Multi-layered Defense Research Articles

A security architecture for Metallurgical and Heating Processes (Metallurgical furnace)

This paper presents a novel network security architecture tailored for non-conventional processes, addressing the growing need for robust security solutions in diverse and dynamic industrial environments. Drawing upon insights from existing literature and methodologies, the architecture is designed to accommodate the unique requirements and constraints of non-traditional systems, ensuring resilience and adaptability in the face of evolving threats. Key components of the proposed architecture include multi-layered defense mechanisms, anomaly detection systems, and dynamic access controls, all integrated within a cohesive framework to provide comprehensive protection

Two viral proteins translated from one open reading frame target different layers of plant defense

Multilayered defense responses are activated upon pathogen attack. Viruses utilize a number of strategies to maximize the coding capacity of their small genomes and produce viral proteins for infection, including suppression of host defense. Here, we reveal translation leakage as one of these strategies: two viral effectors encoded by tomato golden mosaic virus, chloroplast-localized C4 (cC4) and membrane-associated C4 (mC4), are translated from two in-frame start codons and function cooperatively to suppress defense. cC4 localizes in chloroplasts, to which it recruits NbPUB4 to induce ubiquitination of the outer membrane; as a result, this organelle is degraded, and chloroplast-mediated defenses are abrogated. However, chloroplast-localized cC4 induces the production of singlet oxygen (1O2), which in turn promotes translocation of the 1O2 sensor NbMBS1 from the cytosol to the nucleus, where it activates expression of the CERK1 gene. Importantly, an antiviral effect exerted by CERK1 is countered by mC4, localized at the plasma membrane. mC4, like cC4, recruits NbPUB4 and promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of CERK1, suppressing membrane-based, receptor-like kinase-dependent defenses. Importantly, this translation leakage strategy seems to be conserved in multiple viral species and is related to host range. This finding suggests that stacking of different cellular antiviral responses could be an effective way to abrogate viral infection and engineer sustainable resistance to major crop viral diseases in the field.

‘The weatherman and the umbrella’: a case of complex and multilayered defence intelligence relations in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT In this case study, I explore the relationship between the Dutch Intelligence and Security Service and the Directorate of Operations J2. Using interview data and publicly available documents, I analyse the interaction between DISS and DOPS J2 using a framework on different role models adapted from public administration theory. I found that although the formal organizational structure portrays the relationship as separated, the relationship is more layered and complex in practice, which contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexity and multilayered nature of defence intelligence relations, where interaction often goes beyond the dichotomous portrayal that is predominantly found in literature.

Exploring the Cloud: Vulnerabilities and Cybersecurity Challenges

Defending cloud platforms against cyberattacks is a critical aspect of modern cybersecurity. With the widespread adoption of cloud computing, organizations face new challenges in protecting their data and infrastructure from evolving threats. This article provides an overview of the strategies and techniques used to defend cloud platforms against cyberattacks. The article begins by highlighting the increasing reliance on cloud platforms and the potential risks associated with their use. It emphasizes the importance of robust security measures to protect sensitive data, applications, and resources stored in the cloud. The article then introduces the key techniques for defending cloud platforms, including strong access controls, encryption, secure configurations, regular patching, network segmentation, and logging and monitoring. The article further explores the significance of proactive monitoring and incident response planning in identifying and mitigating potential security incidents. It emphasizes the role of collaboration between organizations, government agencies, and cloud service providers in developing comprehensive defense strategies. The article also mentions the need for continuous training and skills development to stay ahead of emerging threats and effectively defend against cyberattacks. The article concludes by emphasizing the relevance of the topic in today's digital landscape, where cloud platforms play a pivotal role in driving innovation and enabling digital transformation. It underscores the necessity for organizations to adopt a multi-layered defense approach and stay updated with the latest security practices to protect their cloud environments from cyber threats.

Biofilms as Battlefield Armor for Bacteria against Antibiotics: Challenges and Combating Strategies.

