Multidimensional Poverty Approach Research Articles

The Relationship Between Poverty and Violence Against Women: Causality Contrary to Expectations

In this research, a field study and analysis are carried out to test the argument that violence against women can lead to women’s poverty. The theoretical background and applied methodology are referred to as a “multidimensional poverty approach.” The field study was carried out in districts representing the urban part of Antalya province in Türkiye. Findings suggest that key reasons pushing women into poverty stem from the “empowerment and security” dimension. The rate of women experiencing deprivation in the indicators of regional danger and violence; being treated fairly; ethnic, religious, and cultural differences preventing access to public services; excessive criticism; and exposure to violence is quite high.

When Poverty Reduction Meets Democracy: An Investigation into the Use of Different Evaluation Methods for Assessing the Effectiveness of a Social Program

Abstract This paper evaluates the minimum living standard guarantee program (Dibao) in rural China using several methods including the income approach, the multidimensional poverty approach, and a proxy means test approach. We find that the targeting accuracy of the program appears greater the more comprehensive the evaluation method used—but all these methods find low levels of targeting accuracy. Because Dibao fund allocation is largely decided by the villagers, who take a more holistic view in selecting “poor” households than the various evaluation methods, we argue that the low targeting efficacy may be due to the lack of comprehensive evaluation method, as opposed to the low targeting of the program itself. This paper argues that the community-based targeting used by the Dibao program may be a better way to combat poverty in many developing countries, as it requires less administrative capacity and overcomes the difficulties of identifying poor households that qualify for assistance.

Multidimensional Measurement of Poverty Among Employed Women in Antalya

The aim of this study is to identify the poverty levels of “employed women” living in 5 central districts of Antalya and are among the disadvantaged groups with a measurement method that includes social dimensions. Poverty is measured by using the Alkire-Foster (multidimensional poverty index) method rather than monetary indicators such as incomeconsumption expenditure and by taking socioeconomic indicators such as education, health, and the physical structure of the household into account. To put it another way, the multidimensional poverty approach eliminates the deficiencies of monetary poverty measures in explaining welfare. For this purpose, a field study conducted through the face-toface survey method with 400 employed and married women living in Antalya in September 2020 forms the basis for the poverty analysis. 27 indicators representing the dimensions of the socioeconomic structure, employment, income, health, empowerment, social assistance, migration, physical security, and inclusion, without feeling embarrassed, are used in order to reveal the multidimensional poverty of working women. According to the findings of the study, income and employment are the dimensions in which women in Antalya experience the most deprivation. From this perspective, it is clear that income, particularly employment, should be prioritized in order to alleviate women’s poverty in this city. For example, policies aimed at increasing women’s educational attainment (positive discrimination) may make it easier for them to enter the labor market and, as a result, change their standing at work. Furthermore, expanding their economic liberties can help them enhance their socioeconomic level and gain access to better living conditions.

Multidimensional poverty and wellbeing of iban community in East Malaysia

ABSTRACT This study adopted the multidimensional poverty approach as an alternative method of poverty measurement through case study analysis in Song Sarawak, East Malaysia. Using three dimensions of education, health, and living standards, this study found that the Iban community in song is critically deprived in asset indicator and education dimension. However, the community is less deprived in term of health dimension. Therefore, this study proves that additional indicators are necessary to complement the monetary indicator for the poverty measurement. This is important to enhance existing alleviation poverty programmes and provide the necessary assistance for the needy.

Increasing Number of Children and Poverty: A Multidimensional Approach

This study aims at looking at the effects of increasing number of children on poverty. Unlike monetary approaches based on income and consumption expenditures, the multidimensional poverty approach, which includes dimensions such as education, health and environmental factors, can conduct a more accurate analysis based on the deprivation of individuals and households. In other words, determining how a differentiation in household size based on the number of children is reflected in the multidimensional poverty of the household is among the main goals of the study. For this purpose, in light of the data of the head of households based on the 2006 and 2017 data of the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), a multidimensional poverty measurement is carried out for Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) Level-1 regions of Turkey and for the entire country and it is examined whether the increase in the number of children might cause an increase in the household poverty. It can be specified among the findings of the study that the multidimensional poverty is increased with the increased number of children in the households as we move from west to east of Turkey.

