiple Range (DNMR) Test at a significant level of p<0.05 with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25.0. Protein, moisture, fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate contents ranged from 3.36 to 5.98%, 5.10 to 6.50%, 0.25 to 0.40%, 0.41 to 0.72%, 1.83 to 3.00%, and 84.80 to 86.99%, respectively. Vitamin composition were observed to be in the ranges of 0.26 to 0.28 mg/100g, 0.56 to 0.58 mg/100g and 6.83 to 8.27 mg/100g for vitamins B1, B2 and C, respectively. Mineral composition ranged from 91.0 to 105.33mg/100g for phosphorus, 285.80 to 346.98mg/100g for potassium, 129.85 to 157.65mg/100g for magnesium and 238.16 to 289.15mg/100g for calcium. Functional properties values ranged from 124.0 to 135.0%, 0.76 to 0.95% and 7.61 to 9.77% for water absorption capacity, bulk density and swelling capacity, respectively. The instant poundo yam samples were favourably compared with control from 100% yam flour by the panelists in terms of mouldability, texture, colour, taste, odour and overall acceptability. The result showed that the sample with 50% unripe plantain flour substitution was the most preferred in all the attributes tested except mouldability. This study concluded that instant pound flour made from blends of yam and unripe plantain flour has the potential of producing an enriched and more acceptable meal.

THE EFFECT OF INCUBATION TIME AND DOSE OF CHICKEN MANURE COMPOST ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.)

Pakcoy has high economic value, therefore it is necessary to increase pakcoy production. To overcome the problems that arise in pakcoy cultivation, it is necessary to carry out proper cultivation that is enviromentally friendly. This study aims to determine the effect of incubation time and the dosageof chicken manure compost onthe growth of pakcoy (Brasia rapa L.) plants. This study was conducted from October to December 2023, behind the Timor University Library Building and the results of the study were analyzed in the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Health, Timor University. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor is the incubation period (W) which consists of four levels, namely the first level (Without), (7 days), (14 days) and (21 days). The second factor is the dose of chicken manure compost (T) which consists of 3 levels, namely (Without), (35 g/polybag), (50 g/polybag). There are 12 treatment combinations that are repeated 3 times to obtain 36 experimental units. The observed observation parameters include plant height, number of leaves, fresh plant weight, root length, fresh root weight, dry plant weight, dry root weight, harvest index. The data collected was analyzed using 2-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis of variance (Anova). Next, the treatment average was tested further using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a significance of 5% according to instructions (Gomes and Gomes, 2010). Data analysis using the SAS 9.1 program. The results of the study showed that there was an interaction between the treatment factors of incubation period and the dose of chicken manure compost on the observation of the number of leaves 7 HST. Keywords: Chicken manure, compost dosage, incubation time, pakcoy plants

CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICKEN NUGGET PRODUCTS SUBSTITUTED WITH MOCAF FLOUR (MODIFIED CASSAVA FLOUR)

Diversification of processed chicken meat is a strategic step in utilizing its nutritional content and extending its shelf life. One of the diversifications of processed chicken meat is chicken nuggets. Generally, nuggets use wheat flour and tapioca as filler. The used of wheat flour can potentially cause health problems. In order to reduce dependence on the use of wheat flour, it can be replaced with mocaf flour. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of substituting wheat flour using mocaf flour in making chicken nuggets. The method used in this study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replications with a comparison of wheat flour and mocaf flour, namely F1 ( 100 g wheat flour), F2 (40 g mocaf flour:60 g wheat flour) and F3 (20 g mocaf flour:80 g wheat flour). The data obtained will be analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test and to determine the real difference between treatments, it was continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a significance level of 5%. The results obtained showed that F1 (100 g wheat flour) was preferred by panelists with a fat content of 1.62%, F2 (40 g mocaf flour: 60 g wheat flour) showed a moisture content (7.88%) and a fiber content (29.38%) higher and F3 (20 g mocaf flour: 80 g wheat flour) showed a higher ash content of 5.29%. Keywords: Chemical quality; Chicken nuggets; Sensory; Mocaf flour.

