Mud Crab Scylla Serrata Research Articles (Page 1)

Copper is an essential metal required for the normal physiology of crustaceans, which could be deficient or toxic, the biological effects vary with concentrations. In this present study, the acute toxicity effects of copper exposure on Scylla serrata were analysed. The acute copper exposure to Scylla serrata induces oxidative stress, eventually activating the antioxidant and metabolic enzymes to reduce the oxidant stress. Also, the acute copper exposure leads to DNA strand breaks and induces genotoxicity in the haemocytes of Scylla serrata as well as the histological impairments in various organs. An integrative perspective provides a more mechanistic framework for understanding the effects of acute copper exposure on the physiological systems of S. serrata. Highlighting the potential threats to aquaculture systems, economic sustainability, food safety and the urge for stricter monitoring of essential and non-essential metal contaminations in aquacultural farms.

ABSTRACT Mariculture holds significant promise for enhancing food security, blue economy development and climate‐resilient livelihoods along Kenya's 640 km coastline. This review synthesises over two decades of empirical and grey literature to examine the current status, production trends, challenges and future prospects of commercially cultured mariculture species in Kenya. The review focuses on key species including milkfish ( Chanos chanos ), rabbitfish ( Siganus sutor ), seaweed ( Eucheuma spp.), mud crab ( Scylla serrata ), prawns ( Penaeus spp.), oysters ( Saccostrea cucullata ), Artemia franciscana and sea cucumbers ( Holothuria scabra ). Despite a favourable marine environment and policy recognition, the sector remains underdeveloped, with total production in 2023 reaching only 112 metric tons. Major constraints include limited hatchery capacity, weak technical knowledge, policy and regulatory fragmentation, infrastructural gaps and fragile market linkages. Nonetheless, emerging opportunities are evident: seaweed farming has shown rapid expansion with high female participation; integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) offers ecological and economic efficiencies; and strategic investments such as the National Mariculture Resource and Training (NAMARET) Center promise to improve seed and training access. The review identifies the potential for upscaling finfish and shellfish farming, diversifying species portfolios and strengthening mariculture value chains through policy alignment, climate adaptation and blue economy integration. Addressing key constraints through targeted investment, inclusive community participation, and sustainable technologies will be critical to unlocking the sector's growth. This synthesis provides a foundation for policymakers, researchers and stakeholders to develop resilient, inclusive and market‐oriented mariculture systems in coastal Kenya.

Mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) as one of the crustacean species, has a variety of bioactive compounds that can be utilized in the field of pharmacology. Antioxidant compounds act as therapeutic agents against degenerative diseases. Banyuasin waters have mangrove vegetation with associated marine organisms that have the potential to be studied for bioactive compounds. This study aims to identify the phytochemical profile quantitatively and qualitatively, samples were collected from mud flats near mangrove ecosystems in Banyuasin waters, South Sumatra. Samples were tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH test, and IC50 values, qualitative phytochemical identification, and phytochemical profiles were calculated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Based on the results of antioxidant testing, the IC50 value of S. serrata extract is 2.25 ppm, the sample is included in the category of very strong antioxidants. Phytochemical test results showed that the compound is thought to contain antioxidant activity from flavonoids and triterpenoids. GC-MS analysis detected major compound groups of alkaloids, purines, and vitamins. Minor compound groups detected amines, terpenoids, monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, silanes, formamides, heterocycles, carboxylic acids, aminoglycosides, naphthalene derivatives, nitriles, amides, glycosides, and peptides. S. serrata extract shows very strong antioxidant activity, with major compounds such as alkaloids, purines, and vitamins. S. serrata extract detected compounds that have been reported as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral. These findings highlight the pharmaceutical potential of S. serrata as a source of bioactive compounds. The results of this study provide valuable information for the development of alternative medicines derived from marine organisms.

Effective management of Mud crab Reovirus (MCRV) infection in mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775) culture, using an individual compartmentalized system.