Gender Poverty Gap: A Comparative analysis of India and Pakistan

This paper attempts to estimate gender poverty gap in Pakistan using multidimensional poverty approach and compares it with India. Pakistan data have been used to compute multidimensional poverty. Findings of the paper suggest that there is gender poverty gap in Pakistan. Both India and Pakistan are suffering from poverty. Head count poverty is high in both countries but India has managed to lift more people out of multidimensional poverty. The paper recommends to design targeted oriented policies reduce gender poverty.

Multidimensional Deprivation among Children in India and Bangladesh

Multidimensional poverty among children continues to be a serious issue. The paper examines multidimensional deprivation of children in different age groups based on Demographic and Health Survey data from India and Bangladesh. The extent of child poverty has been measured based on multidimensional poverty approach and multidimensional overlapping deprivation approach (MODA). Further, logistic regression has been used to determine the chances of multidimensional deprivation among children in the two age group, i.e. 0 to 5 years and 6 to 17 years, for both India and Bangladesh. It is found that multidimensional poverty among children is higher in Bangladesh than in India in both age groups. Further, the intensity of poverty remains lower among children in the 6 to 17 years age group compared to the 0 to 5 years category in both India and Bangladesh. Logistic regression results indicate that educated and empowered mothers reduce the chances of multidimensional deprivation of children. The results suggest that there is a need to develop child age-centric, region and dimension-specific social policy to reduce multidimensional poverty among children and to protect the child’s rights.

Feminization of multidimensional urban poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa: Evidence from selected countries

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to examine feminization of poverty in urban areas of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). The paper used the Alkire–Foster multidimensional poverty approach and compared the wellbeing of female‐headed households with their male‐headed counterparts. The study utilized data compiled from demographic and health surveys of selected SSA countries, namely, Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Tanzania. It applied a multilevel mixed effect logistic regression model to analyze the effects of household‐ and country‐level variables on the incidence of multidimensional poverty on the two household structures separately. The study confirmed that female‐headed households were poorer than male‐headed households. Among household‐level variables, having access to finance, a higher level of education completed by the household head, the age of the household head, having a smaller‐sized family, and being employed have a positive and significant effect on multidimensional wellbeing of households. Moreover, expenditures on primary school and health significantly reduce the incidence of multidimensional poverty. The effects of these micro and macro variables are found to be different for the two household structures. Therefore, antipoverty policies and programs should be implemented in such a way that they mitigate these differences in household characteristics in favor of female‐headed households.

Financial crises and the attainment of the SDGs: an adjusted multidimensional poverty approach

This paper analyses the impact of financial crises on the Sustainable Development Goal of eradicating poverty. To do so, we develop an adjusted Multidimensional Poverty Framework (MPF) that includes 15 indicators that span across key poverty aspects related to income, basic needs, health, education and the environment. We then use an econometric model that allows us to examine the impact of financial crises on these indicators in 150 countries over the period 1980–2015. Our analysis produces new estimates on the impact of financial crises on poverty’s multiple social, economic and environmental aspects and equally important captures dynamic linkages between these aspects. Thus, we offer a better understanding of the potential impact of current debt dynamics on Multidimensional Poverty and demonstrate the need to move beyond the boundaries of SDG1, if we are to meet the target of eradicating poverty. Our results indicate that the current financial distress experienced by many low-income countries may reverse the progress that has been made hitherto in reducing poverty. We find that financial crises are associated with an approximately 10% increase of extreme poor in low-income countries. The impact is even stronger in some other poverty aspects. For instance, crises are associated with an average decrease of government spending in education by 17.72% in low-income countries. The dynamic linkages between most of the Multidimensional Poverty indicators, warn of a negative domino effect on a number of SDGs related to poverty, if there is a financial crisis shock. To pre-empt such a domino effect, the specific SDG target 17.4 on attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies plays a key role and requires urgent attention by the international community.

