MPPT Control Research Articles

Real-time weather data analysis by the solar fuzzy logic-based MPPT controller

Real-time weather data analysis by the solar fuzzy logic-based MPPT controller

Study on Energy Control for Low-Voltage DC Distribution Systems

This paper focuses on the study of energy control for LVDC distribution systems based on maintaining a stable DC bus voltage. The system includes photovoltaic (PV) arrays, energy storage, and AC/DC loads. The Boost converter is used in the PV array to switch freely between MPPT and constant voltage modes. The MPPT control is applied to the PV modules to ensure maximum power output, and the energy storage unit adjusts the output to stabilize the DC bus voltage and maintain system power balance. The implementation of the proposed control strategy is in a MATLAB/Simulink simulation model to verify its correctness and effectiveness. The simulation results show that the control strategy can maintain a stable DC bus voltage, and improve the efficiency of LVDC system. The study provides valuable insights into the development of efficient and reliable energy control strategies for LVDC power distribution systems.

Effects of Nonlinear MPPT Control and PV Array on Stability Analysis for a Utility-Scale PV Energy System

Various studies have focused on the stability analysis of PV energy systems. However, the majority of these methods rely on a linearized model around an equilibrium point, which cannot exactly reveal the influence of the nonlinear power controller and PV array on the PV energy system at low frequencies. To conquer this gap, this article contributes to providing intuitive insight into stability analysis and establishing a complete system model including the PV panel, boost converter, DC line, central inverter and AC grid. The describing function (DF) of the nonlinear discontinuous element in PV and the transfer function of the linear elements in the system are derived to determine the system stability. To support the stability hypothesis based on the DF-based stability analysis method, a comparative study in contrast to existing stability analysis methods is provided. The impedance-based method may not be accurate when the division of the ‘source-load’ subsystem is different. The proposed DF method can offer further concluding remarks on MPPT control, the number of PV panels, DC/DC converter, etc. Based on a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) operation, the proposed model is explicitly validated under different constraints, and the influence of control and circuit parameters on system stability are illustrated.

MPPT Novel Controller Based on Passivity for the PV Solar Panel-Boost Power Converter Combination

This article deals with the MPPT controller based on passivity, which calculates through a dynamic average model between the PV solar panel and the boost power converter under uniform irradiance conditions. The MPPT algorithm is a linear controller based on the exact tracking error dynamics passive output feedback (ETEDPOF) controller design methodology. The algorithm includes suitable adaptive feedforward pre-compensation, which explicitly depends on the precisely estimated resistance of the boost converter. The MPP reaches by regulating the voltage and current of the boost converter to hold the PV maximum power in the system's input capacitor. The controller desired references such as the inductor current, the output voltage, and the average input control are in terms of the PV maximum power nominal values, which remain always fixed. A reduced-order extended state observer (RESO) develops to estimate the boost converter's output resistance, adapting to the controller's desired references. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, stability, and robustness of the MPPT algorithm based on passivity as compared to the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Incremental Conductance</i> (IC) algorithm, under sudden output resistor changes, high irradiance, and high temperature in the solar panels.

Robust nonlinear MPPT controller for PV energy systems using PSO-based integral backstepping and artificial neural network techniques

Robust nonlinear MPPT controller for PV energy systems using PSO-based integral backstepping and artificial neural network techniques

Hybrid Neural Network and Adaptive Terminal Sliding Mode MPPT Controller for Partially Shaded Standalone PV Systems

Hybrid Neural Network and Adaptive Terminal Sliding Mode MPPT Controller for Partially Shaded Standalone PV Systems

Models for MATLAB Simulation of a University Campus Micro-Grid

This work presents a library of microgrid (MG) component models integrated in a complete university campus MG model in the Simulink/MATLAB environment. The model allows simulations on widely varying time scales and evaluation of the electrical, economic, and environmental performance of the MG. The models include photovoltaic (PV) generation (with MPPT control), battery storage (including charge/discharge control), loads (campus buildings and outdoor lighting), electric vehicle charging stations, and interconnections. The campus MG model is shown to be useful for (i) week-long simulations throughout the year, to analyze seasonal differences; (ii) year-long simulations for the estimation of overall economic and environmental impacts; (iii) MG islanded-mode simulations. The model is an agile tool for planning the deployment and penetration of photovoltaic plants and battery storage, with consideration of economic and environmental (carbon footprint) aspects.

