Multiple Materials Research Articles

Fabrication and validation of an affordable DIY coaxial 3D extrusion bioprinter

3D bioprinting has emerged as a promising technology in tissue engineering, allowing for the precise fabrication of complex structures to mimic native tissues. Coaxial bioprinting enhances the complexity of printed structures by extruding multiple materials in concentric layers. However, costly commercial systems and a lack of Do-it-Yourself (DIY) guides for coaxial 3D bioprinting limit the wider adoption of this technology. This study presents a detailed description of modifying a commercial 3D printer to a coaxial 3D bioprinting system that simultaneously drives two syringe pump extruders connected to a coaxial nozzle. The system was validated using a soft alginate-gelatin hydrogel core and a load-bearing methylcellulose-based (MC) hydrogel shell. Shape fidelity of the 3D printed structures was evaluated for core-shell extrusion ratio, coaxial nozzle configuration, and in-situ crosslinking of the hydrogel core. Employing optimized printing settings allowed the fabrication of complex scaffold structures with a gradual transition between the extrusion of core and shell material. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) encapsulated in varying alginate concentrations were printed, maintaining shape fidelity and high cell viability. In conclusion, we developed a cost-effective DIY coaxial 3D bioprinter capable of extruding soft cell-laden hydrogels that are not printable by conventional extrusion bioprinting. This printer presents an easy to build and modify platform to encourage a wider audience to utilize and tailor coaxial bioprinting for their specific requirements.

Laying the Foundation: How Substrate Choice Influences Kelp Reforestation Success

Over recent decades, widespread declines of kelp forests have been reported along the European coast, prompting the need for effective and scalable restoration strategies. The green gravel technique, in which kelp gametophytes are seeded onto small rocks and cultivated in the lab before being outplanted, has shown promising results. In this study, we tested the effects of four commonly available substrates—granite, limestone, quartz, and schist—on the early development of Laminaria ochroleuca recruits under optimal laboratory conditions. All substrates supported gametophyte adhesion and sporophyte development. By week 6, quartz promoted the greatest recruit length (1.25 ± 0.16 mm), with quartz and limestone (1.54 ± 0.17 and 1.58 ± 0.14 mm, respectively) showing the best overall performance by week 7. Final recruit densities were similar across substrates, indicating multiple materials can support early development. Quartz and limestone showed both biological effectiveness and practical advantages, with limestone emerging as the most cost-effective option. Substrate selection should consider not only biological performance but also economic and logistical factors. These findings contribute to refining green gravel protocols and improving the feasibility of large-scale kelp forest restoration, although field validation is necessary to assess long-term outcomes under natural conditions.

Potensi Ekologis Sumber Daya Laut: Pemberdayaan Nelayan Berbasis Tafsir Ilmi Untuk Konservasi di Daerah Karangjaya

The ecological potential of marine resources in the coastal area of ​​Karangjaya can be seen from the various riches and abundance of the components living far from the big city population, gradually. Karangjaya has multiple materials that can be used as tools to survive, considering that Karangjaya is very strategic in searching for fish, coral, and sea sand. However, the problem is that Karangjaya still cannot cultivate the results of its livelihood. The most striking issues are the challenges in the management of its problems. Scientific interpretation is present in studying materialistic objects and components of an item to explore messages related to the ecology of Karangjaya empowerment in increasing local wisdom and planting reason in cultivating it, in the object of scientific interpretation based on the object of marine study. This study was conducted to find out what shortcomings are not yet known to the Karangjaya population from the aspect of wisdom and cultivation, where scientific interpretation that discusses maritime can help develop local wisdom and can cultivate the results of its livelihood.

