Multiband Patterns Research Articles

A miniaturized quad band hexagon patch antenna for GSM1800, C band and WiMAX applications

Abstract In this article, a miniaturized patch antenna using fractal DGS and SRR DMS for GSM1800, C band and WiMAX applications is presented and investigated. Antenna miniaturization and multiband are accomplished by employing a fractal loop on the DGS structure and a split ring resonator slot in the patch. The proposed radiator has a hexagonal shape that operates at 6.8 GHz. To achieve downsize of 20.58, 38.22, 55.14 and 72.75% an antenna is designed using DGS and DMS structures for quad-band application appearing at 1.85, 3.05, 4.2, and 5.4 GHz. Simulated and tested data are investigated. The prototype antenna has adequate advantages, with a simple structure, compact size, multiband, and uniform radiation patterns.

Scalp EEG functional connection and brain network in infants with West syndrome

The common age-dependent West syndrome can be diagnosed accurately by electroencephalogram (EEG), but its pathogenesis and evolution remain unclear. Existing research mainly aims at the study of West seizure markers in time/frequency domain, while less literature uses a graph-theoretic approach to analyze changes among different brain regions. In this paper, the scalp EEG based functional connectivity (including Correlation, Coherence, Time Frequency Cross Mutual Information, Phase-Locking Value, Phase Lag Index, Weighted Phase Lag Index) and network topology parameters (including Clustering coefficient, Feature path length, Global efficiency, and Local efficiency) are comprehensively studied for the prognostic analysis of the West episode cycle. The scalp EEGs of 15 children with clinically diagnosed string spasticity seizures are used for prospective study, where the signal is divided into pre-seizure, seizure, and post-seizure states in 5 typical brain wave rhythm frequency bands (δ (1–4 Hz), θ (4–8 Hz), α (8–13 Hz), β (13–30 Hz), and γ (30–80 Hz)) for functional connectivity analysis. The study shows that recurrent West seizures weaken connections between brain regions responsible for cognition and intelligence, while brain regions responsible for information synergy and visual reception have greater variability in connectivity during seizures. It is observed that the changes inβandγfrequency bands of the multiband brain network connectivity patterns calculated by Corr and WPLI can be preliminarily used as judgment of seizure cycle changes in West syndrome.

A compact multiband dielectric resonator antenna for wireless communications

AbstractA compact multiband rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (RDRA) is proposed in this study for worldwide interoperability for microwave access, wireless local area network, and fifth‐generation applications. The dielectric resonator antenna is fed by a 2‐slot etched coplanar waveguide with a conformal strip feed, a dielectric resonator with a dielectric constant of 37 is used and embedded into the substrate, and a foam substrate is used as a holder. The RDRA exhibits multiband and omnidirectional radiation patterns by generating a monopole mode as well as the typical and modes, which provides impedance bandwidths (|S11| < −10 dB) of 29.0% at the first band, 15.1% at the second band, and 6.2% at the third band. Additionally, the RDRA achieves a maximum total efficiency of 94.4% at 4.8 GHz and an overall total efficiency of 70% at the desired frequency bands.

Application of DNA Machineries for the Barcode Patterned Detection of Genes or Proteins.

The study introduces an analytical platform for the detection of genes or aptamer-ligand complexes by nucleic acid barcode patterns generated by DNA machineries. The DNA machineries consist of nucleic acid scaffolds that include specific recognition sites for the different genes or aptamer-ligand analytes. The binding of the analytes to the scaffolds initiate, in the presence of the nucleotide mixture, a cyclic polymerization/nicking machinery that yields displaced strands of variable lengths. The electrophoretic separation of the resulting strands provides barcode patterns for the specific detection of the different analytes. Mixtures of DNA machineries that yield, upon sensing of different genes (or aptamer ligands), one-, two-, or three-band barcode patterns are described. The combination of nucleic acid scaffolds acting, in the presence of polymerase/nicking enzyme and nucleotide mixture, as DNA machineries, that generate multiband barcode patterns provide an analytical platform for the detection of an individual gene out of many possible genes. The diversity of genes (or other analytes) that can be analyzed by the DNA machineries and the barcode patterned imaging is given by the Pascal's triangle. As a proof-of-concept, the detection of one of six genes, that is, TP53, Werner syndrome, Tay-Sachs normal gene, BRCA1, Tay-Sachs mutant gene, and cystic fibrosis disorder gene by six two-band barcode patterns is demonstrated. The advantages and limitations of the detection of analytes by polymerase/nicking DNA machineries that yield barcode patterns as imaging readout signals are discussed.

