Multi-ethnic Country Research Articles

Proposal of a Socio-Ecological Resilience Integrated Index (SERII) for Colombia, South America (1985–2022)

Colombia is a megadiverse, multiethnic, and multicultural country with a tremendous socio-ecological systems (SESs) diversity, which faces essential challenges arising from human activities, low levels of sustainable economic development, poverty, and social inequality rates, and the persistence of multiple forms of military, political, and social violence. Understanding the resilience of this complex system is both fundamental and challenging due to the contradictory effects of economic development and regional ecosystem degradation. This research proposes the Socio-Ecological Resilience Integrated Index (SERII) to assess historical changes in socio-ecological resilience in Colombia’s departments (political-administrative units) between 1985–2022. The SERII considers the trade-offs between ecosystems, social systems, and production systems, providing a complete perspective of integrated management with a geographic resolution at the level of general political-administrative units. The results reveal a spatial variation in the SERII, with worse conditions in the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Colombian Amazon (on the country periphery) and better conditions in departments of the country center. From 1985 to 2022, the SERII experienced a decrease (51.5%), driven by ecosystem degradation, increased extractive activities (illegal and illegal), and the persistence of military, political, and social violence. While the limitations of the proposed indicator are described, the SERII effectively replicates the overall resilience of Colombia’s departments to external shocks and allows for suggesting regional management priorities for the targeted promotion of sustainable development.

The Evolution of Religious Policy in Contemporary Belarus

Abstract Belarus is a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional country, with Orthodoxy and Catholicism as its main religious denominations. There are also smaller communities of Protestant, Jewish and Muslim adherents. The religious policy in contemporary Belarus has undergone a trajectory from gradual liberalization to standardized management, followed by strengthened regulation. Over three decades of iterative revisions and refinements, Belarus has developed a distinctive system and framework for religious governance. Religious affairs are regulated through the establishment of legal mechanisms, the conclusion of cooperation agreements and the provision of organizational guarantees to ensure the citizens’ freedom of belief and the orderly conduct of religious activities. Reasonable religious policies not only guarantee citizens’ religious freedom, but also foster social harmony, cultural diversity and national stability, laying a solid foundation for the nation-building of Belarus. This article focuses on analyzing the characteristics of religious policies during different historical periods in Belarus and their impact on socio-political life, thereby elucidating the intrinsic connections between religious policy and national development, social stability, as well as the implications of religious policy shifts for state governance.

Public Services in Malaysian Museums within an Educational and Multicultural Context

With the advancement of globalization and the concept of cultural diversity, the social role of museums has gradually expanded—from collection and research institutions to cultural platforms that serve the public. As a multi-ethnic, multilingual, and multi-religious country, Malaysia's development of museum public services reflects a unique model of cultural integration. This paper outlines the theoretical foundations of public service and traces the evolution and current practices of Malaysian museums in education, social inclusion, and digital innovation. Two of the case studies which are National Museum and Bank Negara Malaysia Museum and Art Gallery to analyse their achievements and challenges, and to offer strategic recommendations for enhancing the quality of public services. Institutional support will resource allocation, public participation, and technological innovation are important to promoting cultural equity and social cohesion through museums.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A RELIGIOUS CONFESSION IN THE FORMATION OF IRANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY AT THE END OF THE HULAGIDS' RULE