IntroductionPesticides can be transported into estuaries via spray drift, ground water contamination and surface runoff. Increasing climatic variability and global pesticide use are likely to increase the exposure of harvested estuarine species, and therefore seafood consumers, to agrichemicals. Post-harvest processing strategies present opportunities to reduce pesticide residues in seafood and so mitigate consumer exposure.Materials and methodsWe evaluated the efficacies of thermal processing (cooking) and depuration (holding individuals in clean flow-through seawater) for reducing pesticide residues in wild-caught giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) edible tissues (flesh and brown meat (i.e. hepatopancreas and gonads)). Pesticide residues were detected in 82% of assessed crabs, with five analytes quantified (cyprodinil, diuron, imidacloprid, propargite and triazophos).ResultsCorrelative analyses revealed cooking at ~82°C for 2 min 100-g–1 body mass reduced all pesticide concentrations (and the total residues) in both tissues by 7–99%—except for cyprodinil (51% increase). Imidacloprid residues in crab flesh were reduced (by 81%) after six days of depuration, with complete elimination after 12 days. While a human health-risk assessment identified that the concentrations of pesticide residues in crab tissues posed no negative health effects to seafood consumers, the data support post-harvest processing methods for mitigating consumer exposure.DiscussionThese findings do not constitute health advice regarding post-harvest possessing methods for reducing contaminants in seafood, but rather highlight the potential utility of the methods assessed for achieving this objective and the broader need for ongoing pesticide surveillance of Australian seafood. Food safety regulation should consider establishing maximum residue limits for seafood, with consideration of consumption preferences.

Abstract Microplastic pollution significantly impacts both marine and freshwater ecosystems, posing a growing concern for aquatic organisms and food safety. This research focuses on comparing microplastic contamination in the hepatopancreas of three edible crab species: two marine—the giant mud crab (Scylla serrata) and the blood-spotted swimming crab (Portunus sanguinolentus)—and one freshwater species (Parathelphusa convexa). These crabs are widely consumed and play an important role in local fisheries and diets. Thirty adult crabs were collected from three sites in the coastal areas of North-East Bay of Bengal and nearby freshwater ponds. Analysis of the hepatopancreas showed average microplastic counts of 0.97 for Scylla serrata, 0.93 for Portunus sanguinolentus, and 3.84 for Parathelphusa convexa. Confocal Raman spectroscopy identified nine different types of microplastics, likely including polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) , which pose risks to aquatic life and human health. These pollutants, which persist in the environment, can disrupt ecosystems and may cause immune system damage and chronic diseases in humans. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) showed that the giant mud crab is most vulnerable to microplastic pollution, with a PLI of 2.31—significantly above the threshold of 1, indicating considerable pollution. This study highlights the urgent need for strategies to mitigate microplastic contamination, considering the health risks linked to consuming contaminated crabs.

Comparative analysis of the microbiota in wild mud crab (Scylla serrata) intestine, sediment, and water in Koggala Lagoon, Sri Lanka

The study assessed heavy metal accumulation (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg) in mud crabs (Scylla serrata) and soils from four municipalities in Northern Samar, Philippines. Although environmental conditions like pH, salinity, and temperature were suitable for crab farming, both crab meat and soil showed heavy metal levels exceeding FAO/WHO safety limits. Several factors may have contributed to the alarming issue of heavy metal levels in mud crab meat exceeding FAO/WHO standards, despite favorable environmental conditions. One of the major concerns is poor water quality particularly in farms located near polluted water bodies. These water sources are often plagued by industrial and agricultural runoff, which can seep into the farms and introduce heavy metals into the environment where the crabs live. Another concern is the use of low-quality feed, such as trash fish, which may contain high levels of heavy metals. Farmers who use this type of feed have reported foul odors, a clear indication of potential contamination. Additionally, natural environmental factors like saltwater intrusion and rising water temperatures may also contribute to the heavy metal contamination. The findings suggest that while the water conditions in the fish ponds are suitable for mud crab cultivation, the presence of heavy metals poses significant health risks to consumers and environmental concerns. The study highlights the need for further investigation and mitigation strategies to address the issue of heavy metal contamination in mud crab cultivation in Northern Samar.

Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a fishery commodity that has high economic value and has a wide salinity tolerance so that its growth can be developed. The growth of mud crabs can be influenced by genetic traits such as moulting. In cultivation activities there are methods that can accelerate the moulting process such as environmental engineering (increasing and decreasing the salinity of the maintenance media) and mutilation. This study aims to determine the growth and fastest moulting time of crabs in media with different salinities in controlled media. The method used is an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications, namely: (Control), (P1: 5 ppt), (P2: 10 ppt), (P3: 15 ppt) and (P4: 20 ppt) which are given to mud crabs for 45 days. The results showed that at 5 ppt salinity obtained the fastest moulting time which was 24.3 days and the longest was at 20 ppt salinity for 39 days, while the highest growth was obtained in the 15 ppt salinity treatment with an average absolute weight of 27.3 grams and the lowest was in the control treatment with an average absolute weight of 18.3 grams.

Abstract Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is generally caught and cultured in traditional brackish water ponds in the Semarang Gulf’s surroundings. The problem with this product was the infection of the parasite, namely: Octolasmis sp. It caused a low price in the market, and consumers rejected it. This research aimed to determine the clinical symptoms of mud crabs infested by Octolasmis sp, its diversity, and the parasites’ intensity, prevalence, and dominance. Two hundred wild and cultured mud crabs were observed with an average carapace length of 8.63 ± 0.91 cm and a weighted average of 117.45 ± 5.03 g. The results showed that the clinical symptoms of mud crabs infested by these parasites were melanosis in the gill, and the structure resembles bean sprouts in the gill. The types of parasites Octolasmis sp, which infects mud crabs in Semarang brackish water ponds, were Octolasmis cor and Octolasmis angulata. The total value of Octolasmis sp. parasites intensity was 69.2, and the total prevalence value was 43.5%. It might be the Pirst report on Octolasmis infestation in Semarang Gulf. This Pinding indicated that Octolasmis moderately infested most mud crabs from traditional brackish water ponds from Semarang Gulf. Regular monitoring and proactive management are vital to maintaining healthy crab populations and reducing the risks of ectoparasitic infestations.

Mercury Accumulation in Water, Sediment, and Mud Crabs (Scylla serrata) from Kaiely Bay Along with Evaluation of Associated Histopathological Changes

Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in supporting the survival and growth of mud crabs (Scylla serrata) by providing shelter, breeding grounds, and food sources. This study aims to analyze the relationship between mangrove diversity and density with the population dynamics of S. serrata in East Lombok, Indonesia. The research was conducted across three study sites: Jerowaru, Seruni Mumbul, and Sugian, using purposive sampling to determine mangrove and crab distribution. Data were collected through vegetation analysis and crab sampling using line transects and quadrat plots. The findings indicate that Jerowaru has the highest mangrove density, reaching 1,233 plants/ha, dominated by Rhizophora mucronata (800 plants/ha). Seruni Mumbul has the highest species diversity, with nine species recorded, while Sugian, despite experiencing degradation, still supports significant S. serrata populations with a total density of 42 individuals/100m². Correspondence Analysis (CA) reveals that juvenile crabs are more associated with Avicennia officinalis at low density (<10 plants), Sonneratia alba at medium density (10–15 plants), and Rhizophora mucronata at high density (>15 plants). Meanwhile, adult S. serrata are strongly linked to high-density Rhizophora mucronata and Sonneratia alba (>15 plants).

This study aimed to identify probiotic candidates to enhance egg quality in laying hens by isolating and characterizing Bacillus spp. from various local environmental sources, including crustacean guts such as mud crab (Scylla serrata), blue crab (Portunus pelagicus), and banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) from the coastal areas of the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea, shrimp pond sludge, hot spring soil and chicken feces. Identification was carried using biochemical tests, evaluation probiotic properties, and 16S rRNA sequencing methods. Biochemical tests revealed that all 11 isolated strains had characteristics consistent with Bacillus spp. Six of these strains exhibited high spore efficiency, including CPPES01T2 (74.67%), CKNJh11 (80.33%), OYNH31 (82.07%), and THPS1 (71.42%). Strains CPPES01T2 and CKNJh11 were sensitive to ampicillin (10 µg/disc), amoxicillin (30 µg/disc), cloxacillin (1 µg/disc), tetracycline (30 µg/disc), chloramphenicol (30 µg/disc), and kanamycin (30 µg/disc). Strains CPPES01T2 showed tolerance to heat, while strains CPPES01T2, CKNJh11, and THPS1 demonstrated no hemolytic activity. Furthermore, CKNJh11 was selected for developing a supplementary feed for laying hens and the 16 S rRNA sequencing identified strain CKNJh11 as Bacillus aryabhattai which exhibited high resistance to artificial gastric juice and bile salts. For 6 weeks study, resulting in an increase in weight gain and eggshell weight of chickens (p < 0.05). The findings from this study suggest that B. aryabhattai can be a promising spore-forming probiotic bacteria by dietary supplementation with respect to hen performance, egg quality or further development in laying hen production.