Molecular surveillance of Vittaforma-like microsporidia by a small-volume procedure in drinking water source in Taiwan: evidence for diverse and emergent pathogens.

Vittaforma corneae belongs to microsporidia, which include over 1500 species of opportunistic obligate intracellular fungi infecting almost all known animal taxa. Although outbreaks of ocular infections caused by waterborne V. corneae have been reported in recent years, little is known about the occurrence of this pathogen in aquatic environments. In this study, 50 water samples from rivers and reservoirs around Taiwan in two seasons were analyzed to explore the presence of this pathogen in natural aquatic environments. A high detection rate of Vittaforma-like amplicons (94%; 47/50) was observed in the water samples when examined by nested PCR with primer pairs specific to the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. After electrophoresis, many lanes showed multiband patterns with expected molecular weights. After confirmation by DNA sequencing and by sequence alignment in the NCBI database, we identified a variety of Vittaforma-like microsporidia with weak sequence similarity, with approximately 85% identity to V. corneae, thus indicating high diversity of microsporidia in aquatic environments. Phylogenetic analysis showed clear-cut microsporidian clade classification and indicated that the most Vittaforma-like microsporidia in this study belong to clade IV and cluster into four major groups. The first group is similar to the microsporidia associated with ocular microsporidiosis. The second group is associated with the diarrheal pathogens, whereas the third and fourth groups are a novel group and a zoonotic group, respectively. This study provides abundant sequencing information, which will be useful for future molecular biological studies on microsporidia. Because microsporidia are important pathogens of animals and humans, it is urgently necessary to determine via a survey whether there are species with potential threats that have not yet been revealed.

A miniaturized printed monopole antenna loaded with hexagonal complementary split ring resonators for multiband operations

A miniaturized multiband printed monopole antenna is reported using hexagonal complementary split ring resonator (HCSRR) slots. Antenna miniaturization and multiband are accomplished by employing metamaterial inspired structure HCSRR. The proposed antenna consists of three HCSRR slots, it makes the antenna to resonate at 1.62 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 3.3 GHz, and 5.8 GHz frequency bands. The designed antenna structure has a small size of 20 20 1.6 mm3, which is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4. The pass band characteristics of HCSRR are examined in detail for acquiring multiband abilities of the compact antenna, which is evaluated by use of the precise LC equivalent circuit design equations. The metamaterial property of the HCSRR is also studied to validate the resonance frequencies of the proposed antenna. Simulated and tested data are investigated. The prototype antenna has adequate advantages, with a simple structure, compact size, multiband, and uniform radiation patterns.

A self-consistent and time-dependent hybrid blazar emission model

A time-dependent emission model for blazar jets, taking acceleration due to Fermi-I and Fermi-II processes for electrons and protons as well as all relevant radiative processes self-consistently into account, is presented. The presence of highly relativistic protons within the jet extends the simple synchrotron self-Compton case not only in the very high energy radiation of blazars, but also in the X-ray regime, introducing non-linear behaviour in the emitting region of the model by photon-meson production and emerging electron positron pair cascades. We are able to investigate the variability patterns of blazars in terms of our model in all energy bands, thus narrowing down the parameters used. The blazar 1 ES 1011+496 serves as an example of how this model is applied to high frequency peaked BL Lac Objects in the presence of non-thermal protons within the jet. Typical multiband patterns are derived, which are experimentally accessible.

Pirin1 Is a Non-Circadian Regulated Transcript and Protein, but Highly Responsive to Light/Dark Periods in the Seed-to-Seedling Transition in Arabidopsis thaliana

As non-motile organisms, plants must respond to constantly changing environmental conditions through dynamic means. The Arabidopsis thaliana Pirin1 (PRN1) is an enzyme that regulates the UV-screening compound quercetin and exhibits multiple light-dependent mutant phenotypes. However, regulation of the PRN1 gene or protein is not well studied. Herein, we investigated the light regulation of expression of the PRN1 transcript and protein early in development under multiple light conditions (constant darkness, constant white light, 12:12, 16:8, and circadian conditions). PRN1 transcript was more highly expressed in continuous darkness than in continuous light or 16:8 conditions in 7-day seedlings. However, in these identical samples, protein detected by a specific antibody revealed quite different protein band patterns, with larger bands than that observed for in vitro-translated PRN1 alone. In entrainment studies, exploration of 12:12 expression indicated that transcript generally was reduced in “evening” of the photoperiod. PRN1 protein expression revealed multiband patterns, varying over time and light conditions. PRN1 transcript did not display typical diurnal or circadian regulation; protein from the same samples indicated unique patterns in the free-running light versus free-running dark. Purified in vitro-translated PRN1 protein briefly treated with cell extract produced higher molecular mass bands, indicating posttranslational modification. prn1 mutant data indicated that full transcript was not produced, and any protein resulting was likely to be targeted to the proteasome; data indicated that for wild-type (WT) PRN1, the lower molecular weight bands (~36–40 kD) were likely active protein. RNA-seq analysis of 6-day-old dark-grown WT versus prn1 mutant seedlings indicated few significantly altered genes. High sequence conservation of PRN1 among plants indicates that Arabidopsis is a model system to understand its regulation.