A New Effective APEAO Algorithm Assisted Positive Output-Super Lift Luo Converter with PV-Wind Energy System

The importance of renewable energy resources in the energy province necessitates the use of photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems to power brushless DC (BLDC) motors for applications such as water pumping and automobiles. In this research, an optimized MPPT-based positive output super-lift Luo converter (PO-SLLC) is presented for a hybrid power system with a BLDC motor to overcome the constraints of ordinary DC–DC converters. The Luo converter produces a positive output voltage which aids in achieving a high power density with fewer ripples in the voltage and current profile. The output voltage grows in geometric progression, increasing the converter’s efficiency, according to its mathematical model. Adjustment parameter enhanced Aquila optimization (APEAO) is used to optimize the duty cycle of the PO-SLLC from the MPPT controller and the controller parameters of the PI controller of the wind system. The proposed system’s behavior for variations in irradiation patterns with constant load torque is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The settling time and overshoot obtained with the proposed optimized controller are compared to those obtained with other optimization controllers, such as ant colony optimization (ACO), genetic algorithm (GA), Aquila optimization (AO), advanced version of harmony search algorithm (2N[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1-HSA) and opposition based quantum bat algorithm (OQBA) and it is demonstrated that the proposed APEAO optimized controller has good dynamic performance.

The coordinated control strategy of DC microgrid based on multiple energy storage units

Recently, the DC microgrid (MG) has caught people’s attention because of its simpler control system than the AC microgrid. In this paper, the bus voltage layering control method based on droop control is used for DC microgrid coordination control. According to the working characteristics of the DC bus, the voltage of the DC bus is divided into five sections, corresponding to 5 operating modes respectively. Inside the DC microgrid, each unit converts the operation mode by local control according to voltage amplitude. The photovoltaic power generation unit adopts MPPT control and constant voltage control to adjust the running point tracking, so as to realize changing-over smoothly between voltage regulator mode and MPPT. The battery system adopts a hierarchical operation control method of several batteries on the basis of the state of charge (SOC). To realize the target, which means getting rational active power allocation and SOC equilibrium of each battery unit, as well as different batteries changing-over the charge and discharge modes on the basis of SOC size, so as to adjust the droop curve according to the power size. Finally, the balance between the three objectives of the highest photovoltaic energy utilization rate, energy storage SOC balance, and stable bus voltage is achieved.

Distributed Data-Driven Secondary Regulation for the Conflict Between Voltage Recovery and Accurate Current Sharing in DC Microgrids

The problem of voltage restoration and current balancing has been a hot topic in the study of DC microgrids (MGs), and how to engineer a secondary controller to solve the conflict between these two is the concern of this paper. With the above consideration, an optimal distributed data-driven secondary control strategy is proposed in this paper, which relies entirely on the input and output (current measurements) data of DC MGs. The proposed framework completes the design of a secondary control strategy for DC MGs based on a data model for the first time, which incorporates the physical coupling relationship between voltage and current into the controller design and is independent of the global circuit parameters and topology information. As a result of the proposed cost function with future current prediction, the designed secondary control strategy not only retains the advantages of consensus control, such as facilitating the plug-and-play of generation units, but also enables DC MGs to achieve better output current quality at steady state, fast dynamic response and improves robustness to external disturbances. Unlike the existing schemes based on average voltage observer, this paper resorts to a combination of limiting the voltage reference value generated by the secondary controller and a current cooperative strategy based on the learned data model to achieve an easy-to-use trade-off between the two objectives of voltage regulation and current sharing in DC MGs. From the design and implementation point of view, the solution proposed in this paper is going to be simpler. Then, an analytical model of a closed-loop DC MG system under the proposed control scheme is developed, and the analysis of stability and consensus of weighted output current is given accordingly. Finally, the proposed control strategy is tested on a hardware DC MG system with solar panels and an MPPT controller to verify its feasibility.

