Multicode Direct-sequence Code-division Multiple Access Research Articles

Performance Comparison of Overlap FDE and Sliding-Window Chip Equalization for Multi-Code DS-CDMA in a Frequency-Selective Fading Channel

Recently, overlap frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion which requires no guard interval (GI) insertion was proposed for signal transmission using multi-code direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) in a frequency-selective fading channel. Another promising equalization technique is time-domain sliding-window chip equalization (SWCE). In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) performances achievable with overlap FDE and SWCE are compared. It is shown that, by extending the fast Fourier transform (FFT) block size, overlap FDE can achieve almost the same BER performance as SWCE with much less computational complexity than SWCE.

FREQUENCY DOMAIN EQUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR MULTICODE DS-CDMA IN FREQUENCY SELECTIVE RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL

Orthogonal multicode direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) has the flexibility in offering high data rate services. However, in a frequency-selective fading channel, the bit error rate (BER) performance is severely degraded since the orthogonality among spreading codes is partially lost. In this paper, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and space antenna diversity combining are applied to orthogonal multicode DS-CDMA in order to restore the code orthogonality and improve the BER performance of the system. Two methods of FDE are considered, the first method based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), while the second method based on circulant matrices. Moreover, a channel interleaving method, called chip interleaving is used to improve the performance of multicode DS-CDMA system.

Joint transmit/receive one-tap minimum mean square error frequency-domain equalisation for broadband multicode direct-sequence code division multiple access

Multicode direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) can flexibly support multimedia services with various data rates simply by changing the code multiplexing order. The use of simple one-tap frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) at a receiver is known to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of multicode DS-CDMA in a severe frequency-selective fading environment. However, the BER performance improvement is limited due to the presence of the residual inter-chip interference (ICI). The authors propose a joint transmit/receive minimum mean square error (MMSE) FDE, which carries out one-tap transmit FDE and one-tap receive FDE jointly based on the MMSE criterion. The authors theoretically derive a suboptimal set of transmit and receive FDE weights and investigate the BER performance improvement by computer simulation in a freqeuncy-selective Rayleigh fading channel. The proposed scheme improves the received signal-to-interference plus noise ratio after despreading, and consequently, the BER performance can be significantly improved compared to the conventioal receive MMSE-FDE by (a) making the variations in the equivalent channel gain shallower to reduce the residual ICI for large code multiplexing order U and (b) allocating the transmit power to the frequencies having good condition to improve the received signal-to-noise ratio for a small U. This is conformed by the computer simualtion.

Iterative Detection of Multicode DS-CDMA Signals With Strong Nonlinear Distortion Effects

Whenever a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) signal is the sum of several components associated with different spreading codes [e.g., the DS-CDMA signal to be transmitted by the base station (BS) in the downlink or any multicode DS-CDMA signal], it has high envelope fluctuations and a high peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR), setting strong linearity requirements for the power amplifiers. For this reason, it is desirable to reduce the envelope fluctuations of the transmitted signals. The use of clipping techniques combined with frequency-domain filtering was shown to be an effective way of reducing the envelope fluctuations (and, inherently, the PMEPR) of DS-CDMA signals, while maintaining the spectral occupation of the corresponding conventional DS-CDMA signals. To avoid PMEPR regrowth effects, the clipping and filtering operations can be repeated several times. However, the performance degradation due to nonlinear distortion effects on the transmitted signals can be relatively high, particularly when a very low PMEPR is intended (e.g., when a low clipping level and several iterations are adopted). This can particularly be serious if different powers are assigned to different spreading codes. To avoid significant performance degradation in these situations, we consider an improved receiver where there is an iterative estimation and cancellation of nonlinear distortion effects. Our performance results show that the proposed receiver allows significant performance improvements after just a few iterations, even when we have strong nonlinear distortion effects.

Successive Interference Cancelers for Multimedia Multicode DS-CDMA Systems Over Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

Noncoherent and coherent multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems with successive interference cancellation (SIC) for multimedia reverse links over frequency-selective fading channels are studied. Followed by a RAKE receiver, the SIC scheme is applied for combating the multiple access interference. The bit error rate (BER) using the SIC technique over Nakagami-m fading channels is derived. Simulation results show that the multicode DS-CDMA system with SIC has demonstrated better performance than that without SIC under the multipath fading environment, while their corresponding numerical results from performance analyses are also provided for verifications. Furthermore, the coherent receiver could achieve a more satisfactory BER than the noncoherent counterpart at the expense of synchronization.