Ultrathin monolithic bimorph mirror using polarization-inverted lithium niobate wafer

Deformable mirrors (DMs) serve diverse applications and have been adopted in X-ray optics recently. DMs are being used in various X-ray optical systems with variable parameters, with piezoelectric bimorph mirrors favored the most. However, conventional bimorph mirrors have limited deformation capabilities. In this study, we propose a novel monolithic bimorph mirror that utilizes the polarization inversion properties of lithium niobate. Unlike traditional bimorph mirror designs that require bonding multiple materials, this approach allows for an extremely thin mirror that significantly enhances its deformation capabilities. Experimental fabrication of the mirror demonstrated a substantial curvature change of 0.1 m− 1. Furthermore, upon introduction of this novel mirror into SPring-8 as X-ray focusing optics, it achieved deformation to a target elliptical shape with a 1 μm peak-to-valley height and 3 nm precision. This accuracy and large deformation amount allowed for huge variation in the X-ray beam size from 200 nm to 683 μm. Such extensive beam size variability is offering significant potential for advancing X-ray analytical and imaging applications.

Multi-material proportional topology optimization using hybrid threshold interpolation

Proportional Topology Optimization (PTO) is a non-gradient topology optimization method that is characterized by its simplicity, ease of implementation, and concurrent efficiency and accuracy. While relatively recent, this approach has already demonstrated notable achievements when compared to others. In this paper, PTO is used to solve the multi-material topology optimization problems. We consider the minimum compliance problems satisfying the mass constraint and cost constraints. The elastic modulus is interpolated as threshold functions and cost is linear functions. The functions with scaling and translation coefficients are introduced to interpolate the elastic modulus and the cost properties for multiple materials with respect to the normalized density variables. Density filtering is used to remove checkerboard patterns. A threshold projection is applied for multi-material density in order to reduce the presence of intermediate ones. The numerical examples are conducted from multiple perspectives to illustrate the proposed method. Within each perspective, various cases are compared to find the optimal solution.

3,5‐Dibromoanisole as Multifunctional Solid Additive to Enhance the Performance of Organic Solar Cells

Comprehensive SummaryStrategic design of solid additives for regulating molecular aggregation and crystallinity in organic photovoltaic systems is crucial for enhancing device efficiency and stability. Herein, we introduce 3,5‐dibromoanisole (DBA), a volatile solid additive synergistically integrating halogen and alkoxy functionalities, to optimize the PM6:Y6 active layer. DBA simultaneously interacts with both PM6 and Y6, promoting face‐on molecular orientation and fibrillar network formation. Consequently, DBA‐treated devices achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.34%, with a short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 28.24 mA·cm–2 and a fill factor (FF) of 78.6%, surpassing the control device (PCE = 17.13%). Notably, the DBA additive exhibits exceptional stability and demonstrates broad applicability across multiple material systems. This study establishes a universal framework for designing multifunctional solid additives, paving the way for scalable, high‐efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs).

The Robust Vehicle Routing Problem With Synchronization: Models and Branch‐And‐Cut Algorithms

ABSTRACTThe Vehicle Routing Problem with Synchronization (VRPSync) aims to minimise the total routing costs while considering synchronization requirements that must be fulfilled between tasks of different routes. These synchronization requirements are especially relevant when it is necessary to have tasks being performed by vehicles within given temporal offsets, a frequent requirement in applications where multiple vehicles, crews, materials, or other resources are involved in certain operations. Although several works in the literature have addressed this problem, mainly the deterministic version has been tackled so far. This paper presents a robust optimization approach for the VRPSync, taking into consideration the uncertainty in vehicle travel times between customers. This work builds on existing approaches in the literature to develop mathematical models for the Robust VRPSync, as well as a branch‐and‐cut algorithm to solve more difficult problem instances. A set of computational experiments is also devised and presented to obtain insights regarding key performance parameters of the mathematical models and the solution algorithm. The results suggest that solution strategies where certain standard problem constraints are only introduced if a candidate solution violates any of those constraints provide more consistent improvements than approaches that rely on tailor‐made cutting planes, added through separation routines. Furthermore, the analysis of the Price of Robustness indicators shows that the adoption of robust solutions can have a significant increase in the total costs, however, this increase quickly plateaus as budgets of uncertainty increase.

Development of a reference material for simultaneous quantitative determination of multiple veterinary drug residues.