Results indicated that the food security of mud crab fishermen households in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia was generally secured. It was found that 92% of fishermen's households were very secure, 4% were quite secured, and 4% were less secure. Meanwhile, based on multidimensional poverty category of mud crab fishermen households was not impoverished. Overall, 67% of people were not poor, 22% were vulnerable poor, 3% were poor, and 7% were very poor. Furthermore, the welfare of mud crab fishermen households is found to be in the category of high welfare. Those included in high welfare was 53% and in moderate category is 47%. In addition, the feasibility of mud crab fishery business carried out by fishermen which was in the feasible category with a BC ratio of 3.04. The socio-economic status of fishermen households as indicated by the sufficient category were grouped into good, sufficient and bad were accounted for 27.9%, 70.8%, and 1.3%, respectively. Improving the socio-economic status of fishermen's households could be done through the expansion of the mud crab fishing industry. Then, increasing income would increase food security, reduce multidimensional poverty, enhance welfare and raise business feasibility. Increasing income could be completed by enlarging the volume mud crabs caught by fishermen as well as selectively selling bigger size to have higher revenue.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, and no flagella, designated SLMDC-22T, was isolated from the intestine of a mud crab (Scylla serrata). The molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SLMDC-22T belonged to the genus Polaribacter and exhibited 96.9% similarity to P. huanghezhanensis, 96.5% to P. pacificus, 95.8% to P. lacunae, and 94.1% to P. marinivivus. The G + C content of the DNA of strain SLMDC-22T was 30.3%. Growth occurred at 4-34°C (optimum, 23°C), at pH 5-9 (optimum, pH 7.0), and with 0.5-2.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2%). The major fatty acid was iso-C15:0. Major polar lipids include phospholipid, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, amino lipid, glycolipid, amino phospholipid, and an unknown polar lipid. The major respiratory quinone is MK-6. Based on whole-genome analysis, the orthologous average nucleotide identity (ANI) with the two closest relatives, Polaribacter huanghezhanensis and Polaribacter pacificus, were 87.3% and 75.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values against Polaribacter huanghezhanensis and Polaribacter pacificus were 75.8% and 19.6%, respectively. Notably, 25 genes of SLMDC-22T were associated with nitrogen metabolism, including denitrification, nitrate ammonification, ammonium assimilation, and nitrosative stress. The phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain SLMDC-22T represents a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter uvawellassae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SLMDC-22T (= KCTC 102289T = MCCC 1K09222T).

The White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is a generalist virus and an important pathogen of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) farming in Indonesia. The shrimp farming system with inadequate biosecurity like the traditional polyculture system may facilitate the virus to infect the invertebrate live in the pond and expand its host and vector range. White leg shrimp (P. vannamei), blood cockles (Tegillarca granosa), and mud crabs (Scylla serrata) are widely used in polyculture aquaculture. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the occurrence of WSSV in these organisms. The main aim of this research was to determine whether WSSV existed in blood cockles and crabs cultivated with White leg shrimp. The survey was conducted in polyculture ponds in Morosari village and the surrounding area. The characteristic of both ponds was the sandy mud bottom and managed using traditional methods and there were no biosecurity measures implemented. A total of 33 organisms were collected, consisting of 20 blood cockles (T. granosa), 10 white leg shrimp (P. vannamei) and 3 mud crabs (S. serrata) were obtained from two traditional polyculture pond and coastal area of Morosari, Bedono, Demak. WSSV was detected using first step and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). WSSV DNA from selected specimens were sequenced and aligned to the published WSSV sequence in the gene bank (NCBI) using BLAST application. The result showed that WSSV existed in the three organisms tested in Morosari area, using first step and nested PCR. There is no clinical sign appearance on each sample. Alignment results showed 100 % identity with published VP28 WSSV protein. All results concluded that WSSV was detected simultaneously in shrimp, blood cockle and crab in the study area.

