Multi-partner Collaboration Research Articles

An open-source framework for the development, deployment and testing of wind farm control strategies

Recent advances in wind farm control, particularly in wake steering strategies, have attracted significant interest from both academia and industry. Wake steering consists in misaligning an upstream turbine to redirect its wake, mitigating its impact on downstream turbines. Implementing these strategies on real-time systems presents challenges, especially in collaborative research projects, for example because of the handling of confidential operational data and the complexity of deploying source code on proprietary hardware. This paper introduces a MATLAB-based framework designed to facilitate the development, deployment, and testing of wake steering strategies on real-time Bachmann PLC systems. The modular architecture of the framework is designed to address common challenges in research projects, such as model deployment, data confidentiality, adaptability to runtime changes, and more in general for the facilitation of multi-partner collaborations. The framework was used to perform multiple wake steering experiments on two 3.5 MW turbines.

Typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever is an invasive bacterial disease associated with bloodstream infection that causes a high burden of disease in Africa and Asia. Typhoid primarily affects individuals ranging from infants through to young adults. The causative organism, Salmonella enterica subsp. entericaserovar Typhi is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, crossing the intestinal epithelium and disseminating to systemic and intracellular sites, causing an undifferentiated febrile illness. Blood culture remains the practical reference standard for diagnosis of typhoid fever, where culture testing is available, but novel diagnostic modalities are an important priority under investigation. Since 2017, remarkable progress has been made in defining the global burden of both typhoid fever and antimicrobial resistance; in understanding disease pathogenesis and immunological protection through the use of controlled human infection; and in advancing effective vaccination programmes through strategic multipartner collaboration and targeted clinical trials in multiple high-incidence priority settings. This Primer thus offers a timely update of progress and perspective on future priorities for the global scientific community.

Investigation of European Union Horizon 2020 Information and Communication Technology Projects with the Social Network Analysis Method

This study aims to examine the partnerships of the projects accepted in the Horizon 2020 grant support program, which supports innovative Research and Development (R&D) projects of the European Union, using social network analysis according to criteria such as participant countries, the project subjects in which they participate, and the number of funds they receive. Social network analysis can be used in many different areas, as well as in the analysis of collaborations and partnerships. Turkey's partnership has not been examined in detail for such international multi-partner collaborations. While taking advantage of the opportunity to follow the trend of technology by conducting innovative R&D studies with leading organizations in many different strategic fields, the interest and participation rate of Turkey is increasing day by day in such programs, offering opportunities to obtain grant incentives. Examining the network of collaborations established so far in this field can provide various inferences and suggestions for strategic partnerships.

Design and Planning of a Transdisciplinary Investigation into Farmland Pollinators: Rationale, Co-Design, and Lessons Learned

To provide a complete portrayal of the multiple factors negatively impacting insects in agricultural landscapes it is necessary to assess the concurrent incidence, magnitude, and interactions among multiple stressors over substantial biogeographical scales. Trans-national ecological field investigations with wide-ranging stakeholders typically encounter numerous challenges during the design planning stages, not least that the scientific soundness of a spatially replicated study design must account for the substantial geographic and climatic variation among distant sites. ‘PoshBee’ (Pan-European assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of Stressors on the Health of Bees) is a multi-partner transdisciplinary agroecological project established to investigate the suite of stressors typically encountered by pollinating insects in European agricultural landscapes. To do this, PoshBee established a network of 128 study sites across eight European countries and collected over 50 measurements and samples relating to the nutritional, toxicological, pathogenic, and landscape components of the bees’ environment. This paper describes the development process, rationale, and end-result of each aspect of the of the PoshBee field investigation. We describe the main issues and challenges encountered during the design stages and highlight a number of actions or processes that may benefit other multi-partner research consortia planning similar large-scale studies. It was soon identified that in a multi-component study design process, the development of interaction and communication networks involving all collaborators and stakeholders requires considerable time and resources. It was also necessary at each planning stage to be mindful of the needs and objectives of all stakeholders and partners, and further challenges inevitably arose when practical limitations, such as time restrictions and labour constraints, were superimposed upon prototype study designs. To promote clarity for all stakeholders, for each sub-component of the study, there should be a clear record of the rationale and reasoning that outlines how the final design transpired, what compromises were made, and how the requirements of different stakeholders were accomplished. Ultimately, multi-national agroecological field studies such as PoshBee benefit greatly from the involvement of diverse stakeholders and partners, ranging from field ecologists, project managers, policy legislators, mathematical modelers, and farmer organisations. While the execution of the study highlighted the advantages and benefits of large-scale transdisciplinary projects, the long planning period emphasized the need to formally describe a design framework that could facilitate the design process of future multi-partner collaborations.