A novel metaheuristic-based robust unified control MPPT algorithm for grid-connected PV system

A novel metaheuristic-based robust unified control MPPT algorithm for grid-connected PV system

Effective battery charging system using step voltage and step duty size-based MPPT controller for solar PV system

Solar energy is an excellent source of renewable energy, despite its intermittent nature that can pose a challenge. To meet load demand, a converter is required to integrate the system. The converter acts based on control signals from the controller, which is trained according to the end demand and availability of Sun Irradiance. This paper utilizes the Incremental Conductance (IC) and Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithms, which are widely accepted in the industry and easy to implement. This study aims to design and compare a Step Voltage (SV) controller and a Step-Duty (SD) Maximum Point Tracking (MPPT) IC controller-based DC to DC boost converter. The paper compares the performance of SV and SD controller-based DC to DC boost converters under different environmental conditions, evaluates the system’s effectiveness by comparing the oscillations in load power for both conditions and discusses the impact of battery charging on the Load. The system performance is tested using MATLAB Simulink/coding, considering the Indian solar radiation intensity (SRI) scenario and temperature variations. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the proposed system, which can contribute to the development and optimization of solar energy systems in various applications. From the comparative analysis of IC SD, SV and P&O SD, SV it is observed the performance of IC SD is superior. The impact of battery charging using IC SD controller on the load and MPPT point is also discussed.

Adaptive Control Approach-Based Isolated Microgrid System with Alleviating Power Quality Problems

In this article, a dual third-order generalized integrator-based phase-locked loop (DTOGI-PLL) and an additional degree of freedom-based frequency locked loop (ADF-FLL) control approaches are utilized on a voltage source converter (VSC) to control an isolated microgrid system under different operating conditions. The proposed adaptive approaches provide a fast dynamic response with a precise estimation of frequency, phase angle, and fundamental load current component compared to that of the TOGI-PLL and least mean square (LMS) algorithms. An ADF-FLL allows closed-loop poles to perform more optimally, resulting in faster dynamic performance without compromising filtering capability. Moreover, the proposed adaptive approaches with VSC provide power support, load leveling, harmonic eliminations, and enhance the isolated microgrid’s overall power quality during dynamics in load and energy sources. A solar PV (SPV) array with perturb & observe (P&O) MPPT control is interfaced at the DC link of a bidirectional controller (BDC) to draw maximum solar power. Through dc-link voltage control, the BDC with energy storage system (ESS) ensures the appropriate power flow and power equilibrium between energy sources and load. The Simulation and test results show the dynamic performance of the isolated microgrid is examined under different operational scenarios.

Centralized power management and control of a Low Voltage DC Nanogrid

This paper discusses FPGA-based power sharing control of a solar PV-powered low-voltage DC (LVDC) nanogrid. The proposed LVDC nanogrid control algorithm monitors power generation, storage, and load power and shifts between sources and load to maintain power balance. The controller effectiveness is studied for varying input and varying load conditions via simulation studies and hardware implementation. A proposed system simulation model with a control algorithm is built into MATLAB and performance analysis is carried out. The power sharing control algorithm and MPPT algorithm are built using Xilinx blocks in MATLAB and programmed into FPGA controller Furthermore, experimentation is carried out on the proposed model to validate the simulation results. Hardware results obtained under different atmospheric and load conditions are presented and discussed.

Frequency Dynamics of Power Systems with Inertial Response Support from Wind Generation

Inertial response support from wind turbine generators has become a priority requirement in most grid codes to improve the frequency response and frequency stability margins of power systems. However, the interaction between MPPT and inertial controllers may significantly degrade the power system dynamics. Therefore, there is a need to comprehensively understand the electromechanical dynamics of power systems with high penetration of wind generation. In this context, this work proposes a simplified dynamic model to assess the electromechanical dynamics of modern power systems with inertial response support from wind generation. The proposed simplified model allows simple analyses of the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of wind generation that directly affect the system frequency dynamics and the dynamics of wind turbine generators. As a secondary contribution, this work also provides a comprehensive assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of wind generation that significantly affect the electromechanical dynamics of power systems with inertial response support from wind generation.