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities, which are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Notably, bacteria in biofilms display a set of 'emergent properties' that vary considerably from free-living bacterial cells. Biofilms help bacteria to survive under multiple stressful conditions such as providing immunity against antibiotics. Apart from the provision of multi-layered defense for enabling poor antibiotic absorption and adaptive persistor cells, biofilms utilize their extracellular components, e.g., extracellular DNA (eDNA), chemical-like catalase, various genes and their regulators to combat antibiotics. The response of biofilms depends on the type of antibiotic that comes into contact with biofilms. For example, excessive production of eDNA exerts resistance against cell wall and DNA targeting antibiotics and the release of antagonist chemicals neutralizes cell membrane inhibitors, whereas the induction of protein and folic acid antibiotics inside cells is lowered by mutating genes and their regulators. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of biofilm-based resistance to various antibiotic classes in bacteria and genes responsible for biofilm development, and the key role of quorum sensing in developing biofilms and antibiotic resistance is also discussed. In this review, we also highlight new and modified techniques such as CRISPR/Cas, nanotechnology and bacteriophage therapy. These technologies might be useful to eliminate pathogens residing in biofilms by combating biofilm-induced antibiotic resistance and making this world free of antibiotic resistance.

DEMYSTIFYING THE ROLE OF NITRATE TRANSPORTERS IN PLANT DEFENSE

Plants are frequently exposed to a variety of soil-borne or airborne diseases during its life, which pose a threat tothe safety and security of the worlds food supply. Due to millions of years of evolution, plants have developed multi-layered defense mechanisms to detect and offend the invasion of these diverse harmful microbes, such as viruses, bacteria, nematodes, and fungi.Plant defense mechanisms are greatly influenced by nitrogen nutrition. The form of nitrogen nutrition, either nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+), plays a very important role in plant defense. Both these forms of N, have tight coordination with a group of transporter proteins called nitrate transporters. The critical role of NO3- transporters in mediating the absorption and its long-distance transport have been the subject of several researches however, little is known about the transport systems involved in NO3- re-allocation under the influence of biotic and abiotic stressors. NO3- transporters are essential to know how plants react to challenging environmental conditions. In fact, when less NO3- is sent to the shoot, plants adapt to environmental stress better. The role of NO3- transporters in helping plants thrives in several challenging environmental cues. As a matter of fact, under different stresses, the amount of NO3- that is translocated from roots to shoots fluctuates, which may have an impact on plants NUE either favorably or unfavorably.

Atmosphere-inspired multilayered nanoarmor with modulable protection and delivery of Interleukin-4 for inflammatory microenvironment modulation

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been closely associated with immune disorders and excessive M1 macrophage activation, which can be reversed by the M2-polarizing effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4). However, maintaining native IL-4 activity with its specific release in the inflammatory microenvironment and efficient biological performance remain a challenge. Inspired by the multilayered defense mechanism of the earth's atmosphere, we constructed a multilayered protective nanoarmor (NA) for IL-4 delivery (termed as IL-4@PEGRA NAs) into an intricate inflammatory microenvironment. The poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-ylated phenolic rosmarinic acid (RA)-grafted copolymer contains two protective layers—the intermediate polyphenol (RA molecules) and outermost shield (PEG) layers—to protect the biological activity of IL-4 and prolong its circulation in blood. Moreover, IL-4@PEGRA NAs scavenge reactive oxygen species with the specific release of IL-4 and maximize its biofunction at the site of inflammation, leading to M2 macrophage polarization and downregulation of inflammatory mediators. Simultaneously, gut microbiota dysbiosis can improve to amplify the M2-polarizing effect and inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway, thereby attenuating inflammation and promoting colitis tissue repair. It provides a nature-inspired strategy for constructing an advanced multilayered NA delivery system with protective characteristics and potential for IBD management.

Designing a Robust Security Framework for Safeguarding Cloud Computing Environments in the Age of Cyber Threats

As online threats grow, it is very important to keep cloud computer settings safe. This paper suggests a complete security system that will keep cloud platforms and data safe from different threats. To make a multi-layered defense system, the framework combines a number of important parts, such as encryption methods, access control systems, and intruder detection systems. Strong encryption methods, like AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman), are at the heart of the system. They protect the privacy and security of data. Strong key management techniques go along with these methods to keep encryption keys safe and stop people from getting in without permission. Based on the principle of least privilege, access control methods are very important for making sure that only the right people can use resources. Tough access rules are put in place with role-based access control (RBAC) and attribute-based access control (ABAC). In addition, the framework has an intrusion detection system (IDS) that constantly checks cloud settings for any strange activity. Machine learning techniques are used by the IDS to find and stop possible threats in real time. This security strategy covers all aspects of protecting cloud computing settings and adapts to the changing nature of cyber dangers. By using this framework, businesses can make their cloud systems safer and keep private data safe from threats and people who aren't supposed to see it.

