With the rapid development of precision agriculture and smart farming management, accurate crop disease detection has become a critical tool for optimizing agricultural resource allocation, controlling operational costs, and supporting scientific plant protection strategies. However, real-world field environments are often characterized by strong background interference, multiple concurrent diseases, and fine-grained lesion differences, posing significant challenges to existing detection methods in practical agricultural Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this paper, we propose Freq-spatial Context Dynamic Network(FCDNet), an efficient and cost-effective detection model tailored for multi-category strawberry disease recognition in complex field management scenarios. The proposed model integrates a Freq-Spatial Feature Module (FSFM), a Context Guide Fusion Module (CGFM), and a Task Align Dynamic Detection Head (TADDH), enabling enhanced expression of high-frequency micro-lesions, adaptive filtering of field background noise, and spatial alignment of classification and regression tasks, while maintaining a lightweight architecture suitable for low-cost agricultural edge devices. Extensive experiments conducted on the newly constructed Strawberry Disease Dataset-7(S7DD) demonstrate that FCDNet consistently outperforms existing mainstream methods, achieving an F1-score of 91.0% and an mAP@0.5 of 94.6%. The model’s architectural robustness and capacity for generalization are further substantiated by evaluations across diverse agricultural datasets using PlantDoc and ALDOD. Ultimately, FCDNet became a practical and cost-effective tool for real-time detection of strawberry diseases, directly supporting more accurate yield forecasting and risk management in smart agriculture systems.

General Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a multisystem infectious disease with diverse clinical manifestations and outcomes, particularly among hospitalized patients. Specific Background: Individuals with chronic diseases frequently experience more complicated clinical courses during COVID-19 infection, requiring detailed clinical and laboratory assessment to understand disease progression. Knowledge Gap: Despite numerous investigations, uncertainty remains regarding which clinical and laboratory characteristics are associated with severe and critical forms of COVID-19 in patients with multiple underlying conditions. Aims: This study analyzed the clinical manifestations and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 patients with comorbid conditions and identified indicators associated with severe disease progression. Results: A total of 182 hospitalized patients with moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 were examined during 2021–2022 using comprehensive clinical, laboratory, and instrumental assessments. The majority presented with severe disease (80.8%). Coronary heart disease, hypertension, anemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity were the most frequent accompanying conditions. Severe and critical cases were more common among elderly individuals and those with multiple concurrent disorders. Clinical manifestations included fever, cough, dyspnea, and weakness, frequently accompanied by bilateral or polysegmental pneumonia and respiratory failure. Laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased C-reactive protein levels, hyperglycemia, and altered liver and renal function markers, particularly in critically ill patients. Novelty: The study provides integrated clinical and laboratory characterization of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with multiple concurrent diseases. Implications: Identification of these clinical and laboratory indicators supports early risk stratification, timely initiation of intensive treatment, and improved management of patients with severe COVID-19. Highlights: Elderly Hospitalized Individuals Frequently Present Severe or Critical Disease Stages. Respiratory Failure and Bilateral Pneumonia Appear Commonly in Advanced Clinical Cases. Systemic Inflammation Markers and Metabolic Abnormalities Increase in Critically Ill Groups. Keywords: COVID-19, Comorbidities, Laboratory Parameters, Pneumonia, Respiratory Failure.

The widely prevalent Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, with the enormous potential to trigger multiple concurrent diseases. Due to its multidrug resistance, A. baumannii has emerged as a key monitored pathogen of WHO for surveillance in healthcare settings, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). To identify factors associated with A. baumannii infection in Guizhou province, China from 2015 to 2023, a retrospective cross-sectional analysis was carried out with the data from hospital records, electronic medical databases. Fisher's exact test (gender) and Chi-square were used for statistical tests, while p-values was used to define the statistically significance of variables. Out of 460,620 patients; there were 6,944 positive infection events, with ICU-related infections accounting for 45.77%. Males had a significantly higher risk of A. baumannii infection compared to females, and host factors such as gender and increasing age were associated with greater susceptibility. In addition, infection rates were higher during warmer summer months, suggesting a possible seasonal trend in transmission. Within the population undergoing antibiotic therapy, only polymyxin B demonstrated an alarmingly high level of resistance, whereas other clinically employed antibiotics were invalid. In summary, the statistical data from these years emphasizes that gender and age are main drivers of A. baumannii outbreaks in Guizhou, and follow-up public health interventions need to target these factors to enhance infection control and reduce the spread. Also, the observation of high levels of resistance to multiple antibiotics is a matter of concern, as it presents significant challenges in terms of treatment.