태양광 발전시스템의 전력 생산 증대를 위한 Double Band 제어 방식의 적용 및 검증

In this paper, we propose a double band control method for increasing power production in a solar power generation system. The double band control method aims to increase power production in the solar power generation system by supplementing various problems of the existing P&O control method. MPPT control is performed so that the solar power generation system can always produce maximum power. Among various MPPT control methods, the most used P&O control method is a method of following MPP by comparing previous voltage and power values with current voltage and power values. A disadvantage of this P&O control method is that power loss occurs according to a voltage reference change value. As a countermeasure against this, the power loss can be minimized by not implementing MPPT by adding the voltage reference change value after finding the MPP point using the double band control method. In addition, to verify this, it was verified through simulation using one PV panel and one flyback converter. Comparative analysis was conducted to obtain the amount of power that can be produced from PV panels under various solar radiation conditions. In addition, a comparative analysis was conducted to obtain the amount of electricity that can be produced from the PV panel when the amount of solar radiation changes. As a result, it was found that the power production increased when the double band control method was used rather than the P&O control method.

Effect of SPWM Inverter in Combination with Solar Uninterruptible Induction Motor Drive

The increase in the popularity of uninterruptible induction motor drives has prompted industrial applications to be interested in this technology. Each of these drives has a rectifier at the input that charges batteries. When there is a power outage, an inverter powered by the batteries supplies the motor with electricity. In addition, a separate system of uninterruptible power supplies is regularly installed on the industrial site. The study highlights the advantages of combining the two systems and demonstrates them with simulation and measurement results. This paper will consider connecting solar panels to combined uninterruptible power systems. Solar panels can be used to charge batteries with high efficiency, requiring only MPPT controllers. Hence, if solar panels are installed on the roofs of industrial facilities, they can be integrated into the uninterruptible power supply. The paper describes the effects of combining an uninterruptible motor drive with a single-phase inverter that mainly affects the DC bus voltage. In turn, the DC bus voltage ripple and fluctuation also affects the quality parameters of the motor and single-phase load such as the Total Harmonic Distortion. Furthermore, the paper presents the solar-assisted combined system components used for the measurement, and the results derived from them.

A new meta-heuristic optimization-based MPPT control technique for green energy harvesting from photovoltaic systems under different atmospheric conditions.

At present, a photovoltaic (PV) system takes responsibility to reduce the risk of global warming and generate electricity. However, the PV system faces numerous problems to track global maximum peak power (GMPP) owing to the nonlinear nature of the environment especially due to partial shading conditions (PSC). To solve these difficulties, previous researchers have utilized various conventional methods for investigations. Nevertheless, these methods have oscillations around the GMPP. Hence, a new metaheuristic method such as an opposition-based equilibrium optimizer (OBEO) algorithm is used in this work for mitigating the oscillations around GMPP. To find the effectiveness of the proposed method, it can be evaluated with other methods such as SSA, GWO, and P&O. As per the simulation outcome, the proposed OBEO method provides maximum efficiency against all other methods. The efficiency for the proposed method under dynamic PSC is 95.09% in 0.16s, similarly, 96.17% for uniform PSC and 86.25% for complex PSC.

Integrated battery management system employing multi-port DC/DC converter for standalone solar photovoltaic system

ABSTRACT The standalone solar photovoltaic (PV) systems employing multiport converters utilize battery as buffers to handle excess or deficit solar PV power. However, a review of literature has shown that often no battery management unit in the control schemes of multi-port converters used in such hybrid systems and also there is an abnormality in the levels of battery voltage. The battery management unit systems are essential to maintain battery at safe operating limits of current and voltage. This paper proposes one such unit for a standalone solar PV system make use of a single inductor, dual input/output DC-DC converter along with the developed time sharing control scheme. It consists of a battery management unit scheme that implements the standard three-stage charging process. The battery management unit is integrated into a dynamic power management scheme for a standalone solar PV system which consists of combined voltage control and MPPT control. Further, the reduction in solar power of around 50% makes the voltage controller to adjust its duty ratio by almost 50% of its previous value to maintain the constant load power. The built in experimental setup in the laboratory validates the working of the proposed battery management system.

A novel topology for power quality improvement using EPO incremental conductance MPPT controller for SPV system with 51-level inverter

A novel topology for power quality improvement using EPO incremental conductance MPPT controller for SPV system with 51-level inverter