Multimedia Applications Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review on Image Encryption Techniques using Memristor based Chaotic System for Multimedia Application

Image encryption is one of the most widely used techniques for securing images in trusted and unrestricted public media. However, the drawback is weak security in chaotic encryption algorithms, small key space and hardware implementation complexities. Various appropriate encryption algorithms have been carried out for secure image transmission; it becomes a critical issue to protect image integrity, confidentiality and authenticity. To overcome these issues, this article examines several existing memristor-based image encryption algorithms with various chaotic maps. As a result, this research aims to deliver comprehensive literature on image encryption techniques through memristor to help the researchers. Finally, this survey provides all vital literature on the current image encryption techniques with their benefits, drawbacks, developments, and future directions. We also give a general guideline about cryptography. We conclude that all methods are helpful for real-time image encryption. A comparison has been made between many image processing approaches (conventional and memristor) based on metrics such as the number of pixels change rate (NPCR) with the value of 0.9986, histogram, entropy (7.9993), unified average varying intensity (UACI) achieves the value as 0.4996, energy consumption as 0.32pJ and time complexity as 0.9s. The experimental results of various approaches, key sensitivity and statistical analysis revealed that the survey of memristor-based image encryption schemes provides an effective way to secure image transmission in real-time application.

Supporting Differentiated Streaming Services in Heterogeneous Vehicle-to-Everything Networks.

Advancements in assisted driving technologies are expected to enable future passengers to use a wide range of multimedia applications in electric vehicles (EVs). To address the bandwidth demands for high-resolution and immersive videos during peak traffic, this study introduces a bandwidth-management algorithm to support differentiated streaming services in heterogeneous vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks. By leveraging cellular 6G base stations, along with Cell-Free (CF) Massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (mMIMO) Wi-Fi 7 access points, the algorithm aims to provide a high-coverage, high-speed, and low-interference V2X network environment. Additionally, Li-Fi technology is employed to supply extra bandwidth to vehicles with limited connectivity via V2V communication. Importantly, the study addresses the urgency and prioritization of different applications to ensure the smooth execution of emergency applications and introduces a pre-downloading mechanism specifically for non-real-time applications. Through simulations, the algorithm's effectiveness in meeting EV users' bandwidth needs for various multimedia streaming applications is demonstrated. During peak-bandwidth-demand periods, users experienced an average increase in bandwidth of 47%. Furthermore, bandwidth utilization across the V2X landscape is significantly improved.

Audio–video collaborative JND estimation model for multimedia applications

With the rapid development of the Internet and multimedia technologies, multimedia applications integrating audio and video are becoming increasingly prevalent in both everyday life and professional environments. A critical challenge is to significantly enhance compression efficiency and bandwidth utilization while maintaining high-quality user experiences. To address this challenge, the Just Noticeable Distortion (JND) estimation model, which leverages the perceptual characteristics of the Human Visual System (HVS), is widely used in image and video coding for improved data compression. However, human visual perception is an integrative process that involves both visual and auditory stimuli. Therefore, this paper investigates the influence of audio signals on visual perception and presents a collaborative audio–video JND estimation model tailored for multimedia applications. Specifically, we characterize audio loudness, duration, and energy as temporal perceptual features, while assigning the audio saliency superimposed on the image plane as the spatial perceptual feature. An audio JND adjustment factor is then designed using a segmentation function. Finally, the proposed model combines the video-based JND model with the audio JND adjustment factor to form the audio–video collaborative JND estimation model. Compared with existing JND models, the model presented in this paper achieves the best subjective quality, with an average PSNR value of 26.97 dB. The experimental results confirm that audio significantly impacts human visual perception. The proposed audio–video collaborative JND model effectively enhances the accuracy of JND estimation for multimedia data, thereby improving compression efficiency and maintaining high-quality user experiences.

Pose-Driven Compression for Dynamic 3D Human via Human Prior Models.

To cost-effectively transmit high-quality dynamic 3D human images in immersive multimedia applications, efficient data compression is crucial. Unlike existing methods that focus on reducing signal-level reconstruction errors, we propose the first dynamic 3D human compression framework based on human priors. The layered coding architecture significantly enhances the perceptual quality while also supporting a variety of downstream tasks, including visual analysis and content editing. Specifically, a high-fidelity pose-driven Avatar is generated from the original frames as the basic structure layer to implicitly represent the human shape. Then, human movements between frames are parameterized via a commonly-used human prior model, i.e., the Skinned Multi-Person Linear Model (SMPL), to form the motion layer and drive the Avatar. Furthermore, the normals are also introduced as an enhancement layer to preserve fine-grained geometric details. Finally, the Avatar, SMPL parameters, and normal maps are efficiently compressed into layered semantic bitstreams. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments show that the proposed framework remarkably outperforms other state-of-the-art 3D codecs in terms of subjective quality with only a few bits. More notably, as the size or frame number of the 3D human sequence increases, the superiority of our framework in perceptual quality becomes more significant while saving more bitrates.