Neighbourhood Relationship among Villages in Gedangan District: Multidimensional Poverty Approach

Poverty becomes one of the global problems especially in developing country. Poverty is condition when people have difficulty to access basic needs and unable access it. This research takes place at Gedangan District, Malang Regency. This research aims are to: i) measure multidimension poverty index and ii) find out neighbourhood relationship among villages in Gedangan District. There are two research methods which are are used: i) Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) – consists of three dimensions (health, education and living standard); and ii) Spatial Data Analysis. MPI value measurement indicates that there are 2 MPI levels: low level (4 villages) and medium level (4 villages). Therefore, based on the MPI measurement, there are 4 villages with medium level of MPI as the priority villages to deal with poverty. The result of LISA map by spatial data analysis indicates that cluster of Low-High is form by Sidodadi village. It means that there are inequality facilities services between low value area and high value area. Sidodadi gets better services than its neighbour because it gets better service from another district, and it is vice versa for the village that have high value but does not get good facility services from Gedangan District.

Do the Poor Really Feel Poor? Comparing Objective Poverty with Subjective Poverty in Pakistan

The current literature on poverty focuses intensively on objective poverty, which is based on household income, household consumption, basic needs, calorie intake or a multidimensional poverty approach. In contrast, this paper researches subjective poverty, which is compared with objective poverty measured by income in Pakistan. Using Pakistan Panel Household Survey 2010 data, where household heads classify themselves on a ten-point-scale from the poorest to the richest, we find that the determinants of subjective poverty (feeling poor) are not limited to household consumption, but include household size, household demographic structure, agriculture land ownership, sanitation facility, physical and food insecurity. In comparison with the overall non-poor, the objective poor and the subjective poor households are determined by different factors. Particularly, for households lying below the subjective poverty line, factors such as education, household size, own residence and physical security have a significant positive impact on the eradication of poverty relative to overall non-poor. In addition, the Spearman Rank test upholds that subjective poverty measure complements the conventional method. Thus, priority should be given to specific targeted determinants, which are more important in the alleviation of poverty, while making and implementing public policy given the limited available resources.

Comparing the Extent and Levels of Child Poverty by the Income and Multidimensional Deprivation Approach in China

Based on the newly published China Family Panel Studies Survey dataset in 2014, this paper estimated and compared the child poverty situations in China by the unidimensional income poverty approach and the multidimensional poverty approach. The Minimum Living Security Standard (MLSS) poverty line produced by the provincial government separately in the urban and rural areas was used to estimate child poverty rate by the income approach. While under the multidimensional deprivation approach, five dimensions with in total twenty deprivation indicators that could reflect the actual living standards were selected to measure the extent of multidimensional poverty among Chinese children. These five dimensions include the dimension of child health, child nutritional status, the dimension of education, child care and protection as well as children’s access to basic facilities at the household level that are vital for children’s survival and development. The results show, there is almost no significant difference in the child income poverty rate between rural and urban areas, whereas the multidimensional poverty rate of rural and urban children has significant disparities as measured using the multidimensional deprivation approach, no matter their performance in the single deprivation indicator or the aggregated deprivation index. The estimated results at the provincial level also indicate that the income approach could not accurately measure the extent and levels of child poverty. The results using the multidimensional poverty measures show that the disparities among children in China existed in a variety of areas including nutritional status, the early educational levels, the extent of care and protection from parents and caregivers, the social protection levels and the deprivation in access to basic facilities at the household level. This indicates that, there’re multiple vulnerabilities and disadvantages faced by poor children in China beyond the household income, which will severely affected children’s development of capabilities. To achieve the goal of minimizing the gaps between poor and non-poor children and helping poor children out of poverty, the government should consider measuring child poverty using the multidimensional deprivation approach and regularly monitoring the extent and levels of child poverty as well as the progress in child poverty reduction. In addition, a comprehensive strategy of social assistance and security should be implemented to help address multiple disadvantages faced by the poor children.