Joint Frequency-Domain Equalization and Despreading for Multi-Code DS-CDMA Using Cyclic Delay Transmit Diversity

Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion can provide a better bit error rate (BER) performance than rake combining. To further improve the BER performance, cyclic delay transmit diversity (CDTD) can be used. CDTD simultaneously transmits the same signal from different antennas after adding different cyclic delays to increase the number of equivalent propagation paths. Although a joint use of CDTD and MMSE-FDE for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) achieves larger frequency diversity gain, the BER performance improvement is limited by the residual inter-chip interference (ICI) after FDE. In this paper, we propose joint FDE and despreading for DS-CDMA using CDTD. Equalization and despreading are simultaneously performed in the frequency-domain to suppress the residual ICI after FDE. A theoretical conditional BER analysis is presented for the given channel condition. The BER analysis is confirmed by computer simulation.

Performance of Multicode DS/CDMA With Noncoherent $M$ -ary Orthogonal Modulation in the Presence of Timing Errors

This paper derives an accurate approximation to the bit error rate (BER) of multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS/CDMA) with noncoherent <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</i> -ary modulation in wideband fading channels when timing errors are made at the receiver employing equal-gain combining (EGC). This reflects the practical scenario where the path delays are estimated imperfectly, leading to synchronization errors between the correlation receivers and the received signals. The analysis can be applied to any type of a fading distribution for both independent and correlated diversity branches. It is shown that the derived analytical expressions are in close agreement with the Monte Carlo system simulations, particularly in the case of small timing errors.

Iterative Overlap FDE for Multicode DS-CDMA

Recently, a new frequency-domain equalization (FDE) technique, called overlap FDE, that requires no GI insertion was proposed. However, the residual inter/intra-block interference (IBI) cannot completely be removed. In addition to this, for multicode direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA), the presence of residual interchip interference (ICI) after FDE distorts orthogonality among the spreading codes. In this paper, we propose an iterative overlap FDE for multicode DS-CDMA to suppress both the residual IBI and the residual ICI. In the iterative overlap FDE, joint minimum mean square error (MMSE)-FDE and ICI cancellation is repeated a sufficient number of times. The bit error rate (BER) performance with the iterative overlap FDE is evaluated by computer simulation.

Multistage Selective ML Decoding for Multidimensional Multicode DS-CDMA with Precoding

A high-rate, reliable uplink transmission is designed using multistage selective maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding for the multicode (MC) direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) with precoding. The precoding achieves a constant envelope MC signal by adding some redundancy bits, resulting in rate loss, but multidimensional signaling on top of MC DS-CDMA enables to further increase the date rate. The designed multistage selective ML decoding is shown to be promising for use in uplink high-rate and reliable data transmission.

Frequency-Domain Interchip Interference Cancelation for DS-CDMA Downlink Transmission

The use of frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum-mean-square-error criterion can significantly improve the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of orthogonal multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple access downlink signal transmission in a frequency-selective fading channel. However, the presence of residual interchip interference (ICI) after FDE produces the orthogonality distortion among the spreading codes, and the BER performance degrades as the number of multiplex order increases. In this paper, we propose a frequency-domain ICI cancellation scheme, in which the residual ICI replica in the frequency domain is generated and subtracted from each frequency component of the received signal after FDE. Three types of ICI cancelation scheme are presented, and the effectiveness of the proposed ICI cancelation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation

Space-Time Cyclic Delay Transmit Diversity for a Multi-Code DS-CDMA Signal with Frequency-Domain Equalization

Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) can take advantage of the frequency-selectivity of the channel to improve the transmission performance in a frequency selective fading channel. To further improve the transmission performance, the transmit diversity technique can be used. Cyclic delay transmit diversity (CDTD) can strengthen the frequency-selectivity while space-time transmit diversity (STTD) can achieve the antenna diversity gain. In this paper, we propose a 4-antenna space-time cyclic delay transmit diversity (STCDTD), which is a combination of 2-antenna STTD and 2-antenna CDTD schemes, for orthogonal multi-code direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) using FDE. We evaluate the BER performance and the throughput performance by computer simulation and compare them with the original CDTD and STTD schemes.

Precise analysis of bit-error probability for asynchronous multicode DS-CDMA systems

A precise bit-error probability (BEP) analysis method is derived for a multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) system in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. The method is applicable to a multicode DS-CDMA system with an arbitrary number of multiple code sequences, and any selection of multiple code sequences. The precise method gives results that discriminate the effect of the selection of different multiple code sequences on the BEP, whereas Gaussian approximations (GAs) do not. Thus, the new method can be used to select the best multicode set for a given system, a task that cannot be achieved using GAs. A two-step analytical procedure enables deriving an explicit, compact form for the CF of the receiver decision statistic in a DS-CDMA system with an arbitrary number of multiple code sequences, and for any selection of multiple code sequences.