BackgroundThe impact of otolaryngological diseases on sleep quality, anxiety, and depression has garnered significant attention. However, research has primarily focused on unveiling the effects of only one or two specific diseases, without analyzing the impact of multiple concurrent diseases. Furthermore, investigation into the interaction mechanisms among these factors has been lacking.ObjectivesThis study reveals the effects of different otolaryngological diseases on sleep quality, anxiety, and depression, and investigates their interaction mechanisms.MethodsIn total, 2,080 patients with otolaryngological diseases were recruited from six centers in mainland China. Data on sociodemographics, history of smoking and alcohol consumption, diagnosis, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality were collected through hospital information system queries and questionnaires. We uncovered the psychological status and sleep quality of otolaryngology outpatients with different diseases and revealed the interaction mechanisms between these diseases and anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Multivariable polynomial linear regression models explored the impact of different otolaryngological diseases on anxiety, depression and sleep quality, and mediation analysis explored the interaction mechanisms.ResultsChronic laryngitis, eustachian tube disorders, laryngeal swelling, laryngopharyngeal reflux, neck lymphatic inflammation, snoring, sudden deafness, tinnitus, nasopharyngeal lesions, and trauma had a significant impact on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores. Chronic tonsillitis, chronic laryngitis, and laryngopharyngeal reflux had a significant impact on Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale scores. Patients with giddiness (P = 0.006) and tinnitus (P = 0.006) tended to have higher Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores. Anxiety mediated the effect of tinnitus on sleep quality (70.41%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.07, 76.00), and depression also had a mediation effect (13.24%; 95% CI: 4.46, 28.58). Other diseases also exhibited mediating effects and interactions with anxiety, depression, and sleep quality.ConclusionsSleep quality significantly mediates the relationships of specific otolaryngological diseases with anxiety and depression. Similarly, anxiety and depression play important mediating roles in the relationships of different diseases with sleep quality. By revealing the interactive effects of different otolaryngological diseases on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality, this study could aid early interventions aiming to reduce anxiety and depression and improve patients’ sleep quality and quality of life.

Studies aimed at preventing age-associated diseases are fundamental in addressing the challenges posed by an aging population. However, biomedical and technological advancements have now reached a stage where it appears increasingly possible to repair the damage caused by severe pathologies and reverse the functional decline that accompanies aging. This perspective highlights the significance of using aging models, specifically non-transgenic geriatric mice (aged over 24months), to study interventions aimed at reversing or ameliorating age-related pathologies. While most research typically utilizes young, adult, and mid-aged mice to investigate aging mechanisms and develop preventive strategies, geriatric models provide unique insights into the efficacy and safety of treatments in conditions that mimic the complexities of multiple concurrent diseases or syndromes. This manuscript highlights the importance of considering timing responses in aging interventions, illustrated by recent findings such as those involving canagliflozin. These studies reveal that the timing of intervention can significantly influence the outcomes, highlighting aspects often overlooked. Practical challenges and resource demands associated with geriatric mouse studies including concerns related to animal husbandry and aging phenotypes are also discussed. This perspective aims to foster a deeper understanding of the potential benefits and limitations of geriatric mice models in geroscience research and emphasizes the need for continued innovation in this field to meet the critical need to develop effective treatments for age-related diseases.