Molecular, structural, and phylogenetic characterization of two chlorophyllase isoforms in Pachira macrocarpa

Chlorophyllase (Chlase) was one of first plant enzymes to be characterized biochemically, but its phylogenetic position and tertiary structure remain unknown. In this study, two isoforms of the Chlase gene, PmCLH1 and PmCLH2, were cloned from Pachira macrocarpa (Pm), and they shared 84 % identity in amino acid sequences. An unrooted phylogenetic tree classified 38 selected PmCLH homologous sequences into four clades, and PmCLHs were placed in the same clade as Arabidopsis AtCLH1. Moreover, the recombinant PmCLHs exhibited chlorophyll degradation activity in vitro. Tertiary structure modeling revealed that the catalytic triad of PmCLHs and AtCLHs were located on surface-exposed loops and clustered as a catalytic domain. Expressions of PmCLHs were not transcriptionally active in all tissues, and PmCLH1 and PmCLH2 were more abundant in young and old leaves, respectively. Multi-band patterns were observed in both young and old leaves of P. macrocarpa according to a Western blot analysis, suggesting that posttranslational modification was required for PmCLH maturation. In conclusion, we present the first report on the evolution and tertiary structural modeling of Chlase. We also provide evidence that mRNA and protein levels of PmCLHs are unequally expressed in young and old leaves of P. macrocarpa.

New tetranucleotide STRP markers for detecting the 22q11.2 deletion

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common microdeletion syndrome mainly characterized by hemizygous deletions and congenital heart defect (CHD). By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genotyping of short tandem repeat polymorphic (STRP) markers is a common and powerful means of detecting microdeletion. We have developed five new tetranucleotide repeat markers, 22D_4_1, 22D_4_2, 22D_4_3, 22D_4_4 and D22S873 in the proximal region of 22q11.2 deletion. To ascertain whether these markers could be used reliably in genotyping, we performed genotyping analysis on 200 unrelated individuals from a Chinese Han population and 67 CHD patients and their unaffected parents. Population data showed that the five markers met Hardy-Weinberg expectations and were highly polymorphic. By using the five markers, six of 67 CHD patients were determined to have a deletion within chromosome 22q11.2. Compared with dinucleotide markers, tetranucleotide markers produce weaker stutter bands and have no artificial multiband patterns. PCR amplification results from the five new tetranucleotide STRP markers were unambiguous and easier to interpret in genotyping. This study demonstrated that the five markers were efficient and reliable suggesting that genotyping using tetranucleotide STRP markers is an alterative approach to detect the deletion on chromosome 22q11.2 in clinical diagnosis and for genetic consultation.

A low profile wideband top-loading monopole antenna with a ring-shaped plate

This paper presents a low profile wideband top-loading monopole antenna with ring-shaped plate. The ring-shaped plate is used to enhance the impedance matching and to increase the antenna gain, due to the low radiation resistance in the usable band. That is, an additional ring-shaped plate allows us to obtain multiband and omnidirectional patterns. Moreover, top-loading also allows us to reduce the height of the antenna for a small-size antenna. We experimentally 53.3% (1.6200–2.6867 GHz) bandwidths with VSWR ≤ 2.0. This antenna also obtains a wideband and high-gain characteristics. The proposed antenna can be applied to PCS, DCS, IMT-2000, and WLL. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1458–1460, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21731

Low-stringency single specific primer PCR for identification of Leptospira.