A novel blind adaptive space-time receiver for multi-code DS-CDMA

Abstract-The capacity of conventional wireless communications systems based upon Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) schemes, is mainly limited by Multiple Access Interference (MAI). Therefore, methods aimed at reducing MAI are mandatory solutions to increase the capacity of such systems. Smart Antennas are a promising technology for improving the performance of high capacity mobile communications systems, because they are expected to be able to increase the Signal to Interference plus Noise power Ratio (SINR) of the received signals by dynamically adapting the equivalent array beam pattern in order to track the movements of the users within the cell. In this paper we propose a novel blind adaptive beamforming algorithm tailored for the up-link of multi-code multi-rate DS-CDMA wireless communications systems. Our proposal is based upon a modified Constant Modulus (CM) criterion, whose fundamental feature is the capability to overcome the main drawback of the classic CM algorithm, which lies in its difficulty of ensuring the convergence toward the desired user. The proposed algorithm exploits user-specific information intrinsically known at the receiver, which is the code uniquely associated to each user, without requiring the knowledge of the spatiotemporal propagation channel nor any specific training sequence. Within this paper we present a broadband solution, designed to temporally re-align uncorrelated clusters of multipaths, as well as spatially recombine correlated multipaths belonging to the same cluster. Computer simulations show that our proposed technique can effectively exploit path diversity and multipath correlation, also in the presence of Doppler effect and time-variable propagation conditions.

Packet access using DS-CDMA with frequency-domain equalization

The next-generation mobile communications system is anticipated to support very high-speed data rates exceeding several tens megabits per second. In this paper, we consider high-speed downlink packet access for direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) as in third-generation wideband code-division multiple-access systems. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), multicode operation and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) will be the enabling technologies. With such high-speed data transmissions, however, multicode operation severely suffers from the loss of orthogonality among the spreading codes since the wireless channel becomes severely frequency-selective. In this paper, we apply frequency-domain equalization (FDE) based on minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion instead of conventional rake combining for receiving the packet. A new MMSE-FDE weight is derived for packet combining. The throughput in a frequency-selective Rayleigh-fading channel is evaluated by computer simulation for Chase combining and incremental redundancy (IR) packet combining. It is shown that the use of MMSE-FDE for the reception of multicode DS-CDMA packet gives an improved throughput irrespective of the channel's frequency-selectivity.

Transmitter adaptation in multicode DS-CDMA systems

The problem of transmitter adaptation in the form of adapting the spreading sequences and the transmission powers of different users for a multicode direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system is considered. Particular attention is given to a distributed algorithm, which updates each pair of transmitter and receiver without information from other users. The transmitter adaptation problem and the algorithm are studied from the viewpoint of a single user, as well as the viewpoint of the whole system. The algorithm is shown to give either the optimal sequences or a choice of sequences that is close to the optimal one. Simulation results show that major improvement in performance can be obtained with the proposed transmission adaptation scheme. The effect of restricting the choice of sequences to polyphase sequences is also considered.

Channel access and interference issues in multi-code DS-CDMA wireless packet (ATM) networks

Multi-Code Direct-Sequence Code-Division-Multiple-Access (MC-CDMA) has been proposed as a flexible multiple access scheme for wireless packet networks that support a large variety of mobiles with different and even time-varying rates. Using MC-CDMA, traffic streams with significantly different transmission rates can be easily integrated into a unified architecture, with all the transmissions occupying the same bandwidth and having the same spread spectrum processing gain. In this paper, we address medium-access and interference issues in MC-CDMA wireless packet networks. For medium access, we propose and study Multi-Code CDMA (MC-CDMA) with Distributed-Queueing Request Update Multiple Access (DQRUMA) to form a unified bandwidth-on-demand fair-sharing platform for multi-rate wireless services. DQRUMA is an efficient demand-assignment multiple access protocol for wireless access and scheduling. Pseudo-Noise (PN) codes (primary codes) and optimal power levels are allocated to the mobiles on a slot-by-slot basis, and a Maximum Capacity Power Allocation (MCPA) criterion exploits the sub-code concatenation property of the MC-CDMA transmission. Simulation results show that the system provides close to ideal-access performance for multi-rate mobiles, both with homogeneous traffic characteristics and with a mix of heterogeneous traffic characteristics. Finally, we analyze the effects of MC-CDMA intercell interference on the reverse link (i.e., mobile to cell site) and investigate interference reduction by using the Maximum Capacity Power Allocation (MCPA) criterion. Our results show significant reduction in reverse-link MC-CDMA intercell interference is possible using the MCPA criterion.