Multifaceted Techniques Research Articles

Automatic Processing of Bibliometric Data: Newest Literature Analysis Algorithms

Automated processing of bibliometric data has become an integral element in understanding and measuring the impact of scientific research as well as trends in the academic literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare current literature analysis algorithms to identify advances in automated processing of bibliometric data. This study explores the use of the latest algorithms in literature analysis which includes identification of research themes, research network analysis, citation impact evaluation, and development of literature recommendation algorithms. This research exposes innovative applications that utilize the latest technologies in text processing and data analysis to assist researchers, libraries, and information professionals in revealing deep insights from the latest scientific literature. The results of this study illustrate that the automated processing of bibliometric data with the latest algorithms paves the way for a deeper understanding of the development of scientific research, its impact in the scientific community as well as improving bibliometric analysis methods and tools by integrating the latest algorithms, so that scientific research and trends can be identified more accurately and relevantly. The study could use more sophisticated multifaceted techniques to analyze simple productivity measures based on article citations. This research is also able to recognize and describe the development of new science and technology.

Cyber Kill Chain Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are promising multifaceted techniques for addressing the most mundane tasks for greater efficiency and high productivity. Cyber security space is one of the areas that AI is promising to revolutionize. This study will develop a conceptual and theoretical framework to support a research design that can simulate research in understanding how AI can be applied to Cyber Kill Chain phases. This study has reviewed 21 journal and conference articles mostly from IEEE Xplore database. An overview of the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, particularly within the framework of the Cyber Kill Chain was provided in this study. It also emphasizes the limitations of traditional security approaches and the necessity for innovative and intelligent defense methodologies. The results of reviewing the relevant literatures discovered that the key components of cybersecurity, includes identity, asset management, automated configuration management, security control validation, governance, risk assessment, and vulnerability identification. A theoretical framework was developed which introduces the Cyber Kill Chain model with a Unified Kill Chain model to address its shortcomings. Application of AI in cybersecurity offers an optimistic solutions to address the evolving threat landscape. AI techniques, such as machine learning, anomaly detection, and behavioural analysis, have shown great potential in enhancing various aspects of cybersecurity. However, challenges related to data quality, adversarial attacks, and privacy concerns need to be addressed for successful implementation. Further research and development are crucial to fully harness the power of AI in cybersecurity and stay ahead of evolving cyber threats.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FORMING THE ARCHITECTURE OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article presents the results of the author's research on implementing the main principles of the architectural formation of non-formal education institutions (NFEI). A scheme of their interconnection and implementation at three levels (environment, object and element) has also been presented.
 The formulation of each principle and the necessary clarifications regarding their operation both in the field of architecture and in related fields have been provided in the article. These principles are the principle of systemic transformations, the principle of differentiated openness, the principle of typological and functional flexibility, the principle of concentration and branching, the principle of functional planning adaptability and variability, and the principle of functional accessibility. A scheme for the implementation of those main principles of the formation of NFEI architecture at the environment, object and element levels has been created. It was revealed that the principle of system transformation (system input) is closely related to analytics and strategy for the formation of the architecture of such institutions, and shows itself in the area of principled decision-making and operates at the environmental level which is under the influence of external factors. The principle of systemic transformations (systemic input) sets into action others that, when implemented, produce a certain architectural product that affects both the subsystems of non-formal education and the changing society as a whole (systemic output). Such a process is delayed in time and illustrates constant dynamic changes in the social, educational and architectural and construction sectors, as components of the system. The functional and structural justification lies in the zone of formation of NFEI concepts, it is here that place and time for taking decisions about "cooperation" or "in-depth specialization", such decisions are made both at the level of the environment and at the level of the object. The adaptability of such institutions is a powerful component of both the analytics and the practice of forming the architecture of the NFEI, which is analytically considered in the article using a strategic SWOT analysis. The main design methods and solutions are in the area of material realization of the NFEI architecture formation. The main principles are implemented thanks to such decisions and are a system output that affects the principle of system transformations but is delayed in time. Therefore, the theory of the formation of non-formal education institutions architecture consists in the implementation of the above-mentioned basic principles with the help of multi-faceted techniques, which should be optimally applied for each situation at the level of the element, the object and the environment. Clear consecutive algorithms currently do not exist, because a lot of positions depend on the actual design task. That is why the typological approach to the formation of the architecture of non-formal education institutions as separate types of buildings is currently ineffective and does not work. But the methodical approaches that were outlined above in the modern world could help to provide certain mechanisms and practical approaches that will allow the creation of architectural objects for new types of educational institutions.