Is Economic Growth Increasing Disparities? A Multidimensional Analysis of Poverty in the Lao PDR between 2003 and 2013

The Asian story of miraculous growth and poverty reduction has reinforced mainstream views of development that equate high and sustained economic growth with progress in human wellbeing. But understanding development only in terms of economic growth is not sufficient. This paper offers a different perspective on possible effects of Laos’s transition from a subsistence-oriented economy to a market-oriented economy. We used a multidimensional poverty approach with panel data for the years between 2003 and 2013. Findings suggest that benefits were not equally distributed: 50 per cent of people moved in and out of poverty, and the other half was either non-poor (37%) or always poor (13%).

How can health systems research reach the worst-off? A conceptual exploration.

BackgroundHealth systems research is increasingly being conducted in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Such research should aim to reduce health disparities between and within countries as a matter of global justice. For such research to do so, ethical guidance that is consistent with egalitarian theories of social justice proposes it ought to (amongst other things) focus on worst-off countries and research populations. Yet who constitutes the worst-off is not well-defined.Methods and ResultsBy applying existing work on disadvantage from political philosophy, the paper demonstrates that (at least) two options exist for how to define the worst-off upon whom equity-oriented health systems research should focus: those who are worst-off in terms of health or those who are systematically disadvantaged. The paper describes in detail how both concepts can be understood and what metrics can be relied upon to identify worst-off countries and research populations at the sub-national level (groups, communities). To demonstrate how each can be used, the paper considers two real-world cases of health systems research and whether their choice of country (Uganda, India) and research population in 2011 would have been classified as amongst the worst-off according to the proposed concepts.ConclusionsThe two proposed concepts can classify different countries and sub-national populations as worst-off. It is recommended that health researchers (or other actors) should use the concept that best reflects their moral commitments—namely, to perform research focused on reducing health inequalities or systematic disadvantage more broadly. If addressing the latter, it is recommended that they rely on the multidimensional poverty approach rather than the income approach to identify worst-off populations.

Multidimensional deprivations in Pakistan: Regional variations and temporal shifts

Abstract The political debate on poverty reduction has become more intense in the developing countries, and the conception of poverty has broadened beyond monetary measures such as income and consumption to include broader socio-economic dimensions of human wellbeing, such as health, education, housing, access to infrastructure and services etc., which together define human freedoms. Multidimensional poverty (MDP) – that encompasses capability failures and social exclusion – is a holistic and more comprehensive yet incomplete concept that has gained currency recently but only with handful applications for policy making. To advance the MDP model further, this study examine the regional variations and temporal shifts of poverty in 26 regions of Pakistan for five time periods, i.e. 1998–99, 2001–02, 2004–05, 2005–06 and 2007–08, using the multidimensional poverty approach based on education, health, and housing facilities. Standard methodological procedure developed by Alkire and Foster (2008) and recognized by UNDP (2010a) was employed. Temporal analysis shows that the MDP was higher in rural areas; declined by 7% in 2007–08 in rural areas compared to 1998–99 but merely by 1% in urban areas. Among the urban regions, Bahawalpur, Malakand, D. I. Khan, Mardan and Makran revealed a significant declining shift of 9%, 11%, 10%, 12% and 9% respectively in 2007–08 compared to 1998–99. Likewise, the rural areas in Faisalabad, Bahawalpur, Malakand, Kohat, Hazara and Sibbi showed a substantial decrease of 8%, 10%, 15%, 13%, 11% and 9% respectively in 2007–8 compared to 1998–99. Notably, Bahawalpur and Malakand showed higher temporal decline in MDP in both urban and rural areas, thereby showing a significant development in the provision of health, education and housing facilities to the people of respective rural–urban areas. However, the trend was inconsistent over time due probably to the haphazard development policies and political instability in the country resulting in higher socioeconomic deprivations. Regional analysis shows that considering both rural and urban areas, Kalat, Makran and Zhob lagged behind and remained among the poorest regions in all periods. Conversely, Karachi and Rawalpindi had least poverty in urban and rural areas. Pakistan's development trajectory is a classic case of economic growth and lagging human development. This study suggests the need for adopting an integrated approach to improve the socio-economic dimensions to meet the international standards of wellbeing such as the 2015 Millennium Development Goals. It further calls for tackling socio-economic deprivations through development interventions including improved schooling, access to technical education, non-farm enterprises, and more robust agriculture sector. Besides contributing to formulate above policy instruments conducive to poverty alleviation, findings of this study will also supplement theoretical and empirical studies on multidimensional poverty in other developing countries of Asia.