Excessive use of multiple veterinary drugs can lead to the accumulation of residues in food derived from animals, thereby posing potential risks to human health and the environment. Accurate quantification of residues from multiple veterinary drugs is essential for ensuring effective monitoring and regulatory compliance. In this study, a robust high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of six veterinary drug residues, including florfenicol (FF), thiamphenicol (TAP), difloxacin (DIF), sulfadimidine (SDM), trimethoprim (TMP), and fenvalerate (FEN). This method was subsequently applied to quantify the multiple veterinary reference material (MVRM). Using the MVRM with assigned values, the varying performance of pre-treatment methods for multiple veterinary drugs in meat samples was evaluated, which may result in differing quantitative outcomes. The application of MVRM is helpful for ensuring food safety and safeguarding human health.

Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Analysis of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid–Polyester Urethane Blends with Varied Infill and Material Compositions

Multimaterial 3D printing allows for the production of intricate parts with customized mechanical properties, enhancing the versatility of material extrusion additive manufacturing. Typically, 3D printing machines are fed with commercially available filament feedstock, which limits the 3D printing of multiple materials. Hence, this study introduces in-house prepared filaments for creating polymer blend structures with improved properties. In this study, polylactic acid and thermoplastic poly ester urethane (PEU) blends with different composition ratios were processed by varying the infill densities to evaluate their impacts on their thermal, mechanical and morphological properties. The effects of infill percentage on the mechanical, thermal and morphological behaviour were investigated. The results indicate that increasing the infill percentage tends to significantly increase the elastic modulus and tensile strength. The maximum strain increased as the infill percentage increased. Overall, the mechanical results indicated that, without sacrificing any tensile strength, the composite with 25% PEU exhibited better toughness than did the neat PLA and could be printed similarly to that of PLA. Furthermore, scanning electron images revealed that the blends had a homogeneous structure with a fibrillar morphology. These results indicate that 3D printing is an effective technique for creating next generation 4D materials.

Integrating CT/CS into a Teacher Education Program: A Year-Long PD

This grant-funded, year-long professional development (PD) for higher education faculty focused on integrating computational thinking (CT) and computer science (CS) in preservice teacher education courses. A full-day PD was followed-up by four 15-minute PD sessions held during the Teacher Education Department (TED) meetings, supporting all TED faculty. A PD spinoff initiative, “Focused Faculty,” supported five TED faculty in planning and implementing a CT/CS lesson in one of their courses in Spring 2024. Multiple materials and activities were utilized in this PD including Scratch Jr., Scratch, Code.org, micro:bits, unplugged activities, machine learning, makerspaces, and literacy integration.

Machine learning on multiple topological materials datasets

A dataset of 35,608 materials with their topological properties is constructed by combining the density functional theory (DFT) results of Materiae and the Topological Materials Database. Thanks to this, machine-learning approaches are developed to categorize materials into five distinct topological types, with the XGBoost model achieving an impressive 85.2% classification accuracy. By conducting generalization tests on different sub-datasets, differences are identified between the original datasets in terms of topological types, chemical elements, unknown magnetic compounds, and feature space coverage. Their impact on model performance is analyzed. Turning to the simpler binary classification between trivial insulators and nontrivial topological materials, three different approaches are also tested. Key characteristics influencing material topology are identified, with the maximum packing efficiency and the fraction of p valence electrons being highlighted as critical features.

Application of a Chemical Kinetic Modeling Approach within a Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Battery Cells during Thermal Runaway

<div>The objective of the current study is to systematically evaluate the battery thermal runaway heat release rate through chemical kinetics and then study its effect on battery module and pack level. For this purpose, a chemistry solver has been developed, capable of simultaneously solving the thermal runaway kinetics in multiple battery cells with the cell-specific chemistry model and battery active material compositions. This developed solid body chemistry (SBC) solver assumes a homogeneous system in the specified geometrical selection. A 3D representation can be achieved by setting up multiple solver selections in one solid domain (battery cell) as the SBC solver is capable of handling multiple selections, chemistry models, and battery active material compositions. Further, the SBC solver is fully integrated in a commercial three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D-CFD) code. Thus, enabling to simulate the real-life thermal runaway applications covering the battery module and battery pack including relevant physicochemical processes involved. In addition to the direct solution of the chemical kinetics, an alternative approach is proposed for pack-level thermal runaway simulations where kinetically extracted heat release rate is used. As demonstrated in the results and discussion, the SBC solver is able to accurately reproduce the initiation and propagation of thermal runaway on a cell level and provides significant insights when coupled with a 3D-CFD solver on a module- and pack-level simulations and thus understanding the real-life hazard scenarios in the battery safety management.</div>