Circuit Techniques for High Efficiency Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting.

This brief presents a tutorial on multifaceted techniques for high efficiency piezoelectric energy harvesting. For the purpose of helping design piezoelectric energy harvesting system according to different application scenarios, we summarize and discuss the recent design trends and challenges. We divide the design focus into the following three categories, namely, (1) AC-DC rectifiers, (2) CP compensation circuits, (3) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuits. The features, problems encountered, and suitable systems of various AC-DC rectifier topologies are introduced and compared. The important role of non-linear methods for piezoelectric energy harvesting is illustrated from the perspective of impedance matching. Energy extraction techniques and voltage flipping techniques based on inductors, capacitors, and hybrid structures are analyzed. MPPT techniques with different features and targets are discussed.

Abstract WP40: Improving Novices Stroke Nurses’ Education To Improve Patient Outcomes

Problem: Stroke care is a lifelong chronic disease process that is constantly evolving for patients and the hospitals that care for them. Today's evidence-based care of stroke patients is time-sensitive and time-intensive for the registered nurse (RN). With the growing incidence of stroke, there is an emerging need for nurses’ education and timely bedside assessment. Eighty percent of strokes are preventable through risk factor management, and twenty percent of stroke patients will have a recurrence. Nurses are primarily responsible for providing this education. However, new stroke nurses in the Emergency Room or on the stroke unit may not have this foundation of knowledge or know the current evidence-based practice, which is often not taught in school. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate nursing knowledge and performance at baseline, post education intervention, and again two months after implementation to determine if providing several different education techniques improves knowledge, performance, and retention during a quality improvement project. EBP Questions: RQ1: Is there a significant difference between stroke knowledge test scores before, immediately after, and two months after receiving an evidence based educational intervention. • RQ2: Is there a significant difference in stroke code simulation scores before, immediately after, and two months after receiving an evidence based educational intervention. • RQ3: Is there a correlation between nurse’s stroke code simulation scores at two months and their years of experience as a nurse? Methods: A quasi-experimental design will be used to compare the knowledge novice stroke nurses at baseline. Again, after a four-hour lecture. Finally, after simulation they will again be tested for knowledge. Outcome: The expected outcome is that staff knowledge will increase with each simulation. As the nurses continue to learn and practice, they should increase awareness of stroke signs and symptoms for patients arriving in the emergency room through triage or EMS. Significance: This study will contribute to evidence-based research to determine if multi-faceted education techniques are best when training novice nurses to new time sensitive processes in this critical access hospitals.

Characterization of Aggregated Antibody-Silicone Oil Complexes: From Perspectives of Morphology, 3D Image, and Fcγ Receptor Activation.

Pre-filled syringes (PFS) have been in widespread use as an administration device for therapeutic antibodies in recent decades. Generally, the inner barrel and syringe of PFS are coated with silicone oil (SO) for lubrication. Multiple studies have focused on the fact that the SO adsorbs denatured antibody molecules, and induces antibody aggregation. Aggregated antibodies are recognized as a potential risk for evoking immunogenic responses in patients. The characteristics of the aggregated antibody-SO complexes, including their concentration, population, shape, three-dimensional (3D) image, and Fcγ Receptors (FcγRs) activation have been obscurely acknowledged so far. In the present work, we prepared aggregated antibody-SO complexes by agitation and analyzed using multifaceted techniques such as flow imaging, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and cell-based assays for FcγRs activation. The results emphasized that the SO accelerates the increase in sub-visible particles and antibody aggregation. The confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed the high-resolution 3D images of aggregated antibody-SO complexes. The FcγRs reporter cell assay clarified that the pre-mixed and agitated Ab+SO have higher FcγRs activation capability compared to the agitated Ab. Overall, this study advances the view that SO has an effect to increase the risk of agitation-induced aggregated antibody particles.