Background:With ageing, the number of systemic diseases and the consumption of drugs increase. Moreover, some oral lesions, especially denture-related lesions, are commonly observed.Aim and Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of systemic diseases and oral lesions in the elderly in the Mashhad Geriatric Institutes.Methods:Institutionalized elderly people, who could cooperate for oral examination, enrolled in this descriptive cross-sectional study. The frequency of oral lesions and their systemic diseases were recorded in the self-made checklist. For statistical analysis, Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were utilized. The significance level was considered to be 0.05.Results:During the study, 224 elderly subjects with a mean age of 75.63 ± 11.22 years were evaluated. The mean duration of residency in the elderly nursing centres was 1.87 ± 1.37 years. Hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes were the most common systemic diseases, and about 47% of the patients had two or multiple concurrent diseases. Among participants, 97.1% had at least one oral lesion. The most common oral lesions were fissured tongue (75%), sublingual varicosity (68.3%) and hairy or coated tongue (38.4%), respectively, which are classified as normal variations of oral mucosa. The most common pathological lesions were denture stomatitis, frictional keratosis and lichenoid reactions.Conclusion:Regarding to the high frequency of oral lesions among ageing people, regular examination of the oral mucosa for early detection of oral lesions and appropriate treatments is recommended.

The need for communication and collaboration increases when an older patient is discharged from the hospital, as the transition of care is complex for older patients living with multiple concurrent diseases. An intervention: The outgoing geriatric team was developed and initiated to address these patients’ complex needs. The outgoing geriatric team aimed to collaborate with healthcare professionals at a skilled nursing facility. This study explored how the intervention was experienced by the healthcare professionals from both the outgoing geriatric team and the skilled nursing facility. The study employed a qualitative explorative design using semi-structured interviews. Fourteen healthcare professionals participated in the interviews. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clark’s thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: (1) The need for personal contact and communication; (2) the need for competent care and sensitive observation; and (3) the need for clarification of responsibilities. The study emphasized the importance of meeting face-to-face during cross-sectoral collaboration when treating and caring for patients with complex care needs.

Backgrounds and objectiveEvaluating the tympanic membrane (TM) using an otoendoscope is the first and most important step in various clinical fields. Unfortunately, most lesions of TM have more than one diagnostic name. Therefore, we built a database of otoendoscopic images with multiple diseases and investigated the impact of concurrent diseases on the classification performance of deep learning networks.Study designThis retrospective study investigated the impact of concurrent diseases in the tympanic membrane on diagnostic performance using multi-class classification. A customized architecture of EfficientNet-B4 was introduced to predict the primary class (otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM), and ’None’ without OME and COM) and secondary classes (attic cholesteatoma, myringitis, otomycosis, and ventilating tube).ResultsDeep-learning classifications accurately predicted the primary class with dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 95.19%, while misidentification between COM and OME rarely occurred. Among the secondary classes, the diagnosis of attic cholesteatoma and myringitis achieved a DSC of 88.37% and 88.28%, respectively. Although concurrent diseases hampered the prediction performance, there was only a 0.44% probability of inaccurately predicting two or more secondary classes (29/6,630). The inference time per image was 2.594 ms on average.ConclusionDeep-learning classification can be used to support clinical decision-making by accurately and reproducibly predicting tympanic membrane changes in real time, even in the presence of multiple concurrent diseases.

Evaluating the tympanic membrane (TM) using an otoendoscope is the first and most important step in various clinical fields. Unfortunately, most lesions of TM have more than one diagnostic name. Therefore, we built a database of otoendoscopic images with multiple diseases and investigated the impact of concurrent diseases on the classification performance of deep learning networks. This retrospective study investigated the impact of concurrent diseases in the tympanic membrane on diagnostic performance using multi-class classification. A customized architecture of EfficientNet-B4 was introduced to predict the primary class (otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM), and 'None' without OME and COM) and secondary classes (attic cholesteatoma, myringitis, otomycosis, and ventilating tube). Deep-learning classifications accurately predicted the primary class with dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 95.19%, while misidentification between COM and OME rarely occurred. Among the secondary classes, the diagnosis of attic cholesteatoma and myringitis achieved a DSC of 88.37% and 88.28%, respectively. Although concurrent diseases hampered the prediction performance, there was only a 0.44% probability of inaccurately predicting two or more secondary classes (29/6,630). The inference time per image was 2.594 ms on average. Deep-learning classification can be used to support clinical decision-making by accurately and reproducibly predicting tympanic membrane changes in real time, even in the presence of multiple concurrent diseases.