Big Picture Thinking in Small Pieces: Disentangling the Multi-Partner Collaboration

We study partnership within multi-partner collaborative projects. Multi-partners closely collaborate such as sponsors alliance and loan syndicate for financing big projects. A big challenge is to form a multi-partner collaboration. It involves tough and delicate financial negotiations between partners before ending the financial closing period, incurring huge ex ante transaction costs and deferring the provision of public services to citizens. Our hypotheses are tested by using an original database containing about 1,100 projects across 80 countries and eight different sectors between 2001 to 2019. Our study makes three contributions to research on inter-organizational collaboration. It contributes by extending the unit of analysis from collaboration between firms to collaboration between alliances. Inter-alliance collaborations are not like a dyadic alliance. Our study advances research on multi-partner collaboration by investigating their formation and composition. It also contributes to inter-organizational relationships by analyzing the different aspects of multi-partner roles and functions, exposure to risks, and monitoring ability.

Drug repurposing: a systematic review on root causes, barriers and facilitators

BackgroundRepurposing is a drug development strategy receiving heightened attention after the Food and Drug Administration granted emergency use authorization of several repurposed drugs to treat Covid-19. There remain knowledge gaps on the root causes, facilitators and barriers for repurposing.MethodThis systematic review used controlled vocabulary and free text terms to search ABI/Informa, Academic Search Premier, Business Source Complete, Cochrane Library, EconLit, Google Scholar, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases for the characteristics, reasons and example of companies deprioritizing development of promising drugs and barriers, facilitators and examples of successful re-purposing.ResultsWe identified 11,814 articles, screened 5,976 for relevance, found 437 eligible for full text review, 115 of which were included in full analysis. Most articles (66%, 76/115) discussed why promising drugs are abandoned, with lack of efficacy or superiority to other therapies (n = 59), strategic business reasons (n = 35), safety problems (n = 28), research design decisions (n = 12), the complex nature of a studied disease or drug (n = 7) and regulatory bodies requiring more information (n = 2) among top reasons. Key barriers to repurposing include inadequate resources (n = 42), trial data access and transparency around abandoned compounds (n = 20) and expertise (n = 11). Additional barriers include uncertainty about the value of repurposing (n = 13), liability risks (n = 5) and intellectual property (IP) challenges (n = 26). Facilitators include the ability to form multi-partner collaborations (n = 38), access to compound databases and database screening tools (n = 32), regulatory modifications (n = 5) and tax incentives (n = 2).ConclusionPromising drugs are commonly shelved due to insufficient efficacy or superiority to alternate therapies, poor market prospects, and industry consolidation. Inadequate resources and data access and challenges negotiating IP are key barriers to repurposing reaching its full potential as a core approach in drug development. Multi-partner collaborations and the availability and use of compound databases and tax incentives are key facilitators for repurposing. More research is needed on the current value of repurposing in drug development and how to better facilitate resources to support it, where valuable, especially financial, staffing for out-licensing shelved products, and legal expertise to negotiate IP agreements in multi-partner collaborations.Trial registrationThe protocol was registered on Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/f634k/) as it was not eligible for registration on PROSPERO as the review did not focus on a health-related outcome.

Community-Engaged Teen Pregnancy Prevention: A Needs Assessment.