Traffic Prediction Using Multifaceted Techniques: A Survey

Road transportation is the largest and complex nonlinear entity of the traffic management system. Accurate prediction of traffic-related information is necessary for an effective functioning of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It is still a challenge for the departments of transportation to choose an appropriate prediction technique for the ITS applications. That is, a user must be able to utilize the disseminated information effectively by the forecasting models. This paper provides a detailed survey of the latest forecasting technologies and contributes to understand the key concept behind the prediction approaches. To provide guidelines to the decision-maker, this paper reviews multifaceted techniques developed by various authors for traffic prediction. We start classifying each technique into four categories namely, Machine Learning (ML), Computational Intelligence (CI), Deep Learning (DL), and hybrid algorithms. Many have conducted survey using model-driven or data-driven methods. We are the first to explore the area of traffic prediction based on the advances in multifaceted techniques proposing algorithmic approaches for key traffic characteristics in the forecasting process. The role of dependent factors in the prediction are analyzed thoroughly. We have analyzed each algorithm chronologically based on various traffic traits. The approaches are summarized based on the rational usage and performance of each technique. The analysis led to several research queries, and the appropriate responses are provided based on our detail survey. Finally, it is confirmed that currently, CI-MLs and DL hybrid techniques outperforms the rest in the field of traffic prediction. Ultimately suggested open challenges and future direction to explore the capability of DL and hybrid techniques further in the field of traffic prediction.

Hearing damage caused by noise in classical musicians

In this paper we discuss the issue of hearing damage caused by noise in classical musicians. Long-term exposure to high intensity sounds leads to degenerative changes at the level of the cochlea and then in the higher parts of the auditory canal. This is particularly unfavorable for musicians, because an efficient hearing organ is necessary for them to perform their daily work. The risk of hearing damage depends on noise parameters and intrinsic factors called individual noise sensitivity. Not all musicians are exposed to sounds that exceed the acceptable level. However, most of them work in noise levels that are close to the acceptable safety limit or above, thus posing a threat. In addition to elevated hearing threshold, tinnitus, auditory hypersensitivity and diploacousis may result from many years of exposure to high intensity acoustic stimuli. Although the differences between the hearing thresholds for instrumentalists and members of the unexposed population are not large, researchers emphasize the need to recognize musicians as a risk group and to apply appropriate prevention. One of the methods to prevent hearing damage is to use ear protectors, which, although effectively reduce exposure, are not widely used by instrumentalists because they impede auditory control over the sounds produced by the instrument. In addition, multifaceted prevention programs and various techniques to minimize exposure are used, such as the proper placement of loud instruments in an orchestra.

ROLA REFLEKSJI W PRZYGOTOWANIU UCZNIA DO KOMUNIKACJI MIĘDZYKULTUROWEJ NA LEKCJI JĘZYKA ROSYJSKIEGO

This article attempts to identify measures for teaching and learning a foreign language with focus on the reflective and conscious approach. The objective is to develop appropriate attitudes on the part of learners towards Russia and Russians and thus to prepare them for intercultural communication during lessons of Russian as a second foreign language in school. During these lessons work on student attitudes requires the teacher to use multi-faceted techniques and forms of teaching. Among these, worth mentioning is the use of reflective visualization, comparison of cultures, and conscious emphasis of what is valuable and interesting in others. Techniques, which appeal to the emotions of students, and develop their empathy are used in the context of Russian as a second foreign language in school.