Teachers as Creators of Digital Multimedia Learning Materials: Are they Aligned with Multimedia Learning Principles

Teachers as Creators of Digital Multimedia Learning Materials: Are they Aligned with Multimedia Learning Principles

Design and FPGA Implantation of SoC for Multimedia Applications Using Deep Learning Based RNN Architecture for Low Power and High Throughput

Design and FPGA Implantation of SoC for Multimedia Applications Using Deep Learning Based RNN Architecture for Low Power and High Throughput

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Melalui Penerapan Multimedia Pembelajaran Praktik Belahan Tutup Tarik di Kelas X SMK Negeri 8 Surabaya

The objectives of this study are (1) to find out the improvement of student learning outcomes through the application of multimedia, (2) to find out the response of students to the application of multimedia learning This research is a classroom action research. which will be carried out at SMKN 8 Surabaya in 2023/2024. The subject of this action is 33 students of class X Fashion Design 2. The data collection technique uses tests and questionnaires. The research instrument used cognitive test sheets and product assessments as well as questionnaire sheets. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive. The results of the study show that: (1) Student learning outcomes through the application of multimedia practice of the pull-out closure have increased by 33%, increasing from the first cycle of 61% to 94% in the second cycle; (2) The students' response to multimedia learning received a percentage result of 81% which was categorized as very good.

Embedding the Use of Patient Multimedia Educational Resources Into Cardiac Acute Care: Prospective Observational Study.

Multimedia interventions may play an important role in improving patient care and reducing the time constraints of patient-clinician encounters. The "MyStay Cardiac" multimedia resource is an innovative program designed to be accessed by adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the uptake of the MyStay Cardiac both during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. A prospective observational study design was used that involved the evaluation of program usage data available from the digital interface of the multimedia program. Data on usage patterns were analyzed for a 30-month period between August 2020 and January 2023. Usage patterns were compared during and following the lifting of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Uptake of the MyStay Cardiac was measured via the type and extent of user activity data captured by the web-based information system. Intensive care unit recovery information was the most accessed information, being viewed in approximately 7 of 10 usage sessions. Ward recovery (n=124/343, 36.2%), goal (n=114/343, 33.2%), and exercise (n=102/343, 29.7%) information were routinely accessed. Most sessions involved users exclusively viewing text-based information (n=210/343, 61.2%). However, in over one-third of sessions (n=132/342, 38.5%), users accessed video information. Most usage sessions occurred during the COVID-19 restriction phase of the study (August 2020-December 2021). Sessions in which video (P=.02, phi=0.124) and audio (P=.006, phi=0.161) media were accessed were significantly more likely to occur in the restriction phase compared to the postrestriction phase. This study found that the use of digital multimedia resources to support patient education was well received and integrated into their practice by cardiac nurses working in acute care during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a pattern for greater usage of the MyStay Cardiac during the COVID-19 pandemic when access to the health service for nonfrontline, essential workers was limited.

Practical Research on the Application of Multimedia and Visual Image Technology in the Cultivation of College Counselors in the Network Environment

In the context of the multimedia era, college counselors and college students should make progress together. This article aims to explore the practical issues of applying multimedia and visual-image technology to the training of college counselors. We propose a three-dimensional multimedia visual image recognition technology based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and apply the algorithm to image-recognition tasks to provide support and assistance for college-counselor training in network and multimedia environments. By combining a CNN with image recognition, our research results show that this method can effectively adapt to different types of image-recognition tasks. This means that our algorithm can be fully applied to these tasks and provide strong support for the training of college counselors.

Supporting Immersive Video Streaming via V2X Communication

With the rapid advancement of autonomous driving and network technologies, future vehicles will function as network nodes, facilitating information transmission. Concurrently, in-vehicle entertainment systems will undergo substantial enhancements. Beyond traditional broadcasting and video playback, future systems will integrate immersive applications featuring 360-degree views and six degrees of freedom (6DoF) capabilities. As autonomous driving technology matures, vehicle passengers will be able to engage in a broader range of entertainment activities while on the move. However, this evolution in video applications will significantly increase bandwidth demand for vehicular networks, potentially leading to bandwidth shortages in congested traffic areas. This paper presents a method for bandwidth allocation for vehicle video applications within the landscape of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks. By utilizing a millimeter-wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz) frequency band, and cell-free (CF) extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) wireless communication technologies, we provide vehicle passengers with the necessary bandwidth resources. Additionally, we address bandwidth contention issues in congested road segments by incorporating communication methods tailored to the characteristics of vehicular environments. By classifying users and adjusting according to the unique requirements of various multimedia applications, we ensure that real-time applications receive adequate bandwidth. Simulation experiments validate the proposed method’s effectiveness in managing bandwidth allocation for in-vehicle video applications within V2X networks. It increases the available bandwidth during peak hours by 32%, demonstrating its ability to reduce network congestion and ensure smooth playback of various video application types.