Teen birth is a contributor to significant challenges, including poverty, foster care, increased medical expenses, and high school dropout. Although teen birth rates have declined, disparities persist by state. Oklahoma's teen birth rate is fifth highest in the nation. Recognizing population-level change is not possible through the work of any single organization, Thrive is the convening leader of a multipartner collaboration called the Central Oklahoma Teen Pregnancy Prevention Collaboration. This collaboration utilizes the Collective Impact framework to bring organizations together to address teen pregnancy. The purpose of this article is to detail the consulting phase of the Collective Impact Community Engagement Toolkit, welcoming feedback from community members regarding programs. Method. Researchers conducted a mixed-methods needs assessment, including interviews and surveys with community-based organization staff, faith members, and caregivers. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and NVIVO 12 Pro. Results. A total of 350 surveys and 25 interviews were included in the analysis. Looking across all three populations, participants wanted to learn most about parent-child communication, communication skills with partners, and sexually transmitted infections/sexually transmitted diseases. Participants wanted topics delivered through educational programs, handouts/brochures, group settings, and websites. Common barriers were needing additional training/information, limited time, and lack of approval/support from others. Conclusions. This community needs assessment provided valuable information regarding needs of community-based organization staff, faith members, and parents related to adolescent sexual health. By including the community in needs assessments and using multiple tools, researchers/practitioners are able to see which strategies are best for gathering rich feedback and planning sustainable programs.

Active bleeding control pilot program in India: Simulation training of the community to stop the bleed and save lives from Road Traffic Injuries

IntroductionRoad Traffic Injuries (RTI) are one of the toughest public health challenges confronting India. An estimated 40% of RTI deaths are due to uncontrolled bleeding. Stopping the bleeding in the first few minutes is crucial for meaningful survival considering the delays between the RTI and definitive trauma care. Our objective was to develop and implement a lay first responder Active Bleeding Control (ABC) program to help RTI victims along two high risk corridors using simulation methodology. MethodsABC is a multi-partner collaboration pilot program with government and non-governmental agencies. Therefore, using EMS and Police geolocation data, two corridors of 50 kms of highway with high risk of RTI were identified in Medchal district (population 2.5 million) near Hyderabad city, India. In depth interviews with 22 potential lay first responders were conducted in 2019 to understand the barriers for helping RTI victims. Simulation training modules were developed using a step-by-step scenario script and a 90-min curriculum including a video. A low cost ‘stop the bleed kit’ was developed and distributed among volunteers. Data collection to capture use cases, barriers and facilitators to program success is ongoing. ResultsAll 22 respondents reported having witnessed many life-threatening RTI in the area, and had no previous knowledge, training or skills in bleeding control. 1005 ABC volunteers have now been simulation trained to stop the bleed. Of these, 162 have self-reported helping RTI victims on the selected highway corridors. The ABC pilot program shows that by training lay first responders to assess and arrest bleeding, passive RTI “by-standers” can be converted into active “try-standers”. ConclusionThe ABC program has the potential to create a much-needed community of trained citizens to help save lives from RTI in India.

Multisector Collaborations and Global Oncology: The Only Way Forward

PURPOSEAt the 12th meeting of AORTIC (African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer) in Maputo, Mozambique, held between November 5 and November 8, 2019, a special workshop was organized to focus on the need for collaboration and coordination between governments and health systems in Africa with academic, industry, association, and other nongovernmental organizations to effect sustainable positive change for the care of patients with cancer.METHODSRepresentatives from seven different projects in Africa presented implementation science and demonstration projects of their to date efforts in cancer system improvement including patient access, South-South partnerships, in-country specialized training, palliative care consortium, treatment outcomes, and focused pathology and diagnostic capacity building. Key partners of the various projects served as moderators and commentators during the session.RESULTSFrom across all the presentations, lessons learned and exemplary evidence of the value of partnerships were gathered and summarized.CONCLUSIONThe concluding synthesis of the presentations determined that with the broad needs across cancer requiring in-depth expertise at each point on a patient’s journey, no single organization can effect change alone. Multipartner collaborations not only should be the norm but should also be coordinated so that efforts are not duplicated and maximum patient access to cancer diagnosis and care is achieved.

Knowledge exchange and the creative industries: A reflective commentary on current practice