The entangled coexistence of materiality and subjectivity: a new materialist analysis of China’s jiese community

The article utilised a perspective grounded in new materialism and agential realism to understand and explore China’s jiese community (whose members commit to abstaining from masturbation and pornography). Data were collected through online ethnography and semi-structured interviews with 11 self-identified jieyou, conducted between 2021 and 2023 via the online Abstinence Bar and the Zhengqi mobile application. Study findings revealed that the occurrence of jiese behaviours and the development of an abstainer identity are not solely driven by individual agency but by dynamic intra-actions between individual subjectivity and multiple material factors. Importantly, jiese cannot be disentangled from specific material factors and contextual conditions. It emerges as the outcome of the intra-actions between technology, culture, the body, and the environment, while also representing a dynamic process of subjectivity co-constituted with these materialities within a particular context. Ultimately jiese is perhaps best understood as a condition or ‘situation’. Lastly, study findings highlight how materiality not only possesses the agency to shape subjective behaviour but also that the subject, through reflection and practice, actively adapts to and reshapes itself within the constraints of materiality. This process facilitates the integration of materiality and subjectivity, through a co-constitutive and dynamic interplay.

Late-Stage C─N Bond Cleavage Enables Diversification of Multiple Resonance Materials.

Recent advances in materials development for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been driven by an emerging design concept known as multiple-resonance (MR), which provides the benefits of high efficiency and color purity required for commercial OLED displays. Borylation reaction constructing MR frameworks is a key step for developing new π-conjugated systems, while this reaction includes the limitation of selectivity, making it challenging to control reactions in elaborate molecular structures. Although a wide variety of MR compounds have been prepared through carefully planned synthetic schemes based on retrosynthetic analysis, these tasks typically require significant effort for each individual target. Herein, we demonstrate a successful late-stage functionalization strategy that enables structural modifications after the borylation reaction, especially in hardly accessible regions in MR structures via carbon-nitrogen bond cleavage. Our new synthetic method also allows access to new products which were never feasible before. The newly developed material, DABNA-dimer, proves the impact of late-stage functionalization on OLED characteristics. The present study serves as a proof-of-concept for a diversity-orientated synthesis in the development of MR materials.

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance Optimization of Na2HPO4·12H2O-Based Gel Phase Change Materials for Solar Greenhouse

The content of modified materials in multicomponent gel phase change materials directly affects their performance characteristics. To investigate the influence of different contents of modified materials on the performance features of Na2HPO4·12H2O-based multicomponent Gel Phase Change Materials, four single factors (Na2SiO3·9H2O, C35H49O29, KCl, and nano-α-Fe2O3) and their interactions were selected as influencing factors. Using the Taguchi method with an L27(313) orthogonal array, multi-step melt–blending experiments were conducted to prepare a novel multi-component phase change material. The characteristics of the new multi-component phase change material, including supercooling degree (ΔT), phase change temperature (Tm), latent heat of phase change (ΔHm), and cooling time (CT), were obtained. In addition, characterization techniques such as DSC, SEM, FT-IR, and XRD were employed to analyze its thermal properties, microscopic morphology, chemical stability, and crystal structure. Based on the experimental results, the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) was used to rank the influence of each factor on the quality characteristics, and the p-value from analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to evaluate the significance of each factor on the performance characteristics. Then, the effects of each significant factor on the characteristics of the multiple gel phase change materials were analyzed in detail, and the optimal mixing ratio of the new multiple gel phase change materials was selected. The results showed that Na2SiO3·9H2O, KCl, and α-Fe2O3 were the most critical process parameters. This research work enriches the selection of composite gel phase change materials for solar greenhouses and provides guidance for the selection of different modified material contents using Na2HPO4·12H2O as the starting material.