The purpose of the article is to study and investigate the spiritual values ​​in the revival of the individual in the historical periods of the Ilkhanate of the Iranian people. The main focus of this study is to identify similarities in the discourses on the religious identity of the Iranian society and the role of religion in determining the identity of this multi-ethnic country. It was also revealed that religious symbols are in harmony with ethnocultural values, as well as the revival of the system of spiritual values ​​​​of this people. The article presents a historical period in which religion played an important role in the revival and socialization of society, in strengthening its identity. As for Shiism, it becomes clear from the course of the work that the prerequisites for the emergence of this religion were laid at the end of the Ilkhanate period, and historiographies written during the Hulaguids period are also given. And the value of this period lies in the rapid development of the historical process. In general, the results of these studies indicate a positive relationship and coexistence of religious identity with competing values ​​​​(national and ethnic), with the exception of the positive state of religious identity, as well as modern and global identity. In addition, the article also discusses the issues of promoting the concept of religious identity in the era of globalization and the impact of this process on identity in the Republic of Iran. The important point here is that this country has also suffered from the process of globalization, and therefore its religious identity has faced the challenges created by this process. However, with all this, the article discusses the possibilities of protecting the religious identity of our country and preventing a crisis in this area by correctly understanding the process of globalization and applying appropriate and effective measures and policies. This article explains the role of the Shia religion as the basis of national identity under the Ilhaguids and Safavids. The officialization of the Shia religion and the establishment of a national government are the two remaining pillars of national identity, which were completed with the Safavid Revolution. In the mainstream of the development of national identity, Shia Islam played three important roles: it created religious unity in the country, acted as a system that created parallelism and differentiation, maintained independence, created a legal system and nationalism, and legitimized the Safavid government. Thus, the establishment of a national, independent, comprehensive and centralized government in Iran as well as the official Shia religion led to the strengthening and growth of a unified public culture throughout Iran, and these factors laid the foundation for the revival of the national identity of the Iranians. In conclusion, the article discusses the unique function of the Shia religion in the restoration of national identity in the late Safavid period and the Safavid era. These eras include the development of the historiographic process, the mutual influence and impact of the cultures of Iran, China and India on each other, the development of various forms of artistic expression, the spread of the Persian language, the spread of the Shiite and Sufi religions, architecture, etc. (Ahmadi A:2010). To reveal the idea of the Iranian way of life, the works of the Ilkhan era were investigated using a descriptive and analytical method. The results of the study show that the system of historiography of the Hulaguid era played the most important role in the revival and transformation of Iranian existence. Acknowledgement: The article was prepared as part of the implementation of the grant financing project of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan «Early and medieval history, culture of the Turkic world based on new unique materials from the Vatican and Western European countries» (BR24993132).

ETHNIC BUSINESS: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF UNDERSTANDING THE PHENOMENON IN FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC SCIENTIFIC TRADITIONS

The article deals with the analysis of methodological aspects of understanding the phenomenon of ethnic business by foreign and Ukrainian researchers. The factors of relevance of such a statement of the problem are emphasized. Attention is paid to taking into account the following points: awareness of the fact of ethnic diversification of a large number of countries of the contemporary world due to the existence of representatives of various ethnic origins within the framework of one state-territorial formation; intensification of migration movements; formation of socio-cultural spaces in which representatives of certain ethnic groups are concentrated; level of interethnic interaction in multi-ethnic countries; policy of official authorities at the national and local levels; interaction of the foreign-ethnic population (diaspora) of certain countries of residence with countries of origin. The need for an interdisciplinary approach in studying the phenomenon of ethnic business, as well as in the formation of methodological principles of its research, is emphasized. The state of foreign and domestic discourse is presented and it is suggested to pay attention to the fact that improving the methodology for understanding the phenomenon of "ethnic business" will require more active use of new technologies, including those that artificial intelligence can offer.

The Comparison Between Surantiah And Batang Kapeh Dialect

Indonesia is a multi-ethnic country consist of various races religions, ethnic groips, cultures and language, in Minangkabau we can found in every area in Minangkabau, which are called dialects, one of them are the dialect of Surantiah and batang kapeh Dialect. the differences of language in area region in Minangkabau influenced by cultural factors, geographical factors and socials factor, that make language become varied, therefore the the researcher interested to analysis about it and took the research about dialect, the title of this research is the comparison of Minangkabau Dialect between Surantiah and Batang kapeh, aim to describe the differences on phonological (phoneme) and lexical dialects of the language in two regions of Minangkabau, speciallyat Surantiah and Btang kapeh dialect), the method used in this research qualitive descriptive, the technique used is the conversational by telephone calls and listening the informant to get the information about the phoneme that they speak, after that the researcher take note and then used of the data cross-checking technique. In this research a significance change in vocabulary was found, that are phoneme / a / changes into / o /, phoneme / r / changes into / w /, phoneme / r / changes into / y /, , and phoneme / a / changes into / ua / and The uniqueness vocabulary changes.