Healthcare Learning Community and Student Retention

Teaching, learning, and retention processes have evolved historically to include multifaceted techniques beyond the traditional lecture. This article presents related results of a study using a healthcare learning community in a southwest Georgia university. The value of novel techniques and tools in promoting student learning and retention remains under review. This study includes a healthcare learning community as a cutting-edge teaching and learning modality. The results of an introspective survey of 22 students in a learning community explore strategies to enhance culturally relevant teaching, learning, and retention. Although learning and retention studies have been conducted at numerous universities, few have included feedback from students in a healthcare learning community. Frequencies from student responses were tabulated using five thematic factors: social support, career knowledge/opportunities, academic support, networking and faculty rapport/relationship building. Of the five theme areas, social support was identified most frequently by students as a means to support their learning and retention in the university setting. An emerging trend in higher education is the formation of learning communities. Learning communities came to the forefront in the late eighties and early nineties (Browne & Minnick, 2005). Learning communities in their most basic form begin with block scheduling that enables students to take courses together. In some cases, learning communities link students by tying two or three courses together (Tinto, 2000). Such was the case with a healthcare learning community at a four-year southwest Georgia university. Three courses were linked together using a healthcare theme. The courses were Healthcare Administration Practicum, Human Resources Management, and Quality Management in Healthcare. Each course was taught by a faculty member in their area of specialty. Two faculty members had a specialty in health administration, and one faculty member had a specialty in human resources management. Each faculty member hoped to resolve a dilemma in the teaching and learning process during the learning community, while promoting student retention. The dilemmas were as follows: to minimize the lecture teaching format and thereby encourage critical thinking among the students; to modify the teaching pace and delivery methods so as to enhance student comprehension; and to successfully transition from industry to academia with positive student responses and adaptation. The learning community was specifically designed to provide healthcare management students with an overview of human resources and quality functions in the healthcare setting. Another goal of the healthcare learning community was to increase interdisciplinary learning by reinforcing communication in all three of the linked courses. To facilitate the activities in the learning community, group sessions were held on a monthly basis for one semester. The group sessions are used to present guest speakers, facilitate group activities, and to obtain feedback from student participants. All members of the healthcare learning community were assigned to a community healthcare agency and a student project team. Each student and project team assisted a local healthcare agency in the resolution of a quality management problem. This article focused on the value of the learning community to support learning and student retention. The healthcare learning community merged varied faculty backgrounds to integrate creative teaching methodologies. As a result of the healthcare learning community, faculty members united to strengthen the students’ writing, critical thinking, professional skills, and adaptation. Due to the networking and interaction between students and faculty, long-term effects of the healthcare learning

Multifaceted Approaches for Controlling Top-of-the-Line Corrosion in Pipelines

Summary This paper reviews the mechanisms of initiation and the prevention of top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC). Practical, multifaceted techniques based on the most recent research and developments will be described and then illustrated with documented sources to arrive at the best practices for control of this significant corrosion manifestation. The rapid expansion of the production of oil and gas from unconventional sources requires the annual construction of thousands of miles of new pipelines, which will experience a bewildering and changing range of conditions that will require the use of new and innovative internal-pipeline-corrosion-protection methods that have been tested in field applications. These new corrosion-protection methods will be needed because of the complex corrosive environment of multiphase- and stratified-flow pipelines (including gathering lines), which is frequently observed in new shale-play production. Conventional corrosion-inhibition methods (continuous or intermittent injection) may not be effective for inhibiting the pipelines because physical contact of the inhibitors is difficult to achieve in multiphase flowing systems at the top of the line (TOL). In addition, the pipelines must be piggable to be cleaned and treated properly, and traditional slug- or continuous-treatment methods have been found to be less than adequate where conditions exist for TLC to occur. Several innovative methods are being developed to provide effective and long-lasting protection to the entire pipeline surface, including the use of pig trains with inhibitor slugs, improved inhibitor chemistries, inhibitors added to gels and foams, and special pigs that provide a 360° spray of inhibitor chemicals. The newer methods will be compared with the older technologies.

IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS ON ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS REPORTING

Spontaneous adverse drug events (ADE) reporting is the main source of data for assessing the risk/benefit of drugs available in the pharmaceutical market. However, its major limitation is underreporting, which hinders and delays the signal detection by Pharmacovigilance (PhV). To identify the techniques of educational intervention (EI) for promotion of PhV by health professionals and to assess their impact. A systematic review was performed in the PUBMED, PAHO, LILACS and EMBASE databases, from November/2011 to January/2012, updated in March/2013. The strategy search included the use of health descriptors and a manual search in the references cited by selected papers. 101 articles were identified, of which 16 met the inclusion criteria. Most of these studies (10) were conducted in European hospitals and physicians were the health professionals subjected to most EI (12), these studies lasted from one month to two years. EI with multifaceted techniques raised the absolute number, the rate of reporting related to adverse drug reactions (ADR), technical defects of health technologies, and also promoted an improvement in the quality of reports, since there was increased reporting of ADR classified as serious, unexpected, related to new drugs and with high degree of causality. Multifaceted educational interventions for multidisciplinary health teams working at all healthcare levels, with sufficient duration to reach all professionals who act in the institution, including issues related to medication errors and therapeutic ineffectiveness, must be validated, with the aim of standardizing the Good Practice of PhV and improve drug safety indicators.