The physiological role of thiol-based redox sensors in plant defense signaling.

Plants have developed multilayered defense strategies to adapt and acclimate to the kaleidoscopic environmental changes that rapidly produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce redox changes. Thiol-based redox sensors containing the redox-sensitive cysteine residues act as the central machinery in plant defense signaling. Here, we review recent research on thiol-based redox sensors in plants, which perceive the changes in intracellular H2 O2 levels and activate specific downstream defense signaling. The review mainly focuses on the molecular mechanism of how the thiol sensors recognize internal/external stresses and respond to them by demonstrating several instances, such as cold-, drought-, salinity-, and pathogen-resistant signaling pathways. Also, we introduce another novel complex system of thiol-based redox sensors operating through the liquid-liquid phase separation.

Defense Strategy In Dealing With Threats Of National Security

The national defense strategy is to prevent, deter and overcome threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation and state in various forms by developing capabilities as the main component in the form of ready reinforcements and reserves so that they have high preparedness and immediate response. Indonesia's national defense is not carried out solely by military means, but is carried out based on three main pillars, namely the use of defense force, international cooperation and the development of defense forces even though Indonesia's national defense strategy does not adhere to the development of defense force facts. The purpose of this study is to determine the strength of the country's defense through the Indonesian National Armed Forces with the readiness of military operations other than war in the face of non-military threats. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a literature study followed by data presentation, reduction and conclusion. The result of this research is that the state defense is carried out with several efforts such as forming a reserve component, establishing a universal people's security defense system, preparing an active defensive defense, and preparing a multi-layered defense.

Pantoea conspicua promoted sunflower growth and engulfed rhizospheric arsenate by secreting exopolysaccharide

A rhizobacterium, Pantoea conspicua, was examined against sunflower seedlings' growth under arsenate stress. Sunflower upon exposure to arsenate resulted in compromised growth that might be due to the accumulation of higher concentrations of arsenate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in seedlings' tissues. The deposited arsenate led to oxidative damage and electrolyte leakage, making the sunflower seedlings vulnerable to compromise its growth and development. However, inoculation of sunflower seedlings with P. conspicua alleviated arsenate stress in host by initiating a multilayered defence mechanism. In fact, P. conspicua filtered out 75.1% of the arsenate from growth medium that were available to the plant roots in the absence of the said strain. To accomplish such activity, P. conspicua secreted exopolysaccharides as well as altered lignification in host roots. The arsenate (24.9%) that made its way to plant tissues was countered by helping the host seedlings to produce higher levels of indole acetic acid, non enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics and flavonoids) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, ascorbte peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase). As a result, ROS accumulation and electrolyte leakage were brought back to normal levels as observed in control seedlings. Hence, the rhizobacterium associated host seedlings achieved higher net assimilation (127.7%) and relative growth rate (113.5%) under 100 ppm of arsenate stress. The work concluded that P. conspicua alleviated arsenate stress in the host plants by imposing physical barrier as well as improving host seedlings’ physiology and biochemistry.

Ideal trajectory generation method of missile formation based on Gaussian pseudo-spectrum method

With the increasingly complex combat environment and the diversity of combat tasks, important military targets are surrounded by multi-layer defense. Modern information warfare pays more attention to system confrontation and multi-system cooperative operations,and missile formation to attack targets is the main research content of this paper. For missile wing ideal trajectory generation problems, ensure the attack Angle of time and meet the design requirements, Gaussian pseudo-spectral method is used to generate guarantee missile attacks within the specified time shot on target, at the same time meet the attack Angle constraint at the end of the ideal trajectory, the more missiles cooperative engagement problems into the ideal trajectory tracking problem, avoid the estimate of the remaining time of flight.The main contents of this paper are as follows:(1) Gaussian pseudo-spectral method is used to generate the ideal trajectory model.(2)Use Matlab to simulate the established model.

Breaking Boundaries: The Perpetual Interplay Between Tobamoviruses and Plant Immunity.