Developing Community Tourism in Vietnam

Vietnam has a long history of development; a multi-ethnic country with diverse community culture, biodiversity... are advantages and potentials for localities to develop community tourism. On the basis of exploiting and promoting the advantages of natural conditions and indigenous culture, many localities in Vietnam have developed community tourism quite successfully, creating revenue and making important contributions to socio-economic development. This study analyzes the practice of community tourism development in Vietnam, studying the case of Hoa Binh province - a locality with unique, diverse and distinctive landscapes, cultural heritage, ethnic diversity, and typical traditional products. The author builds a theoretical framework with a 3-scale model towards evaluating the practice of community tourism development and analyzing factors affecting the development of community tourism in Hoa Binh province. The survey was conducted with a sample size of N = 240 local government leaders at the commune level and leaders of cultural and tourism organizations in the province. From the research and survey results, the author discusses policy issues for reference and application to Hoa Binh province and many localities in Vietnam.

Cost-effectiveness of ON101 with general wound care for diabetic foot ulcers among patients with type 2 diabetes in Singapore: Analysis of a multi-ethnic country in Asia.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) impose a vast health and economic burden on individuals and healthcare systems globally. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of adding ON101, a novel treatment for accelerating wound healing, to general wound care (GWC) versus GWC alone for DFUs in Singapore, a multi-ethnic country with increasing DFU prevalence in a growing type 2 diabetes population. A Markov model was utilized to estimate the healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over 5 years from a healthcare sector perspective. Model inputs were mainly derived from the Singapore Wound Registry and published literature. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Subgroup analyses stratified by clinically important DFU conditions and scenario analyses were conducted to confirm the study's robustness. Compared to GWC alone, adding ON101 yielded greater QALY gained (i.e., 0.15) and lower healthcare costs (i.e., -US$16237) for patients with DFUs. Remarkable cost-savings from the use of ON101 with GWC were observed for patients with complex DFUs, namely ICERs of -US$161 963, -US$181 726 and -US$199 130 per QALY gained for cases with HbA1c ≥ 9%, ulcer duration >6 months and ulcer size >5 cm2, respectively. Scenario analysis comparing ON101 with GWC to negative pressure wound therapy with GWC yielded an ICER of -US$677 243 per QALY gained. Combining ON101 with GWC versus GWC alone was highly cost-effective for DFUs in Singapore. Also, the economic results for complex DFU cases underscore the value of ON101 in addressing DFU treatment challenges for managing complex cases, offering cost-savings alongside clinical benefits.

Homeland and Ancestor - Social Identity and National Consciousness of Malaysia Chinese

This article discusses how the Chinese who have lived in Malaysia for generations treat their national identity, citizenship, social identity, and explore the various differences between Malaysian Chinese and Chinese in China. Especially the new thoughts differences, and similarities that those Malaysian Chinese who choose to "return" to China to live have developed after coming into contact with Chinese society and culture. Through an interview with a Malaysian Chinese living in Iwu, Chekiang Province, and a systematic analysis of existing academic materials, this article will discuss those differences, including how the identity of "overseas Chinese" differ from "ethnic Chinese", how Chinese living in a multi-ethnic country like Malaysia is different from a single-ethnic country like China, and how the Chinese dialect influences and inherits Chinese national consciousness. Keywords: Chinese Dialect, Malaysia Chinese, Social Identity, Nation-State, National Consciousness

Anthropometric Features of Head and Face in Iran's Multi-Ethnic Workforce: A Framework for Future Studies on Respirator Design and Sizing

Background: Head and facial anthropometric data play a crucial role in designing and properly sizing respirators. Previous anthropometric studies on respirator design have primarily focused on the head and facial dimensions of American and Chinese individuals. However, there is a lack of research for multi-ethnic countries like Iran. We aimed to establish a comprehensive head and facial anthropometric database for Iranian workers. Specifically, we sought to identify differences among gender, age, and ethnicity, as well as determine the predictors that may influence head and facial dimensions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among workers who underwent health assessments at Occupational Health and Medical Examination Centers affiliated with the medical universities of Shiraz, Tehran, and Karaj. A total of 1,000 workers (837 males and 163 females) participated in the study in 2022. Nineteen head and facial anthropometric dimensions were measured across six major Iranian ethnic groups. The effects of gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, and BMI on facial dimensions were analyzed using linear regression. Results: The results revealed a difference between the head and face dimensions of males and females, which indicated that the facial dimensions of males were larger. Linear regression analysis showed gender, ethnicity, occupation, age, and BMI were significant predictors of the facial dimensions. Conclusion: When designing and sizing respirators, it is crucial to consider the variations in facial anthropometric dimensions. By doing so, we can ensure that the respirators fit well on the face, thus minimizing the chances of injuries and occupational diseases.