This reflective commentary summarizes the key learnings that arose from the 2019/20 Knowledge Exchange and the Creative Industries seminar series. These seminars at the University of Bristol, UK, looked at engagement with research within the creative industries. Each seminar showcased an academic and artistic partnership from across South West England and Wales which resulted in an artistic output that could be classified as ‘immersive’, including, but not limited to, audio storytelling applications, augmented reality games, virtual reality projects, films and theatre productions. Each seminar involved collaborators sharing their experiences and thoughts on best practice, possible styles and potential pitfalls in knowledge exchange projects. My commentary provides an overview of the partnerships, which represent a snapshot of current knowledge exchange practices in the region. I summarize the common trends that emerged throughout the seminars, including methods of initiating a collaboration, the scalability of partnerships between industry and academia, the challenges surrounding process when working on multi-partner collaborations, and questions of ethics and intellectual property. I also reflect upon the processes and learnings that arose from hosting the series, to guide others who are thinking about strategies to encourage collaboration. Overall, the commentary offers a blueprint of considerations for those in both academia and the creative industries who are considering embarking upon knowledge exchange projects. By drawing attention to the lessons learned from a series of successful partnerships, the discussion paves the way for future projects of engaged research within the creative industries.

“Curing the Limbo”: The Challenges of a Multi-Partner Collaboration

“Curing the Limbo”: The Challenges of a Multi-Partner Collaboration

Engineering resilient systems cloud computing architecture (ECCA): a collaborative and secure analysis framework

Design and tradespace analysis of increasingly complex systems often require proprietary models from multiple industrial sources. These multi-partner collaborations require assurances that each company’s intellectual property will remain protected from unauthorized access or disclosure to competitors. In this paper, we present the security risks and considerations for these collaborations, and propose a cloud-based framework to address these concerns. The Engineering Resilient Systems (ERS) Cloud Computing Architecture (ECCA) system enables secure collaboration in the Department of Defense community, providing an infrastructure restricting access to connectable containerized assets: models and simulations, each of which remain isolated and maintained on the owner’s own cloud. ECCA further prevents unauthorized access to sensitive assets and infection by malicious media with an access control system supported by secure gRPC messaging and access agreements. We demonstrate the capability to connect disparate models for a simplified combat simulation and then how the new multi-model scenario enables additional capabilities in tradespace analysis.

16.B. Workshop: Retirement reforms and health in an ageing society: outputs of a multi-partner collaboration

Abstract Although at different paces, life expectancy is increasing in Europe and globally, this impacting on public spending, welfare and pension systems. In an ageing society, to sustain economic growth, reduce public spending and foster the sustainability of pension systems, many countries have recognized the need to increase people employment participation at higher working age. In addition, many nations are implementing large budget reductions to social welfare systems. How will these reforms impact on healthy ageing? It is of concern that the increase in pension age may force subjects with health problems to continue working in jobs characterized by adverse working conditions, which may further deteriorate their health. The workshop will bring together expertise in public health, epidemiology, statistics, policies analysis, economics and quantitative social sciences with topic knowledge on ageing. In particular, we will present the design and outputs of the multi-partner project “Pension reforms and spatial-temporal patterns in healthy ageing: quasi-natural experimental analysis of linked health and pension data”. Aim of the project is to evaluate the impact of labor and retirement-associated determinants on different dimensions of health and wellbeing of elder populations, so as to provide useful evidence to plan, implement and evaluate targeted prevention programmes and welfare policies. The workshop will be structured as follows: we will first set the scene by introducing a conceptual framework on the association between social determinants, working conditions, transition to retirement and health, both in its physical and mental components. The framework has been developed in the context of the project and fueled by retrieving, pooling and critically appraising the most updated evidence from the biomedical and economic literature. We will then provide two original contributions. In the first we will present original Italian national representative data exploring whether retirement and retirement age are associated with changes in health status, sickness absence, caregiving, social engagement, disease incidence or mortality. In the second contribution we will open up to the European level presenting analysis of secondary household panel surveys across 18 EU countries using Surveys on Health, Retirement and Ageing in Europe (SHARE), as well as specific quasi-natural experiment studies of reforms extending pension ages in different countries. At the end, we hope to engage in a fruitful discussion with the audience on the data presented, and to explore on how they can inform critical policy debates about health and economic consequences of pension reforms and potential inequalities at the European and global level. Key messages In an ageing society it is crucial to assess how pension reforms might impact on health. Quasi-natural experimental analysis of linked health and pension data might inform policy.

Temporal Dynamics in Multipartner Coordination: Sequentiality and Simultaneity in R&D Projects

Prior research has suggested that collaborating with multiple partners promises better innovation performance. However, multi-partner collaborations also bring additional management challenges stem...

Medicinal Mushrooms as Part of the "Third Mission" Activities of Univesities - A Science to Business Initiative Related to Mycotherapy.