Multidimensional poverty approach and development of poverty indicators: the case of Bangladesh

The multidimensionality of poverty is often neglected at the policy-formulation stage in developing countries. As need priorities of local poor vary across countries and within regions of the same country, an understanding of finely tuned poverty indicators should be the starting point in formulating country-specific poverty-reduction strategies. By reviewing cross-country studies and existing poverty literature, this paper demonstrates the construction of a multidimensional poverty model to better inform poverty listing in the case of Bangladesh.

Interrelation Between Livelihood Assets and Poverty in Rural Vietnam

Multi-dimensional poverty approach is currently employed in research worldwide instead of the conventional monetary-based poverty one. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is closely related to multi-dimensional poverty concept in terms of using a complex set of socioeconomic indicators to reflect the accessibility to five livelihood assets of household or individual, that is, the human, social, natural, physical and financial assets. This study aims at exploring interrelations between monetary poverty and other socioeconomic characteristics of rural households in Vietnam relying on livelihood approach and searching relevant socioeconomic indicators for multi-dimensional poverty measurement. Various multivariate analysis methods as Principal Component Analysis, Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis are applied. Data of 6,837 rural households extracted from VHLSS 2008 dataset are used in this study. The results confirm that multi-dimensional poverty of rural household is explained by at least ten dimensions representative of four livelihood assets. Several continuous and categorical variables are extracted as relevant indicators for multi-dimensional poverty measurement. Household classification by multi-dimensional poverty is likely more statistically efficient when homogeneity with group is improved in comparison to basing on expenditure per capita.

Zeit und Einkommensarmut von Freien Berufen und Unternehmern (Time and Income Poverty of Liberal Professions and Entrepreneurs)

It is common sense that (liberal) professions and entrepreneurs (tradesmen) as self-employed are rich by money and, because of their independence and time sovereignty, are rich by time, too. This study tries to shed empirically based light on the issue and the well-being situation of the professions and entrepreneurs in particular by asking not only about income poverty but also about time poverty within the framework of a new interdependent multidimensional poverty approach. Database is the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) for the evaluation of the substitution/trade-off of genuine leisure time and income as well as the German Time Use Surveys (GTUS) 1991/92 and 2001/02 for the actual poverty analyses.Altogether, compared to employees a particular concernment of multidimensional time and income poverty of professions and notably entrepreneurs is identified; a result which is in contrast to common valuation.A remarkable percentage of the not income poor but time poor employees in general, and professions as well as entrepreneurs in particular, is not able to compensate their time deficit by income. These individuals are neglected in the poverty and well-being discussion so far, in the discussion about the “working poor” as well as in the discussion concerning time stress and time pressure in general, and for professions as well as entrepreneurs in particular.

Profiling Child Poverty in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Multidimensional Poverty Approach

Profiling Child Poverty in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on the Multidimensional Poverty Approach

Child Poverty Profile in Four WAEMU Countries: A Comparative Analysis Based on Multidimensional Poverty Approach/Profil De La Pauvreté Infantile Dans Quatre Pays De L’UEMOA: Une Analyse Comparative Basée Sur L’Approche Multidimensionnelle De La Pauvreté (French)

The general objective of this study is, on one hand, to identify and analyse the factors that contribute to child poverty and, other hand, to identify the existence of child welfare inequality and then analyse their sources in four WAEMU countries like: Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea Bissau, Niger and Togo. Basing our methodology on multidimensional poverty approach, the results show that some factors explain the child poverty in these countries: the access to the vitamin A, the quality of iodized salt, the nursing, some vaccinations against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, the measles and the yellow fever on the one hand, and the illnesses like the diarrhoea, the cough, the fever and the respiratory difficulties on the other hand. After that an absolute child poverty line is defined, child poverty headcount has been calculated. The results indicate that child poverty headcount is 19.4% in Togo, 21.1 % in Cote d’Ivoire, 29.0% in Guinea-Bissau and 49.7% in Niger.