BackgroundGorham-Stout disease is a rare bone disorder. Here, we present a case of Gorham-Stout disease diagnosed during follow-up of a patient with cholesteatoma; the disease affected the temporal bone and other sites of the skull. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Gorham-Stout disease diagnosed with recurrent cerebrospinal leakage after surgery to treat cholesteatoma.Case presentationA 25-year-old male patient re-presented to our department for the first time in 7 years with otorrhea in the right ear and recurrent meningitis. The patient had a history of multiple surgeries for cholesteatoma and suffered from recurrent cerebrospinal fluid leakage, which initially was thought to be caused by recurrence of cholesteatoma. Therefore, skull base reconstruction was planned. However, the underlying cause was identified eventually as defects in the temporal bone caused by massive osteolysis due to Gorham-Stout disease. Skull base reconstruction was abandoned because the osteolysis was considered to be progressive. Conservative treatment with infectious control was implemented as an alternative.ConclusionThis case describes unusual temporal bone osteolysis after cholesteatoma surgery and the importance of considering the possibility of multiple concurrent diseases in such individuals. The distinguishing features of this case are the fact that the temporal bone had disappeared, and deconstruction was complicated by infection and inflammation caused by cholesteatoma, surgical invasion, and Gorham-Stout disease. Appropriate diagnosis saved the patient from ineffective multiple surgeries for cerebrospinal fluid leakage or cholesteatoma, and improved his quality of life.

Occam's razor need not apply: Advanced HIV infection presenting with five simultaneous opportunistic infections and central nervous system lymphoma.

The proportion of men and women surviving over 65 years has been steadily increasing over the last century. In their later years, many of these individuals are afflicted with multiple chronic conditions, placing increasing pressure on healthcare systems. The accumulation of multiple health problems with advanced age is well documented, yet the causes are poorly understood. Animal models have long been employed in attempts to elucidate these complex mechanisms with limited success. Recently, the domestic dog has been proposed as a promising model of human aging for several reasons. Mean lifespan shows twofold variation across dog breeds. In addition, dogs closely share the environments of their owners, and substantial veterinary resources are dedicated to comprehensive diagnosis of conditions in dogs. However, while dogs are therefore useful for studying multimorbidity, little is known about how aging influences the accumulation of multiple concurrent disease conditions across dog breeds. The current study examines how age, body weight, and breed contribute to variation in multimorbidity in over 2,000 companion dogs visiting private veterinary clinics in England. In common with humans, we find that the number of diagnoses increases significantly with age in dogs. However, we find no significant weight or breed effects on morbidity number. This surprising result reveals that while breeds may vary in their average longevity and causes of death, their age-related trajectories of morbidities differ little, suggesting that age of onset of disease may be the source of variation in lifespan across breeds. Future studies with increased sample sizes and longitudinal monitoring may help us discern more breed-specific patterns in morbidity. Overall, the large increase in multimorbidity seen with age in dogs mirrors that seen in humans and lends even more credence to the value of companion dogs as models for human morbidity and mortality.

Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder in feline practice, affecting approximately 1 in 200 cats. The majority of diabetic cats have type 2 diabetes mellitus, which results from a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and a progressive reduction in insulin production. While usually easy to diagnose, management of diabetes mellitus presents a number of challenges for practitioners and clients alike. Practitioners must decide on diet, insulin type and dose, monitoring method and intensity, and concomitant therapy, which will vary based on individual patient and client needs, and geographic location. Practitioners may also encounter patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or other diabetic complications, and patients with multiple concurrent diseases. Clients may be challenged by the substantial time and financial commitment involved in owning a diabetic cat. Understanding the pathophysiology, optimal treatment protocols and current goals of diabetes management will benefit practitioners managing diabetic cats. This article reviews the most current management plans for feline diabetics. It places particular emphasis on best practice for achieving diabetic remission, which is an attainable goal in the majority of newly diagnosed diabetic cats. The information in this article is drawn from the recent human and veterinary literature, including prospective and retrospective studies. The body of prospective clinical data on the use of newer, long-acting insulins (glargine and especially detemir) in cats is limited, but growing.