Plant viruses of the genus Tobamovirus cause significant economic losses in various crops. The emergence of new tobamoviruses such as the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) poses a major threat to global agriculture. Upon infection, plants mount a complex immune response to restrict virus replication and spread, involving a multilayered defense system that includes defense hormones, RNA silencing, and immune receptors. To counter these defenses, tobamoviruses have evolved various strategies to evade or suppress the different immune pathways. Understanding the interactions between tobamoviruses and the plant immune pathways is crucial for the development of effective control measures and genetic resistance to these viruses. In this review, we discuss past and current knowledge of the intricate relationship between tobamoviruses and host immunity. We use this knowledge to understand the emergence of ToBRFV and discuss potential approaches for the development of new resistance strategies to cope with emerging tobamoviruses.

Conclusions from the use of aviation in the first half of the first year of the Ukrainian-Russian war

The aim of the article is to suggest a desirable direction in which the Polish air force, and indeed the air forces of other NATO countries, should develop so that they are better prepared for the challenges identified in the conflict in Ukraine so far. In order to achieve the aim of the research and answer the formulated research question, the collection and qualitative analysis of texts and documents, observation and interviewing took place. In order to have the ability to deter and gain air superiority during a defensive operation, the Polish air force, and air forces of other NATO countries, should have a large resource of fighter, multi-role, and fighter-bomber aircraft. An object-oriented multi-layer air defence of every military airfield needs to be organised and certain roads reconstructed as runways in the event of war. In turn, helicopter aviation units should be able to organise forward arming and refuelling points for helicopters to effectively support land forces. Attack helicopters should also have integrated fire systems that allow them to attack from a distance beyond the range of man-portable air-defence systems. All warplanes should be equipped with proven and modern systems of active and passive self-defence to make them less susceptible to enemy influence. To sum up, in light of the war in Ukraine, the article explains what aviation equipment is necessary and what actions should be taken to increase both Polish air force’s ability and other NATO air forces’ ability to perform tasks during wartime.

Pathogenesis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infections in chronic suppurative lung disease.

The respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system is a multilayered defense mechanism that relies upon mucociliary clearance and components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems to protect the lungs from inhaled or aspirated microorganisms. One of these potential pathogens, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), adopts several, multifaceted redundant strategies to successfully colonize the lower airways and establish a persistent infection. NTHi can impair mucociliary clearance, express multiple multifunctional adhesins for various cell types within the respiratory tract and evade host defenses by surviving within and between cells, forming biofilms, increasing antigenic drift, secreting proteases and antioxidants, and by host-pathogen cross-talk, impair macrophage and neutrophil function. NTHi is recognized as an important pathogen in several chronic lower respiratory disorders, such as protracted bacterial bronchitis, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. The persistence of NTHi in human airways, including its capacity to form biofilms, results in chronic infection and inflammation, which can ultimately injure airway wall structures. The complex nature of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms employed by NTHi is incompletely understood but improved understanding of its pathobiology will be important for developing effective therapies and vaccines, especially given the marked genetic heterogeneity of NTHi and its possession of phase-variable genes. Currently, no vaccine candidates are ready for large phase III clinical trials.

Database Security

Abstract: Database security is a crucial factor in safeguarding sensitive data in today's information-centric world. As organizations increasingly rely on databases for storing and managing vast volumes of data, ensuring the security of databases has become a top priority. This paper proposes a methodology for enhancing database security by addressing identified challenges and attacks. The methodology involves various steps, including identifying and assessing potential threats, evaluating existing security measures, implementing multi-layered defense, enforcing the principle of least privilege, regularly updating and patching DBMS, conducting regular security audits, providing user awareness training, implementing data encryption, monitoring and logging database activities, developing an incident response plan, staying updated with the latest research and best practices, and continuously improving security measures. By following this methodology, organizations can effectively enhance the security of their databases and safeguard critical data from potential attacks and breaches. Emphasis is placed on regular review and updates to security measures to proactively address evolving threats and ensure continuous protection of sensitive data.

Acylsugar-mediated resistance as part of a multilayered defense against thrips, orthotospoviruses, and beyond.