Language and family entrepreneurship: empirical research based on micro survey data of CFPS in China.

Language serves as a vital link between individuals. In a multi-ethnic country like China, significant differences exist between Standard Mandarin and various regional dialects, which can influence family entrepreneurs' access to entrepreneurial resources and information. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical impact of Standard Mandarin and dialects on family entrepreneurship choice and performance, using microdata from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The results show that families who predominantly use Standard Mandarin have a higher probability of starting a business, with cognitive competence and social networks as two important channels through which language influences the likelihood of entrepreneurship. Specifically, the effect of Standard Mandarin on urban families' entrepreneurship choice is more significant, whereas the impact on rural families is not as pronounced. Regardless of whether they are in urban or rural areas, speaking a dialect is more beneficial for entrepreneurial families in terms of integrating into the local community, leading to better entrepreneurial performance. Further analysis reveals that in most of the ten dialect regions of China, Standard Mandarin has a significant positive impact on family entrepreneurship choice, but a significant negative impact on family entrepreneurial performance. In high-income, young, eastern, and central region families, the probability of starting businesses is higher for families using Standard Mandarin, while dialects have a significant positive impact on family entrepreneurial performance in most sub-samples.

The role of governance and institutional frameworks in addressing political and ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria

Nigeria, a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country, has experienced persistent political and ethno-religious conflicts since independence in 1960, stemming from identity-based grievances, resource control disputes, and political power struggles. Despite its transition to democracy, Nigeria's governance structures have remained weak, characterized by corruption, exclusionary policies, and poor conflict management mechanisms. These deficiencies have deepened social divisions, hindered national development, and perpetuated violent conflicts. The study examines the role of governance failures and institutional weaknesses in fueling these conflicts and explores practical reforms to strengthen governance frameworks and promote stability. Guided by Institutional Theory, which highlights the importance of formal and informal institutions in shaping human behavior and reducing uncertainty, the study employs a qualitative approach, combining a literature review with case studies of key conflict areas, including the Jos crisis, Boko Haram insurgency, Kaduna religious crisis, Taraba State conflict, and Lagos inter-ethnic conflicts. The findings reveal that political exclusion, socio-economic inequalities, weak conflict resolution mechanisms, and human security deficits are significant drivers of conflicts across Nigeria. The study recommends that addressing these issues requires institutional reforms to promote inclusivity, accountability, and human security, alongside security sector reforms and community-based dialogue initiatives. Strengthening both formal and informal institutions is essential to reducing conflicts and fostering sustainable peace in Nigeria.

Religious Radicalization in Sri Lanka: The Interaction Between Buddhist and Islamic Radicalization and Its Impact on Social Life

This research aims to examine Buddhist and Islamic radicalization in Sri Lanka, focusing on how Buddhist radicalization preceded Islamic radicalization and its impact on the social cohesion and politics of the country. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design, analysing data from relevant literature, political documents, religious texts, and media reports. The analysis was conducted using a thematic approach to identify key patterns related to ethnic identity, religious politics, and inter-religious tensions. The research findings indicate that the radicalization of Buddhism, rooted in the ideology of Sinhala-Buddhism, has generated social tensions that have worsened relations between Buddhists and Muslims, which, in turn, has fueled radicalization within the Muslim community. The rise of the National Thowheed Jama'ath (NTJ) in response to anti-Muslim violence is a clear example of Islamic radicalization triggered by the politicization of religion and the injustice faced by Muslims in Sri Lanka. This study highlights how the radicalization of majority religions can create fertile ground for the radicalization of minority religions. The implications of this research offer important insights into how religious radicalization can exacerbate social and political polarization in a multi-ethnic country. The research also suggests the importance of inclusive policies and interfaith dialogue to reduce sectarian tensions and promote social peace. The originality of this research lies in its deeper understanding of the relationship between Buddhist and Islamic radicalization in Sri Lanka, an area that has been previously underexplored, and its contribution to the study of religious radicalization in a unique local context.