A Review on Image Steganography Techniques

In contemporary times, the exploration of digital multimedia has transformed it into a reliable medium for secure communication. Steganography, the art of concealed communication through mediums like images, has emerged as a pivotal approach, countered by the opposing method of steganalysis for detecting embedded data. This review delves into diverse methodologies examined by researchers, elucidating the primary objective of image steganography—to safeguard data messages from illicit access. The essence lies in discreetly transferring embedded secure data to the target destination without detection by unauthorized users. While various carrier file formats can be employed, digital images, owing to their widespread use on the global Internet, become the preferred medium. The realm of steganographic methodologies encompasses a broad spectrum, varying in complexity, each with its distinct strengths and weaknesses. This exploration underscores the dynamic landscape of image steganography, affirming the ongoing pursuit of effective methods to protect information from unauthorized access through covert channels. The review article provides an overview of various methodologies employed by researchers in the field of image steganography. It emphasizes the significance of using digital images as carrier files due to their prevalence on the worldwide Internet. The content acknowledges the complexity of steganographic methods and highlights that each method has its own strengths and weaknesses. Overall, the discussion underscores the importance of exploring and analyzing these methodologies to enhance the effectiveness of image steganography in secure communication.

Duplicate image detection using deep learning modified SVM and k-NN classification method for multimedia application

Duplicate image detection using deep learning modified SVM and k-NN classification method for multimedia application

Decoder-ROI based Versatile Video Coding for Multi-Object Tracking Vision Task

The video encoding standards High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and, more recently, Versatile Video Coding (VVC) have introduced significant advancements in multimedia communication applications, such as video conferencing, broadcasting, and notably, E-learning. However, recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and big data have given rise to an urgent need for a specialized video encoding model designed specifically for image and video analysis applications using machine vision. In this paper, we propose a novel video encoding approach that effectively combines the ROI Coding algorithm and the VVC encoding model. The proposed method identifies regions of interest within video frames through fundamental and deep features. Based on this, we propose an adaptive compression method for each frame block, ensuring both the execution performance of machine learning applications and minimal data encoding requirements. To achieve new coding scheme without adding bitrate, New feature extraction approach are utilizing only decoded information (Decoder-ROI). The results demonstrate that the Decoder-ROI achieved significant compression rate improvement when compared to standard and relevant VCM schemes. Furthermore, ROI exploitation contributes to a 3.25\% reduction in encoding time compared to the baseline VVC encoding standard.

Speech Signal Enhancement with Integrated Weighted Filtering for PSNR Reduction in Multimedia Applications

This paper investigates the effectiveness of the Weighted Kalman Integrated Band Rejection (WKBR) method for enhancing speech signals in multimedia applications. Speech enhancement is crucial for improving the quality and intelligibility of audio in environments with varying noise types and levels. The WKBR method is evaluated across ten different noise scenarios, including white noise, babble noise, street noise, airplane cabin noise, and more. Performance metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (STOI) are used to quantify the enhancement. The results show significant improvements, with PSNR increasing from an average of 12.8 dB before enhancement to 21.9 dB after enhancement, MSE reducing from an average of 0.0179 to 0.0053, and STOI scores improving from an average of 0.58 to 0.75. These findings highlight the potential of WKBR as a powerful tool for speech signal enhancement, making it a promising solution for real-world multimedia applications where clear and intelligible speech is essential.

The Effectiveness of Historical and Cultural Heritage in Relation to Technological Innovation

This study investigates the effectiveness and technological innovation in historical and cultural heritage education across several Chinese universities, focusing on Yulin College, Shaanxi Normal University, Yan’an University, Weinan Normal University, and Shenmu Vocational and Technical Education Center. Utilizing a purposive sampling technique, the research involves 250 students who have taken history classes in these institutions. Data collection is conducted through a self-made questionnaire informed by extensive literature reviews. Employing a non-experimental quantitative design, this descriptive comparative correlational research examines the relationship between educational effectiveness and technological innovation. The study aims to provide a detailed depiction of the association between these variables within their natural educational settings. The findings reveal a diverse student demographic, with 56.1% females and 88.5% aged 16-20 years. Students rated the curriculum's comprehensiveness, engagement, pedagogical techniques, resource accessibility, and cultural value positively. While perceptions of educational effectiveness were consistent across genders, age-related differences highlighted varied experiences and expectations. Technological innovation, including digital resources, interactive platforms, and multimedia integration, received favorable evaluations from students, indicating a positive impact on their learning experience. The study found a strong positive correlation between curriculum comprehensiveness and technological innovation, suggesting that integrating technology enhances educational effectiveness. The study concludes that historical and cultural heritage education in the surveyed universities is effective, with students responding positively to curriculum and technological integration. Recommendations include developing age-inclusive strategies, expanding technological integration, enhancing digital skills, ensuring gender-inclusive education, evolving curricula, improving feedback tools, providing professional development for educators, and conducting ongoing research and evaluation.