Resistant varieties are critical tools for crop production, and single-resistance genes providing strong protection against pests or pathogens are deployed in agriculture. Durability of these traits is threatened by emergence of resistance-breaking pests and pathogens. This review focuses on acylsugar-mediated resistance in tomato. Wild tomatoes have type-IV trichomes that exude chemically complex mixtures of acylsugars altering behavior and suppressing multiple pest species, and with thrips and whiteflies (WF), suppressing virus transmission, for example, Tomatospotted wilt orthotospovirusand Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, respectively. Marker-assisted selection and bioassays led to development of advanced cultivated tomato breeding lines rich in acylsugarvariations, allowing acylsugar-mediated resistance to be combined with other resistance traits providing a layered defense system that reduces pest populations and virus disease prevalence. This strategy also holds promise for enhancing durability of virus resistance genes by reducing the intensity of selection for resistance-breaking variants.

Role of mucociliary clearance system in respiratory diseases.

Mucociliary clearance system is the primary innate defense mechanism of the lung. It plays a vital role in protecting airways from microbes and irritants infection. Mucociliary clearance system, which is mediated by the actions of airway and submucosal gland epithelial cells, plays a critical role in a multilayered defense system via secreting fluids, electrolytes, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory proteins, and mucus onto airway surfaces. Changes in environment, drugs or diseases can lead to mucus overproduction and cilia dysfunction, which in turn decrease the rate of mucociliary clearance and enhance mucus gathering. The dysfunction of mucociliary clearance system often occurs in several respiratory diseases, such as primary ciliary dysfunction, cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are characterized by goblet cell metaplasia, submucosal gland cell hypertrophy, mucus hypersecretion, cilia adhesion, lodging and loss, and airway obstruction.

IEEE P2668-Compliant Multi-Layer IoT-DDoS Defense System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been attracting people to its capability to deal with smart applications. However, with the development of IoT, there are more attacks to threaten IoT systems. Especially, the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack can lead to mighty destruction to IoT servers, causing the whole IoT network to be out-of-service. Hitherto, given the lack of a common standard for defining the IoT-driven DDoS (IoT-DDoS) attack, the DDoS defense system for IoT is developed without accurate guidance. Additionally, defense against multi-layer IoT-DDoS attacks is rarely covered by previous works. To address these issues, a deep reinforcement learning-based multi-layer IoT-DDoS defense system (DRL-MLDS) is proposed with the reward metrics in compliance with IEEE P2668 – the first of its kind. In addition, to provide a resilient blocking time configuration for false-positive samples, a new power-law-based blocking time mechanism is developed to cooperate with the DRL-MLDS. The outcome reveals that the DRL-MLDS can reach the same accuracy level (i.e., more than 96%) as previous works under single protocol-based IoT DDoS attack, as well as providing around 97% defense accuracy on multi-layer IoT-DDoS attack, which was rarely discussed in previous works. Additionally, by applying the IEEE P2668-compliant reward metrics, the applicability index (ADex) of DRL-MLDS can be improved from 3.2 to 4.4, fulfilling the recommendation of ADex (e.g., <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathbf {&gt;}3.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) toward IoT best practices. The DRL-MLDS can be extended to Metaverse design and applications.

An Insight into Emerging Begomoviruses and their Satellite Complex causing Papaya Leaf Curl Disease.

Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCD) was primarily detected in India and causes major economic damage to agriculture crops grown globally, seriously threatening food security. Begomoviruses are communicated by the vector Bemisia tabaci, and their transmission efficiency and persistence in the vector are the highest, exhibiting the widest host range due to adaptation and evolution. Symptoms induced during PaLCD include leaf curl, leaf yellowing, interveinal chlorosis, and reduced fruit quality and yield. Consequently, plants have evolved several multi-layered defense mechanisms to resist Begomovirus infection and distribution. Subsequently, Begomovirus genomes organise circular ssDNA of size ~2.5-2.7 kb of overlapping viral transcripts and carry six-seven ORFs encoding multifunctional proteins, which are precisely evolved by the viruses to maintain the genome-constraint and develop complex but integrated interactions with a variety of host components to expand and facilitate successful infection cycles, i.e., suppression of host defense strategies. Geographical distribution is continuing to increase due to the advent and evolution of new Begomoviruses, and sweep to new regions is a future scenario. This review summarizes the current information on the biological functions of papaya-infecting Begomoviruses and their encoded proteins in transmission through vectors and modulating host-mediated responses, which may improve our understanding of how to challenge these significant plant viruses by revealing new information on the development of antiviral approaches against Begomoviruses associated with PaLCD.