Exploring Zine Cultures Influence on Local Communities

Zine culture includes many cultural practices, like DIY making, Lofi, etc. It also crosses the different cultures and binds them together. Social communities and diverse groups are bound together through culture. Zine culture, as a form of culture originating in the West, has been introduced to China and has developed its own new ideas and content within the Chinese culture. China is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. Different places have their own local traditional culture. For example, each place has a different dialect. Zine culture, with its many DIY forms of cultural expression such as text and pictures, has an important significance and role in spreading and developing local culture. Therefore, this paper will explore the connection between zine culture and local culture. Because of the unique features of zine culture, it provides a platform for local traditional culture to develop. Cultural diversity could be seen as the basis of a national cultural balance. Thus, zine culture promotes national cultural harmony.

Religion and Social Cohesion in Vietnam: An Empirical Analysis of Community Dynamics

This study investigates the role of religion in social bonding in Vietnam, with consideration of some key elements, like participation in religion, the degree of interfaith interaction, common cultural and ethical values, and support from the community leadership. The information was collected from 200 respondents in Hanoi, Hue, and Hoi An, cultural centers in Vietnam, by a structured questionnaire. The independent variables, such as social bonding, were modeled using a multivariate linear regression model. Findings indicated that community leadership support (β = 0.2218, p = 0.001) and shared cultural and ethical values (β = 0.252, p = 0.001) were the two strongest predictors for social bonding, which confirmed their very significant role in promoting trust and cooperation. The impact of religious participation (β = 0.163, p = 0.015) and interfaith interaction (β = 0.157, p = 0.014) was also statistically significant in a positive manner, underlining the importance of engaging in religious life and interfaith dialogue. The findings suggest that in Vietnam, which is one of the most multi-ethnic and multi-religious countries in the world, religion assumes a very important role in fostering community cohesion. These insights could provide meaningful lessons for policymakers, urban planners, and other stakeholders who are involved in the fostering of sustained social bonding through the lenses of community leadership and common cultural values. Addressing these major predictors can lead to building more inclusive and resilient communities in culturally heterogeneous environments.

Ethnocentric Hate Speech as an Impediment to National Development in Nigeria: Implications for Peaceful Communication

Nigeria is a heterolingual, multi-religious, multi-ethnic, and multicultural country. The constitution of the country allows freedom of expression. Despite having English as a lingua franca, Nigerians use their respective indigenous languages. The inability of the citizens to manage this diversity has led to the use of ethnocentric hate speech by members of different linguistic groups against one another. This is inimical to national development. This intervention aimed to establish the effect of ethnocentric hate speech on national development in Nigeria and how applied peace linguists can serve as advocates of peaceful communication. Applied peace linguistics plays the role of facilitating dialogue and conflict resolution in Nigeria. It assists in ensuring peaceful communication and counter speech. Thus, ensuring early warming on speeches that can escalate violence. A questionnaire was administered to 900 respondents in the townships from January to July 2024. The researchers also conducted focus group discussion sessions with 19 groups of eight (8) participants in 19 townships in Nigeria. The major finding of the study indicates that an overwhelming majority of the respondents detest ethnocentric hate speech. They agree that ethnocentric hate speech engenders suspicions and phantom tolerance in society, thus an impediment to national development. Phantom tolerance is characterised by the pretence that one is tolerating another while, in reality, one hates the other. This study concludes that peaceful communication should be encouraged in the school curriculum and made a norm for general interaction in the country to build trust and foster national development.

A Relational Approach to Coalitions: Pragmatic and Communal Interracial Coalitions

ABSTRACTThe United States is a diverse, multiethnic country, where there are many examples of different racial and ethnic minority groups working together for myriad causes. What predicts the emergence, maintenance, and dissolution of interracial coalitions? Ample research establishes perceptions of shared interest as crucial to coalition‐relevant outcomes, yet this work often takes a unidirectional approach—assessing perceptions of how one's ingroup relates to an outgroup, or how outgroups are perceived to relate to the ingroup. By contrast, this review takes a relational approach—considering how groups assess the bidirectional relationship with one another to effectively coordinate towards shared goals. Drawing from the interpersonal relations literature, we posit that interracial coalitions can be pragmatic or communal based on relational norms. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of the novel framework and recommendations for individuals seeking interracial support.