Design of A New Hexagonal Patch Antenna Array

In satellite TV broadcasting, the general public's enthusiasm for this multimedia communication application is unprecedented, and demand is growing all the time. To meet this growing need for satellite reception, future generations of equipment will call for increasingly powerful yet discreet antennas. Our research focused on the design of a 2x1 planar antenna array with hexagonal-shaped patches operating in the Ku-band, basically at the frequency of 11.7 GHz. The original-shaped radiating element is designed using a methodical approach based on printed antenna theory and simulations.

Application of Multimedia Learning for Pancasila and Citizenship Education in SD Inpres Waingapu 3

PPKn is an essential subject in elementary schools to instill Pancasila values and national identity. However, the results of the End-of-Semester Assessment (PAS) at SD Inpres Waingapu 3 consistently show low PPKn scores. To address this issue, this study developed a multimedia learning application for PPKn. This application is designed to enhance student understanding of PPKn material, particularly related to Pancasila values. The SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) Waterfall method was used in the application's development. The application's effectiveness was tested through pre-test and post-test, showing a significant increase in the average score of 79.5%. The application's usability was also tested using the System Usability Scale (SUS), with an average score of 85 and a category of "Excellent". These results indicate that the PPKn multimedia learning application is effective and ready for use in elementary schools. hopefully this application can help improve the quality of PPKn learning and instill Pancasila values more strongly in students.

Teaching effectively with with multimedia and its impact on students' academic performance in chemistry: A case study

This study investigated the impact of integrating multimedia into chemistry education in Bhutanese higher secondary schools and its influence on students' academic performance. The research focused on assessing students' academic performance through test scores and semi-structured interviews. A sample of 62 eleventh-grade students participated in the experimental research, which aimed to explore how multimedia applications affect the content, quality, and retention of students' knowledge in chemistry. Data were collected by using self-administered questionnaire and achievement test. Descriptive statistics and independent samples t-test were used to analyze data. Paired samples t-test was used to analyze data. The analysis result of the pre-test showed no statistically-significant differences, which in turn proves the equivalence of the two groups. The t-test result showed the significant difference between achievements of the two groups at a significant t- value of 0.05 in the post-test. The experimental group gained higher mean scores than that of the control group. From the self-administered questionnaire, result showed that when multimedia was integrated to teach chemistry, student displayed the high level of learning satisfaction. The findings revealed that integration of multimedia increased the academic performance and learning satisfaction of students in chemistry lesson compared to the traditional method of teaching.

Effect of digital multimedia on the adoption of agricultural green production technology among farmers in Liaoning Province, China

Agricultural green production technology (AGPT) is essential for the sustainable development of agriculture, yet adoption rates among farmers are often low due to limited access to education and information. Based on the extended technology acceptance model, this study takes Liaoning, a major agricultural province in China, as a representative region to explore how digital multimedia influences the adoption of AGPT by farmers. The findings show that the perceived ease of use of these technologies significantly enhances farmers' intentions to adopt, while perceived risks detract from these intentions. Although digital multimedia effectively promotes AGPT by improving its perceived ease of use and usefulness, its role in mitigating perceived risks is minimal. Based on these results, we recommend that the government improve the quality of information on digital platforms by involving experts in the field and offer specific digital marketing training to potential users to increase the adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies.

Assessing the Impact of Media Stream Packet Size Adaptation on Wireless Multimedia Applications

Multimedia applications constitute greater percentage of traffic in wireless networks. Thus, require investigation of factors influencing effective delivering of media contents in the future, which will include not only conventional multimedia broadcast, but also video streaming to users on demand while meeting the expected quality requirements. In this article, analysis of effect of media packet size adaptation on quality performance of multimedia application is presented. Experiments were performed using standard test media sequences. The encoded media streams at different packet sizes were transmitted over wireless channel at different channel conditions. The quality performance of received media streams were measured using Peak to Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) software tool to assess the impact of media packet adaptation on quality performance of multimedia applications. A comparative quality performance under same poor channel condition, shows that small media packet size of 256 bytes recorded the highest received quality performance of 22.52dB, compared to the quality performance of 21.87dB for 384 bytes, 21.37dB for 512 bytes, 20.68dB bytes for 640 bytes and 19.47dB for 768 byes, respectively. The findings show media packet size and channel conditions have significant impact on the quality performance of wireless multimedia applications.