Complex Knee Ligament Surgery: Editorial Comment

Over the past 30 years, knee ligament reconstruction has evolved as much as any other within the field of orthopaedic surgery. While, primary ACL reconstruction is now a common procedure, with approximately 100,000 performed per year in the United States, this symposium is intended to examine knee ligament surgery beyond primary ACL reconstruction. Complex knee ligament surgery is varied and challenging, ranging from new multifaceted techniques for ACL reconstruction to complicated multiligament surgery involving reconstruction of all four ligaments (and ligament complexes). Stabilization with external fixation and nerve reconstruction may be required to deal with the sequelae of complex knee ligament injuries. This symposium addresses all of these areas. While primary ACL reconstruction may be considered routine for an experienced knee ligament surgeon, double-bundle ACL reconstruction has been proposed by some as the preferred method. The method remains controversial, particularly in view of its increased complexity compared with single-bundle surgery. One of the studies presented in this symposium explores the issue of early failure in double-bundle reconstructions compared with single-bundle reconstructions. Many patients who have failed ACL reconstruction elect to undergo revision surgery. Revision ACL reconstruction can be challenging and requires broader expertise than primary surgery. In some patients undergoing revision ACL reconstruction, medial or lateral side reconstructions may be appropriate. PCL injuries are less common than ACL injuries but can be more challenging to treat. They are often associated with medial and/or lateral side injuries, as well as ACL injuries. Several papers in this symposium address the biomechanics, evaluation, treatment, and sequelae of multiligament knee injuries. In view of the complexity of multiligament reconstruction, meticulous preoperative planning, attention to surgical detail, and careful postoperative management are required to ensure restoration of function, particularly in athletes with high demands. We believe the articles in this symposium will help those of us who care for these patients by furthering our knowledge relating to the pre- and postoperative care, as well as the surgical management. I would like to thank the authors who worked hard to prepare and revise their manuscripts to meet the high editorial standards of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. It is my hope that these papers will encourage continued and ongoing study of the management of complex knee ligament problems and that some of these injuries may be eliminated through the use of improved prevention programs in the future (Fig. ​(Fig.11). Fig. 1 Dr. Robert G. Marx is shown.

White Matter Changes: New Perspectives on Imaging, Clinical Aspects, and Intervention

In the last three decades, the development of more sensitive techniques used in the assessment of in vivo brain functioning, such as computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has contributed to identify cerebral changes that are either associated with clinical features (dementia and cognitive impairment) or described in normal subjects [1]. The presence of age-related white matter changes (ARWMCs) is described with the increasing age and the presence of vascular risk factors as the major determinants for these findings [2–4], but also in subjects over 50 years old [5]. The research of the clinical significance of ARWMC has clearly demonstrated the association between the presence of white matter changes and cognitive impairment, behavioural changes, urinary disturbances, and gait difficulties. However, and despite the increasing interest in this field, the interpretation of the data and explanation of these mechanisms are still under discussion. The aim of the current special issue was to explore the heterogeneity of the areas of impact of the ARWMC, by including different and less frequent approaches that allow for a more comprehensive picture. Focused in this general goal, we included a variety of papers ranging from an overview of the pathophysiology, assessment, and clinical manifestations of ARWMC, as well as a complete revision of proposed treatments—illustrated by the review of Y. Y. Xiong and V. Mok—to the proposal of a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as a possible tool on the explanation of the molecular pathology of white matter lesions—presented by M. Ihara and H. Tomimoto. With the same perspective, we included the paper of C. Sierra et al. that presents a nice review about the relation between hypertension and long-standing effect in the cerebral white matter. L. Yang reviewed issues related to brain plasticity and its possible relation to age-related white matter changes, a topic of novel interest. Also of interest is the work of A. Xekardaki et al. that explores the use of diffusion tensor imaging in bipolar disorder. Besides the review papers, 8 original articles were included in this special issue and are grouped in three blocks. The first one tried to focus on the anatomical correlations and clinical features that are related with the presence and progression of white matter changes—cognitive changes (memory), motor dysfunction, late-onset depression, and health-related quality of life. E. T. Schulze et al. provided us with an innovative approach by using multifaceted imaging techniques on the evaluation of brain functional changes during working memory tasks. In a less addressed field of research, M. Viana-Baptista et al. reflected on the importance of frontal white matter lesions for the compromise of motor performance. J. A. Brommelhoff et al. also pointed out that late-onset depression could be a process different from neurodegenerative changes and describe no differences in frontal lobe deep or subcortical white matter between Alzheimer's patients with or without late-onset depression. A. M. Grool et al. discussed the relation between progression of WMC volume and health-related quality as part of the large SMART Study adding data to the existing body of literature on the role of progression of white matter lesions on decline in mental functioning in patients with symptomatic vascular disease. A very interesting paper by V. Rajagopalan et al. reports innovative imaging data in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with predominant upper motor neuron (UMN) signs. A second section, mainly addressed to MRI analysis and measurement of white matter changes, is represented in the paper by S. D. Smart et al., who present the validation of automated WMH segmentation. These authors showed that automated segmentation of the brain provides good to very good estimates of the volume of the affected white matter, which will enable further research into the role of ARWMC in various diseases. Finally, the last block of papers refers to different basic sciences, reflected both on the interesting paper of H. Chen et al. that evidences reductions in fiber tract volumes and loss of axonal neurofilaments, and on the paper by B. D. James et al., that brought surprising findings on genetic precursors of dementia and led us into an open discussion for possible future directions. Sofia Madureira Ana Verdelho Leonardo Pantoni Philip Scheltens