Design of multiple materials structure based on an explicit and implicit hybrid topology optimization method

In this paper, an explicit and implicit hybrid topology optimization method is proposed for the design of multiple materials structure. The explicit topology optimization employs the moving morphable component (MMC) method to determine where the solid material is present within the design domain. The implicit topology optimization employs the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method to identify material type within the solid material region. The explicit and implicit topology optimization methods are combined through a surrogate material model, resulting in a new hybrid topology optimization framework known as the MMC–SIMP hybrid topology optimization method. The proposed method retains the advantages of both individual optimization methods, allowing for explicit boundary representation and high design freedom in material selection. The element density function and sensitivity analysis are conducted based on two-phase materials topology optimization. Finally, some numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Performance characterization of an additively manufactured mechanical structure produced in single and multiple materials with varying configurations

Performance characterization of an additively manufactured mechanical structure produced in single and multiple materials with varying configurations

The Effect of Funnel Counting Learning Media On Mathematical Logic Intelligence Second Grade Elementary School Students

This research is based on the low ability of students Overcome difficulties and find optimal answers. multiplication material, which is caused by the lack of use of learning media in schools. This study aims to determine the effect of using funnel counting learning media on the mathematical logic intelligence of grade II elementary school students. Therefore, the study was carried out using quantitative techniques. using quasi experimental research type and posttest only control design. This research was conducted at SDN Rempoa 01 in the school year 2023/2024 even semester. The study population consisted of class II students totaling 116 people. The research sample consisted of 30 students as the control class and 31 students as the experimental class, which were selected using purposive sampling technique. The instruments used in this study include test and non-test instruments. The test instrument is a post-test with 13 description questions to measure mathematical logic intelligence, while the non-test instrument is in the form of student documentation. The data analysis of this study was assisted by the SPSS V.26 application. The results of the Independent Sample T-test test showed a significance value of 0.0001 0.05 and a tcount value of 18.459 table of 2.001, so Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. This shows that there is an effect of learning media funnel counting on the mathematical logic intelligence of grade II students of SDN Rempoa 01 South Tangerang.

Multiple stimuli-responsive dual-emission material with locked diverse conformations for multimodal anti-counterfeiting and single-molecule white electroluminescence

Multiple stimuli-responsive dual-emission material with locked diverse conformations for multimodal anti-counterfeiting and single-molecule white electroluminescence

Advancements in Biogas Digester Materials: A Review of Strength, Durability, and Suitability.

This paper explores the materials used to construct biogas digesters, essential for sustainable energy production. The study investigates various materials, such as thermoplastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), as well as traditional construction elements like masonry, stone, and concrete. It considers metals such as steel and composite materials, which all contribute to the efficacy and strength of biogas digesters. This review's primary goal is to compare these materials' properties, evaluate their structural and functional roles, and determine their suitability for various digester designs. Through a qualitative analysis of existing research, this study highlights innovative ways to integrate multiple materials to enhance biogas technology. Additionally, it looks at the efficiency of ferrous alloys, thermoplastics (PVC, PE, HDPE), cement, and stone digesters-all used to store gas. According to the findings, cement-based materials are the most common choice for small-scale home digesters because of their lifespan and resilience. On the other hand, the selection of materials for commercial or large-scale biogas facilities is contingent upon environmental factors and material attributes, such as thermal, electrical, and physical qualities. However, because plastic digesters are flexible, reusable, and chemical resistant, they are becoming a good substitute in areas where shipping and material availability are problems. SUMMARY: This review's primary goal is to compare thermoplastics, traditional materials, metals, and composites for biogas digester durability and structural efficiency. Cement-based materials dominate small-scale domestic digesters due to resilience, longevity, and cost-effectiveness. Large-scale facilities prioritize material properties (thermal, electrical) and environmental factors for optimal design. Plastic digesters emerge as portable, chemical-resistant solutions in resource-limited regions with logistical challenges. Innovative material integration enhances biogas technology, balancing functionality and sustainability through qualitative research.