Thirty-five Leptospira serovars from the species Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira borgpetersenii, Leptospira santarosai, Leptospira kirschneri, Leptospira weilii, Leptospira biflexa and Leptospira meyeri were characterized by the low-stringency single specific primer PCR (LSSP-PCR) technique. LSSP-PCR analysis was performed to detect DNA polymorphisms in a 285 bp DNA fragment amplified from genomic DNA with G1 and G2 selected primers. Similar LSSP-PCR profiles were obtained for serovars from the same genomic species, while serovars from non-related species produced distinct multiband patterns. Based on the data from sequence analysis, all genomic fragments amplified with G1 and G2 primers from distinct serovars of Leptospira were 285 bp in length, with nucleotide variation observed most frequently among different genomic species. The simplicity and accuracy of the LSSP-PCR technique were found to be suitable for identification of Leptospira species.

Molecular differentiation of clostridia associated with ‘blown pack’ spoilage of vacuum-packed meats using internal transcribed spacer polymorphism analysis

The 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) polymorphism analysis was assessed for its suitability in rapid discrimination between species of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia associated with ‘blown pack’ spoilage of vacuum-packed meats. DNA isolated from 10 reference and 20 meat strains of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia were used as templates in PCR amplification with primers complementary to conserved regions of the 3′ end of the 16S rRNA and 5′ end of the 23S rRNA genes directly flanking the spacer. The majority of strains showed multi-band ITS patterns when products of spacer amplification were visualised on an agarose gel. With the majority of meat strains, PCR amplification generated single banding pattern for a single clostridial species. However, meat strains of Cl. algidicarnis produced four different ITS banding patterns. With reference strains of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia, variation in spacer length was also observed between nonproteolytic Cl. botulinum type B (17B), E (Beluga) and F (202F). On the other hand, the number and size of the ITS amplification products could not be used for a differentiation of Cl. laramiense ATCC 51254 T from Cl. estertheticum DSM 8809 T, Cl. putrefaciens DSM 1291 T from Cl. algidicarnis NCFB 2931 T, or Cl. frigidicarnis strains from nonproteolytic Cl. botulinum type B (17B). The presence of interstrain, and lack of interspecies, ITS polymorphism observed in the present study with some clostridial species may preclude the use of 16S–23S rDNA spacer amplification for species-level discrimination and identification, respectively, of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia associated with meat spoilage. However, where interstrain, intraspecies heterogeneity of ITS amplification products exists, ITS analysis could be useful for tracing back psychrophilic and psychrotolerant clostridia responsible for meat spoilage to their meat plant sources.

MOLECULAR MARKERS IN TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE

Various classes of DNA markers have been used in several species including human, animals and plants. The two main purposes for applying DNA markers are identification and linkage analysis. This manuscript will describe some classes of DNA markers, discuss their applications and present data obtained from the application of DNA markers to avocado and mango. Three kinds of DNA markers were mostly used: AFLP, Minisatellites and Microsatellites. The polymorphism of AFLP results from the absence or presence of restriction enzyme sites. Mini and microsatellites are based on a Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) and result in a higher level of polymorphism. Minisatellites create multi-band patterns which are quite useful for identification purposes but rather unsuitable for linkage analysis. Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) are single locus markers, quite polymorphic and suitable for linkage analysis but expensive to generate and to genotype. AFLP and minisatellites were used to identify mango cultivars and rootstocks and to assess genetic relatedness between them. Minisatellites were applied to avocado to study genetic relatedness between cultivars and races and to assess the level of heterozygosity. Microsatellites were applied to avocado in order to generate a linkage map and to identify linkages between DNA markers and genes coding for agriculturally important traits.

Arbitrarily primed PCR analysis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae field isolates demonstrates genetic heterogeneity.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia in swine. In this study we performed an arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) analysis, in which low-stringency amplification with a single primer was used, to investigate genetic variability in M. hyopneumoniae strains and field isolates. We performed preliminary experiments to examine the efficacy of 40 different 10-mer oligonucleotides for priming an AP-PCR with M. hyopneumoniae JT (T = type strain) chromosomal DNA. On the basis of our results, we selected primers OPA-3, OPA-17, and OPB-10 for use in an analysis performed with 23 field isolates. The most informative results were obtained with primer OPA-3. A total of 21 of 23 clinical isolates produced multiband patterns with this primer, while 2 isolates failed to produce any detectable bands. Our data show that M. hyopneumoniae is genetically diverse and that M. hyopneumoniae strains can be divided into at least six epidemiological subgroups on the basis of AP-PCR results.

BoLA class I charge heterogeneity reflects the expression of more than two loci.