UTILIZATION OF VARIOUS MEDIA FOR MANUFACTURING ORGANOLEPTIC AND HEDONIC QUALITY OF SALTED EGGS

This research aimed to determine the addition of strawberry, orange, mango, and chocolate flavors to the organoleptic and hedonic qualities of salted eggs. The experimental design used in this research was completely randomized, with 4 treatments and 25 repetitions. P1 (added strawberry flavor) P2 (added orange flavor) P3 (added mango flavor) P4 (added chocolate flavor). Data analysis was carried out using the Anova test; if treatment was affected, further testing was carried out using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the research results, it can be concluded that the addition of strawberry, orange, mango, and chocolate food flavorings has a real influence on the texture, preference of color, preference of aroma, preference of the texture of the outside of the salted egg, and has a real influence on the texture, choice of the aroma on the inside of the salted egg.

Evaluation of <i>Albizia Spp</i>. aqueous leaf extracts on the growth and yield of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)

Poor yield, as a result of loss of soil nutrient, is an important concerns today in agricultural production. Meanwhile, a number of synthetic and organic manure have been used over the years in a bid to enhance soil fertility, some of which were found to have deleterious effects on soil properties and environment at large. This study therefore investigated the potential of aqueous extracts from the leaves of Albizia lebbeck and Albizia zygia tree species, as liquid fertilizers for promoting the growth and yield of maize.The aqueous extract of Albizia zygia and Albizia lebbeck were prepared from their fresh leaves. Oba super 6 hybrid maize was planted in a factorial experiment and four application rate (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%).The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD) replicated thrice. The liquid fertilizers were applied fortnightly after the first week of planting. Growth parameters including Plant Height (PH), Number of Leaves (NL), Stem Girth (SG), Leaf Area (LA), Cob length (CL), Fresh Cob weight (FCW), Dry Cob Weight (DCW) and Weight Per100grains (WPG) were measured fortnightly. Data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and means separation was carried out using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% levels probability.The result showed that value of nitrogen ranges between 0.102 - 0.132% while Phosphorus had values between 1.332- 1.432mg/kg and Potassium had 0.07- 0.079Cmol/kg after the application of the extract to the soil. Generally, application of leaf extracts of Albizia zygia and Albizia lebbeck at different concentrations as soil supplement brought about improvement in the soil fertility, evident from the growth and yield of maize. The maize plant treated with Albizia zygia leaf at 30% concentration had the highest value for the aqueous extract plant height (211.0cm), number of leaves (18) and leaf area (720.8cm). For yield parameters, Albizia zygia leaf aqueous extract at 30% concentration had the highest fresh cob weight (65.0g), dry cob weight (35.3g), seed weight (29.3g) and weight of 100 grain (26.3g). It is therefore recommended that Albizia zygia leaf aqueous extract at 30% concentration be used for Oba super 6 maize hybrid cultivation.

Nutritional, in-vitro digestibility and organoleptic properties of homemade complementary foods formulated from pearl millet [<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>], sweet potato [<i>Ipomoea batatas</i>] and watermelon [<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>] seed flour blends

Background: Traditional infant diet is characterized with low protein-energy density, hence, predisposes children to high morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed to develop high protein-energy density complementary foods from local food materials.Methods: Pearl millet grains (P), sweet potato tubers (S) (sliced into chips and blanched), and watermelon seeds (W) were washed with distilled water, drained, oven dried, and milled into fine flour. These flour samples were blended to obtain PSW10 [65:25:10], PSW20 [60:20:20], PSW30 [55:15:30], and PSW40 [50:10:40]; while PSF [70% pear millet & 30% Sweet potato] and commercial formula were the control samples. Chemical composition, functional properties, protein/starch digestibility, sensory attributes were evaluated using standard methods. Data were analysed using Statistical software package. Data were expressed as means (±SD), and means were separated by the New Duncan Multiple Range Test at P<0.05.Results: Protein and energy value of the complementary foods ranged from 7.87 to 16.57 g/100g and 399.41 to 417.58 kCal/100g, respectively. Essential minerals like calcium, phosphorous, iron, and zinc were present in appreciable amount, while Ca/P and Na/K ratios were within the recommended values. In-vitro starch and protein digestibility values ranged from 59.51 to 73.57% and 71.03 to 81.29, respectively. Phytochemical in the samples were within tolerable levels. For overall acceptability, PSW30 [55% pear millet,15% sweet potato, 30% watermelon seed] was rated highest among experimental samples, but insignificantly [p<0.05] lower than the control samples.Conclusion: The study established that PSW40exhibited best nutritional quality, and therefore suitable as a good substitute for low protein-energy dense local complementary foods.