Trends in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer in Singapore: Epidemiological Study of a Multiethnic Population.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality in those aged 50 years and above have decreased over the past 2 decades. However, there is a rising incidence of CRC among individuals under 50 years of age, termed early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC). Patients with EOCRC are diagnosed at an advanced stage and may be in more psychosocial, emotional, and financial distress. Our study examined the epidemiological shifts in CRC in Singapore, a multiethnic country. CRCs diagnosed at age 20 years and above were identified from the Singapore Cancer Registry (SCR) from 1968 to 2019. Patient characteristics included gender, ethnicity, and age of CRC diagnosis. Population information was obtained from the Department of Statistics Singapore (SingStat). Age-specific incidence rates (ASRs) and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) were calculated. The cohort was divided into 3 age groups: 20-49, 50-64, and ≥65 years. Temporal trends in incidence rates were modeled with joinpoint regression. Birth cohort models were fitted using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) age-period-cohort analysis tool. Cancer-specific survival analysis was performed with the Cox proportional hazards model. In total, 53,044 CRCs were included, and 6183 (11.7%) adults aged 20-49 years were diagnosed with EOCRC. The ASR of EOCRC rose from 5 per 100,000 population in 1968 to 9 per 100,000 population in 1996 at 2.1% annually and rose to 10 per 100,000 population in 2019 at 0.64% annually. The ASR for CRC among adults aged 50-64 years rose at 3% annually from 1968 to 1987 and plateaued from 1987, while the ASR for adults aged 65 years and above rose at 4.1% annually from 1968 to 1989 and 1.3% annually from 1989 to 2003 but decreased from 2003 onwards at 1% annually. The ASR of early-onset rectal cancer increased significantly at 1.5% annually. There was a continued rise in the ASR of EOCRC among males (annual percentage change [APC] 1.5%) compared to females (APC 0.41%). Compared to the 1950-1954 reference birth cohort, the 1970-1984 birth cohort had a significantly higher incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.17-1.36 for rectal cancer, while there was no significant change for colon cancer in later cohorts. There were differences in CRC trends across the 3 ethnic groups: Malays had a rapid and persistent rise in the ASR of CRC across all age groups (APC 1.4%-3%), while among young Chinese, only the ASR of rectal cancer was increasing (APC 1.5%). Patients with EOCRC had better survival compared to patients diagnosed at 65 years and above (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% CI 0.67-0.79, P<.001) after adjusting for covariates. The rise in the incidence of rectal cancer among young adults, especially among Chinese and Malays, in Singapore highlights the need for further research to diagnose CRC earlier and reduce cancer-related morbidity and mortality.

The State Symbols of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Twentieth Century

This paper explores the relatively frequent changes of symbols that had been used to represent the land, province, territory and state of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the twentieth century. Throughout this time the small multi-ethnic Balkan country had mostly been a part or unit of larger state structures, such as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1878-1918), Royal (1918-1941) and Socialist Yugoslavia (1943-1992). In 1992 it managed to gain its independence which was then followed by a three-year-long brutal military aggression and armed conflict that ended in 1995. Seeing as each regime change also required an adjustment of symbols which would have reflected the newly established political realities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this case study can serve as an appropriate illustration of the significant role symbols can play in modern state-building processes and construction of collective identities. In analysing these changes, the author examined a number of legal texts and contemporary discussions, revealing that the political elites responsible for designing Bosnia and Herzegovina’s symbols often oscillated between traditional heraldic inspirations from the Middle Ages and the unconventional modern desire for neutral solutions.

Association between sex, age, temporal trends, and glycemic control of 221,769 adults with type 2 diabetes in a multi-ethnic middle-income Asian country.

Association between sex, age, temporal trends, and glycemic control of 221,769 adults with type 2 diabetes in a multi-ethnic middle-income Asian country.