Continuing Medical Education, Continuing Professional Development, and Knowledge Translation: Improving Care of Older Patients by Practicing Physicians

Many community-based internists and family physicians lack familiarity with geriatrics knowledge and best practices, but they face overwhelming fiscal and time barriers to expanding their skills and improving their behavior in the care of older people. Traditional lecture-and-slide-show continuing medical education (CME) programs have been shown to be relatively ineffective in changing this target group's practice. The challenge for geriatrics educators, then, is to devise CME programs that are highly accessible to practicing physicians, that will have an immediate and significant effect on practitioners' behavior, and that are financially viable. Studies of CME have shown that the most effective programs for knowledge translation in these circumstances involve what is known as active-mode learning, which relies on interactive, targeted, and multifaceted techniques. A systematic literature review, supplemented by structured interviews, was performed to inventory active-mode learning techniques for geriatrics knowledge and skills in the United States. Thirteen published articles met the criteria, and leaders of 28 active-mode CME programs were interviewed. This systematic review indicates that there is a substantial experience in geriatrics training for community-based physicians, much of which is unpublished and incompletely evaluated. It appears that the most effective methods to change behaviors involved multiple educational efforts such as written materials or toolkits combined with feedback and strong communication channels between instructors and learners.

From Censorship to Policy: Rethinking Media Content Regulation and Classification

Debates about media content regulation have tended to be dominated by pro-censorship and anti-censorship arguments. This paper argues for a shift in understanding towards a more policy-oriented and empirical approach, which recognises that the field has been characterised not so much by the ‘prohibition model’, but by complex and multifaceted techniques of institutional governance, and less by censorship than by restriction and classification. This has implications for the value of empirical research into the relationship between media representations and audiences. The recent ABA Report on content issues with on-line services is considered in order to show how regulation and classification issues are continuing to be important in the on-line environment, although they are likely to take different forms to the regulation of traditional media of print, film and television.

A review of behavioral procedures to teach motor skills to individuals with severe disabilities

Behavioral procedures are one approach to teaching or improving the fluency of motor skills of individuals with severe disabilities. This article provides a review of behavioral procedures by highlighting antecedents, consequences, and multifaceted techniques. Investigations are reviewed in each area according to (a) replicability of the intervention, (b) experimental control, (c) maintenance, (d) generalization, and (e) social validation. Practitioner implications address selection of reinforcers, reinforcement schedules, and teaching within meaningful routines. Future research recommendations highlight the need for documenting that stimuli are actually reinforcers. Additional research needs emphasize targeting maintenance, generalization, and social validation.