Internationally recognized allo-antisera in lymphocyte microcytotoxicity assays are thought to detect allelic products of a single highly polymorphic class I locus. A recent report suggested that two bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) class I loci are expressed at the protein level. However, 1D-IEF analysis of BoLA class I molecules reveals multi-band patterns which cannot be reconciled with the reported number of loci. The aim of this study was to investigate the origins of the charge diversity of BoLA class I molecules observed using 1D-IEF. BoLA class I molecules appear to be glycosylated at a single N-linked position with a complex type carbohydrate moiety which has up to three terminal sialic acid residues. Class I molecules immunoprecipitated from resting bovine PBL are not phosphorylated. Neither modification is responsible for the observed charge heterogeneity. Peptide mapping reveals that different BoLA charge variants have distinct digestion patterns. Furthermore, a number of different polypeptides are associated with each serological specificity. These polypeptides appear to be encoded by different loci which exist in linkage disequilibrium. The number of charge variants with different peptide maps indicates that the BoLA system has a minimum of three class I loci expressed at the protein level.

Anomalous behaviour of acidic grapevine peroxidase isoenzymes during preparative isoelectric focusing

Preparative isoelectric focusing of grapevine peroxidases on glycerol-stabilized pH gradients in the RotoforTM cell has been used to purify peroxidase isoenzymes from the spent medium of suspension cultured cells derived from mesocarp tissues of grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell) berries. The results showed that, under steady-state conditions, basic peroxidase isoenzymes focus well while acidic peroxidase isoenzymes show anomalous behaviour during isoelectric focusing, leading to diffuse and/or multiband isoelectric focusing patterns. These results suggest that, although preparative isoelectric focusing in glycerol-stabilized pH gradients using the Rotofor cell may be a powerful tool for isoenzyme purification, the advantages of this technique may be severely hampered by the anomalous behaviour shown by acidic peroxidase isoenzymes during focusing.

Application of Multilocus Molecular Markers in Cattle Breeding. 1. Minisatellites and Microsatellites

The use of DNA fingerprinting for animal breeding requires a large number of independent molecular markers. Most of the currently used DNA probes detect multiband patterns when the probes are hybridized to the bovine genome. However, the number of loci detected by each probe and their level of polymorphism were not reported. This study estimated the usefulness of five multilocus DNA probes for cattle DNA fingerprinting.Three of these probes [S725, R28.1 and GT(12)] hybridized to the same set of loci in the bovine genome, whereas the other two (33.15 and R22.9) detected different loci. Each probe hybridized to 8 to 33 different bands in each individual;apparent diversity was high. Nevertheless,family analyses demonstrated that most of these bands were grouped inseveral large linkage groups. The number of independent loci detected by the five tested probes in cattle was estimated to be between 15 and 27. These results demonstrate that the apparent diversity revealed by a DNA probe in a population can be misleading and that only familyan alyses can determine the actual numberof loci detected by multilocus DNA probes and their polymorphism.

Single primer amplification of avian genomic DNA detects polymorphic LOCI

Abstract DNA amplification reactions using long, non‐random, single oligonucleotide primers with thermostable DNA polymerase and avian genomic DNA generate unique, reproducible multiband patterns of DNA fragments. These DNA fragments are produced from amplification reactions using single primers of at least twenty‐five bases in length which were derived from the chicken αA‐globin gene. The patterns of amplified DNA fragments were polymorphic among individual chickens. Within families, polymorphic band patterns were found to be heritable, as the DNA fragments of progeny were present in at least one of the parents. In a conventional polymerase chain reaction containing a pair of primers, the relative concentrations of the primers can be manipulated to produce either a discrete two primer product or a multiband pattern identical to the single primer products. In addition, the number of bands in the multiband pattern increases as the stringency of the annealing step of the DNA amplification is decreased. The ...

Restriction Site Polymorphism of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Gene Sets in Members of the Genus Bacillus

Hybridization of cloned ribosomal sequences to EcoRI-restricted genomic deoxyribonucleic acids of eight species and strains of the genus Bacillus produced multiband patterns consistent with the presence of 9 to 11 operons per genome. The basic structure of the repeating ribosomal gene set is highly conserved with the exception of one internalEcoRI site located near the abutment region between the 16S and 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid determinants. In each of the Bacillus species studied, there are two abutment regions that differ in size by 0.2 kilobase; the larger region contains genes for isoleucine and alanine transfer ribonucleic acids at one-third the proportion of the smaller region. The occurrence of the EcoRI site in strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis gave rise upon cleavage to 1.2- and 1.4-kilobase abutment families. The absence of the EcoRI site in Bacillus globigii, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens resulted in the emergence of 1.9- and 2.1-kilobase abutment families. Mixtures of the two types of families were not found in the Bacillus genomes studied.