Consensus on terminology for multiple diseases is lacking. Because of the clinical relevance and social impact of multiple concurrent diseases, it is important that concepts are clear. To highlight the diversity of terms in the literature referring to the presence of multiple concurrent diseases/conditions and make recommendations. A bibliometric analysis of English-language publications indexed in the MEDLINE database from 1970 to 2012 for the terms comorbidity, multimorbidity, polymorbidity, polypathology, pluripathology, multipathology, and multicondition, and a review of definitions of multimorbidity found in English-language publications indexed from 1970 to 2012 in the MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases. Comorbidity was used in 67,557 publications, multimorbidity in 434, and the other terms in three to 31 publications. At least 144 publications used the term comorbidity without referring to an index disease. Thirteen general definitions of multimorbidity were identified, but only two were frequently used (91% of publications). The most frequently used definition (48% of publications) was "more than one or multiple chronic or long-term diseases/conditions". Multimorbidity was not defined in 51% of the publications using the term. Comorbidity was overwhelmingly used to describe any clinical entity coexisting with an index disease under study. Multimorbidity was the term most frequently used when no index disease was designated. Several definitions of multimorbidity were found. However, most authors using the term did not define it. The use of clearly defined terms in the literature is recommended until a general consensus on the terminology of multiple coexistent diseases is reached. Journal of Comorbidity 2013;3:4-9.

A significant case report of a HIV infected patient in his fifties who experienced an excellent virological and immunological response to antiretroviral therapy (which has been modified just to prevent or avoid some adverse events), but developed a severe, sudden acute kidney failure while under a polypharmacy due to some underlying and overwhelming disorders (i.e. arterial hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a recent acute heart infarction with remarkable remnants, and finally an anecdotal muscle-joint pain with self-prescription of non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drugs), represents the key point for a debate around the increasing frequency of “polypharmacy” in the field of HIV infection, even when HIV resistance to antiretroviral is not a concern. The continuing increase of mean age of HIV-infected population, plus the existing, sometimes unmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular, dysmetabolic, and renal disorders, plus the adjunct of anecdotal illnesses prompting the resort to different drugs and medications, either prescribed for HIV infection itself, or taken for concurrent or subsequent diseases, or self-prescribed occasionally due to an intercurrent, trivial disorders per se, may prompt a complicated scenario culminating with a life-threatening acute renal failure of tubular origin. Our report gives us the opportunity to revise and discuss the expected interactions between antiretroviral therapy and the even growing exposure to multiple different drug and drug classes, which may be responsible for relevant drug interactions and direct or adjunctive end-organ impairment, up to life-threatening conditions, which may be avoided or prevented by considering carefully all comorbidites and co-treatments potentially administered to HIV infected patients, thirty years after the discovery of AIDS.

A significant case report of a HIV infected patient in his fifties who experienced an excellent virological and immunological response to antiretroviral therapy (which has been modified just to prevent or avoid some adverse events), but developed a severe, sudden acute kidney failure while under a polypharmacy due to some underlying and overwhelming disorders (i.e. arterial hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a recent acute heart infarction with remarkable remnants, and finally an anecdotal muscle-joint pain with self-prescription of non-steroideal anti-inflammatory drugs), represents the key point for a debate around the increasing frequency of “polypharmacy” in the field of HIV infection, even when HIV resistance to antiretroviral is not a concern. The continuing increase of mean age of HIV-infected population, plus the existing, sometimes unmodifiable risk factors for cardiovascular, dysmetabolic, and renal disorders, plus the adjunct of anecdotal illnesses prompting the resort to different drugs and medications, either prescribed for HIV infection itself, or taken for concurrent or subsequent diseases, or self-prescribed occasionally due to an intercurrent, trivial disorders per se, may prompt a complicated scenario culminating with a life-threatening acute renal failure of tubular origin. Our report gives us the opportunity to revise and discuss the expected interactions between antiretroviral therapy and the even growing exposure to multiple different drug and drug classes, which may be responsible for relevant drug interactions and direct or adjunctive end-organ impairment, up to life-threatening conditions, which may be avoided or prevented by considering carefully all comorbidites and co-treatments potentially administered to HIV infected patients, thirty years after the discovery of AIDS.