Marketing of the Mud Crab (Scylla serrata) Cultivated in Mangrove Environment in Palampai Village, Kapuas Kuala District Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Heavy metal accumulation and transfer from sediments to edible mud crab organs (Scylla serrata) pose major ecological and health risks to consumers. The bioaccumulation of these metals are detrimental if they are extremely toxic. The objectives of this study were to analyze heavy metal concentrations in sediments and crab organs and determine the transfer of heavy metals in Scylla serrata from sediments in Mida Creek, Kilifi. The crab samples were collected by simple random sampling whereas sediment samples were collected by purposive sampling. The transfer factor of heavy metals from sediments to the organs of edible mud crabs (Scylla serrata) was evaluated in both the wet and dry seasons. The measurements and examinations of heavy metals, samples of crab organs, and sediments were obtained from three sampled sites. The concentration of metals in the samples was determined using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. The results showed that the majority of the components are accumulated by the crabs from sediments. The order in which the metal transfer factor to crabs from station 1 sediments increased was Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Cd &gt; Hg. In station 2, the transfer factor increased in the following order: Fe &gt; Zn&gt; Cu&gt;Ni&gt;Cd&gt; Hg, while in station 3, it increased in the following order: Fe &gt; Ni&gt; Zn&gt;Hg&gt;Cd&gt;Cu. The study concluded that mud crabs in Mida Creek actively absorb most of the elements from the sediments. The study recommends a routine monitoring of heavy-metal levels in other crustacean marine biota, and fish is necessary.

In the current study, we evaluated the effect of retinoids, 9-Cis retinoic acid (9CRA) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on carbohydrate metabolism in the mud crab, Scylla serrata. Intact and eyestalk ablated male crabs (n=10 crabs per group) were selected and retinoic acid isomers, 9CRA and ATRA were injected into the crabs. Parallel controls were maintained. Significant reduction in the hemolymph sugar levels was observed in crabs subjected to eyestalk ablation (ESX) over intact crabs. Injection of 9CRA into intact but not in ESX crabs exhibited a dose- and time-dependent manner hyperglycemic response. ATRA administration did not induce hyperglycemia either in intact or ESX crabs. Injection of 9CRA showed a significant decrease in total carbohydrate content and glycogen levels in hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of intact crabs over their respective controls. Further, the activity levels of glycogen phosphorylase were also elevated in selected tissues of intact crabs administered with 9CRA. In addition, intact crabs which received 9CRA resulted in up regulation of expression of CHH mRNA from the eyestalks. Taken together, we postulate that 9CRA-induced hyperglycemia might be ascribed to neurotransmitter effects mediating the release of CHH from the eyestalk. The release of CHH eventually caused glycogenolysis in the selected hepatopancreas and muscle tissues of the mud crab Scylla serrata thereby hyperglycemia.

The shellfish waste accumulated on a huge scale at seashores and in the seafood industry and very low quantities were used to extract chitosan. In this study, chitosan was extracted from the mud crab Scylla serrata shell using conventional chemical methods. The extracted chitosan and commercial chitosan were verified through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and an elemental analyzer. ATR-FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of characteristics compounds of chitosan and XRD patterns exhibited crystallinity of chitosan having centered peaks at 10º and 20º in 2θ. Moreover, 46.24% of the degree of deacetylation was obtained for the extracted chitosan altogether enhancing the quality of extracted chitosan. In addition to this, the extracted chitosan was tested for its antibacterial activity against two Gram-negative (E. coli and Pseudomonas) and two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Bacillus) in vitro. The antimicrobial activity of extracted chitosan was evident with the greater zone of inhibition against E. coli (26±0.32mm) and the least against Staphylococcus (18mm). Hence the present study gives insight into the biological properties of extracted chitosan from Scylla serrata thereby paving the way for its further use in biomedical science and microbiology.