In Italy, the National Agency for the Evaluation of the University System and Research (ANVUR) carries out a systematic evaluation of the "Third Mission" activities of universities and research bodies. In this perspective, universities already engaged in research on medicinal mushrooms and on their potential applications in the industrial sector set the frame for collaboration with large, well-reputed private companies. In Italy, one of the major problems of mycotherapy is related to lack of certification and the dubious origin/identity of mushroom extracts used by the industry. Hence, products deriving from medicinal mushrooms that are in trade do not often meet the required quality criteria. In this paper, a multipartner collaboration is presented, which aims at the bottom to top development of nutraceutical products from Pleurotus mushrooms in agreement to science-to-business (S2B) marketing.

A new approach to gathering pharmaceutical market data to support policy implementation and access to medicines: as demonstrated by malaria medicines in Zambia

BackgroundThe steady supply of quality, affordable medicines is a pillar of a functioning health system. In addition to the public sector, the private, mission and not-for-profit sectors often serve a large part of the population in Africa. However, while there is generally systematic recording of public sector supply of medicines, detailed, systematic and reliable national market data including these non-public sectors are not commonly available in most countries in Africa. Understanding the total market is a missing part of the access puzzle: without this information, policy makers and health practitioners are not able to fully measure the impact of interventions, measure access to effective products, or fully evaluate the rational use of medicines. This article reports on a unique innovation which provides routine, national-level data on the total pharmaceuticals market, through a system which can be replicated elsewhere. It demonstrates how national-level market data contribute to the evidence base for policies on access to essential medicines, using the Zambian anti-malarial medicines market as a case study.MethodsA new, routine national database on pharmaceutical market size and structure was established through a multi-partner collaboration. Information was extracted from import authorizations and allows for information on local manufacture. Data included value and volume of products as well as pack details, manufacturer and importer. The system was continually updated: data for this analysis were extracted for 6 years: 2009–2014 inclusive. Data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and validated against other sources including donor procurement data. Analysis included public and private sector markets. The policy relevance was demonstrated through analysis of four aspects of national policies on access and rational use of malaria medicines: (i) volume of product relative to disease burden; (ii) distribution by sector relative to treatment-seeking; (iii) consistency of products with respect to national policy guidelines; (iv) market concentration as a proxy for security of supply.ResultsThe system developed provides the first accurate, systematic data on the breakdown of a national pharmaceutical market in an African context. The total value of the anti-malarials market in Zambia, including all sectors, was USD 5.5–6 million. This included 22 different molecules or combinations, produced by 56 different manufacturers, with 142 different permutations of molecule/manufacturer/strength. Such data provide a complementary mechanism to confirm key trends in malaria treatment and control in Zambia: (i) sufficient supply relative to disease burden, (ii) value and volume of the private/non-profit sector; 29%–2% of market value and 17%–2% of market volume (from 2009 to 2014), (iii) dominance of the 3 molecules recommended in the national treatment guidelines; and (iv) an evidence-base for national discussions on medicines quality, security of supply and rationale use. The system extracts information on all medicines and therefore could be used to analyse other therapeutic classes. Data have been used for several policy purposes, notably by ZAMRA to monitor the quality of products in Zambia, monitoring implementation of WHO Resolutions on artemisinin monotherapy as well as monitoring trends in product choice across sectors.ConclusionRoutine data are important for researchers and policy makers alike. This study shows how medicines data can be systematically gathered at national level—comprising range, volume and value in the public, private and not-for-profit sectors—to monitor more detailed trends in the market and allows triangulation of supply-side data against other sources. This systematic approach can contribute significantly to support access to medicines, monitor treatment and public health policies and create healthy markets. It can be used to monitor changes between therapeutic areas, for example the impact of improved malaria treatment on the use of antibiotics in the context of anti-microbial resistance monitoring. As data contain commercially confidential information, appropriate safeguards should be put in place to balance public health and commercial interests.