ABSTRACTMuch of our knowledge of drugs originates from clinical trials of drug efficacy performed on stringentlyselected patient groups, often without multiple concurrent diseases. However, the effectiveness of treatmentunder conditions of use in ordinary clinical practice may be very different to conditions in therandomised clinical trial. Use of large computerised data bases and record linkage has thus becomeincreasingly common in pharmacoepidemiologic research. The greatest advantages of using routinelycollected data are the minimisation of study costs and time required to complete a study, considerationsthat are particularly relevant for longitudinal studies. The advantages of using data bases also include thepossibility of obtaining large sample sizes and to retrospectively study long-term outcomes. The risk forrecall bias, a significant problem in interviews and questionnaires, is also reduced. However, computeriseddata bases also have some potentially serious disadvantages, primarily in the areas of data validityand data availability. The Tierp study, including individually based data bases of prescription drug use,will be used here as an example of research. In this paper an example of a comprehensive data base studyconcerning health care and drug utilisation in depressed patients is presented. Methodological considerationsin data base research are discussed in relation to experiences from the antidepressant study. A wellplanned and research oriented computerised data base on prescription drugs represents an important toolin the study of the outcome of drug treatment in real world clinical practice.

Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) are systemic vasoocclusive disorders associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of TMA is critical. The diagnosis is complicated by a lack of objective and sensitive laboratory testing as well as multiple concurrent diseases, including infectious processes. We report two cases of disseminated histoplasmosis associated with TMA manifestations in renal transplant recipients, including one patient with histologically documented renal microthrombi; both patients were referred for plasma exchange. After the diagnosis of histoplasmosis, the treatment plan was changed to antifungal medications, reduced immuno-suppression, and supportive care, with progressive resolution of TMA manifestations. TMA occurs in transplant populations in association with infections, medications, and other factors. Appropriate management includes recognition and treatment of possible etiological factors. Disseminated histoplasmosis should be considered in transplant patients presenting with TMA.

To determine frequency and types of complications, prognostic factors, and primary diseases affecting clinical outcome associated with administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in cats. Retrospective study. 75 cats that received TPN for > or = 12 hours. Medical records were reviewed, and information was obtained on signalment, history, problems at initial evaluation, physical examination findings, weight and changes in weight while receiving TPN, duration in the hospital before initiation of TPN, the type of TPN catheter used, duration of TPN administration, and final diagnosis. Laboratory results obtained immediately prior to TPN and at 24 and 96 hours following initiation of TPN administration were compared. Reports of weight loss at initial evaluation, hyperglycemia at 24 hours, or diagnosis of chronic renal failure were significantly associated with increased mortality rate. Greater serum albumin concentrations prior to and at 96 hours following TPN administration were significantly associated with decreased mortality rate. Mechanical and septic complications were infrequent and not associated with increased mortality rate. Most cats had multiple diseases. The overall mortality rate was 52%; among 75 cats, 36 recovered, 23 were euthanatized, and 16 died as a result of their primary illness or complications associated with their illness. Results indicated high mortality rate in cats maintained onTPN that had multiple concurrent diseases associated with a poor prognosis. Indicators of poor prognosis included a history of weight loss, hyperglycemia at 24 hours following TPN administration, hypoalbuminemia, and chronic renal failure.

Sixteen dogs with splenic infarction due to causes other than splenic torsion were identified. Dogs with splenic infarction often had multiple concurrent diseases, and surgical management of splenic infarction was associated with high mortality. Splenic infarction occurred in dogs with hypercoagulable conditions associated with liver disease, renal disease, and hyperadrenocorticism, or as a consequence of uniform splenomegaly, neoplasia, or thrombosis associated with cardiovascular disease. Clinical signs and common laboratory findings generally reflected the underlying disease process. A variety of splenic abnormalities were detected by abdominal ultrasound in 15 dogs, with the ventral extremity of the spleen being most often abnormal. Four dogs were euthanized or died because of the presence of severe systemic disease, whereas 12 dogs underwent laparotomy. Complete splenectomy was performed in 9 dogs and partial splenectomy was performed in 2 dogs. Seven dogs died in the immediate postoperative period, 3 required chronic veterinary care, and 2 had uncomplicated long-term recoveries. Splenic infaraction should be regarded as a sign of altered blood flow and coagulation, rather than as a primary disease, and surgical management should be reserved for patients with life-threatening complications such as hemoabdomen or sepsis.