In vivo animal studies help achieve international consensus on standards and guidelines for health risk estimates for chronic exposure to low levels of tritium in drinking water

Existing and future nuclear fusion technologies involve the production and use of large quantities of tritium, a highly volatile, but low toxicity beta-emitting isotope of hydrogen. Tritium has received international attention because of public and scientific concerns over its release to the environment and the potential health impact of its internalization. This article provides a brief summary of the current state of knowledge of both the biological and regulatory aspects of tritium exposure; it also explores the gaps in this knowledge and provides recommendations on the best ways forward for improving our understanding of the health effects of low-level exposure to it. Linking health effects specifically to tritium exposure is challenging in epidemiological studies due to high uncertainty in tritium dosimetry and often suboptimal cohort sizes. We therefore argued that limits for tritium in drinking water should be based on evidence derived from controlled in vivo animal tritium toxicity studies that use realistically low levels of tritium. This article presents one such mouse study, undertaken within an international collaboration, and discusses the implications of its main findings, such as the similarity of the biokinetics of tritiated water (HTO) and organically bound tritium (OBT) and the higher biological effectiveness of OBT. This discussion is consistent with the position expressed in this article that in vivo animal tritium toxicity studies carried out within large, multi-partner collaborations allow evaluation of a great variety of health-related endpoints and essential to the development of international consensus on the regulation of tritium levels in the environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:586-594, 2018. © 2018 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.

The RA-MAP Consortium: a working model for academia–industry collaboration

Collaboration can be challenging; nevertheless, the emerging successes of large, multi-partner, multi-national cooperatives and research networks in the biomedical sector have sustained the appetite of academics and industry partners for developing and fostering new research consortia. This model has percolated down to national funding agencies across the globe, leading to funding for projects that aim to realise the true potential of genomic medicine in the 21st century and to reap the rewards of 'big data'. In this Perspectives article, the experiences of the RA-MAP consortium, a group of more than 140 individuals affiliated with 21 academic and industry organizations that are focused on making genomic medicine in rheumatoid arthritis a reality are described. The challenges of multi-partner collaboration in the UK are highlighted and wide-ranging solutions are offered that might benefit large research consortia around the world.

Governance dynamics in multi-partner R&D alliances

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics of contractual and relational mechanisms during different phases of multi-partner R&D alliances. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a longitudinal single case study to gain in-depth understanding of which governance mechanisms are best suited for different phases of alliance collaboration. Applying a retrospective strategy for data collection, three rounds of interviews were conducted with representatives of all partner firms. The data were complemented by documentary analysis of both internal documents and publicly available information. Findings The findings suggest that the use of governance mechanisms in multi-partner alliances depends on the characteristics of alliance phases. Relational governance is most important in the exploration and development phases, while the importance of contractual governance comes to the fore during the development and finalization phases. Despite the predominance of one type of mechanism, the findings support a complementary perspective of governance mechanisms. Research limitations/implications The results of a single case study offer limited generalizability and should thus be treated with caution. More cross-industry, cross-national studies should be conducted to verify the applicability of the findings to other industries, cultures and geographical contexts. Practical implications Managers should be aware that different phases of the alliance life cycle have different control and coordination needs, and should rely on different mechanisms during different phases of the alliance. Originality/value The authors have synthesized insights from various perspectives (transaction cost economics, organization theory, social exchange theory), and developed a multidisciplinary approach to multi-partner collaborations.

Group Dynamics and Interorganizational Relationships: Multipartner Collaborations in Innovation Ecosystems

This paper examines how organizations collaborate with multiple partners, such as when they develop innovative and complex product platforms like smartphones, servers, and MRI machines that rely on technologies developed by organizations in three or more sectors. Research on multipartner alliances often treats them as a collection of independent dyads, neglecting the possibility of third-party influence and interference in dyads that can inhibit innovation. Using a multiple-case, inductive study of six groups, each composed of three organizations engaged in technology and product development in the computer industry, I examine the collaborative forms and processes that organizations use to innovate with multiple partners in groups. Groups that used the collaborative forms of independent parallel dyads or single unified triads generated mistrust and conflict that stemmed from expectations about third-party participation and overlapping roles and thus had low innovation performance and weaker ties. Other groups avoided these problems by using a dynamic collaboration process that I call “group cycling,” in which managers viewed their triad as a small group, decomposed innovative activities into a series of interlinked dyads between different pairs of partners, and managed third-party interests across time. By temporarily restricting participation to pairs, managers chose which ideas, technologies, and resources to incorporate from third parties into single dyads and ensured that the outputs of multiple dyads were combined into a broader innovative whole.