Mowed Lawns Research Articles

A Possible Perspective of Recultivation with Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-Inoculated Drought-Tolerant Herbaceous Plants.

Using native species for urban green space is rather important nowadays. Plant cover on soil is necessary for agronomical and architectural investments as well as conservational programs, which all need minimal maintenance and have to be cost efficient. Commercially available seed mixtures for grasslands and lawns include species that partly originated from other mesoclimatic zones, and thus they may not be able to survive in the long-term, nor will they be adventive to the local ecosystem. With a focus on climate change, the most arid part of the Pannon geographical region was selected (near Törökszentmiklós in Nagykunság, Hungarian Great Plain). The local flora has adapted effectively to the environment; therefore, many species growing there were candidates for this study. Annuals and herbaceous perennials were investigated with respect to harvestability, reproducibility, decorativity, seed production, seed morphological characters (size, mass) and germination features. The selected 20 taxa were inoculated with INOQ Agri mycorrhiza (Rhizophagus irregularis) to increase the drought tolerance and biomass of the plants. Mycorrhizal frequency was significantly different among the taxa, reflecting various responses to the symbiotic interaction and possibly various mycorrhizal dependence of the plant species examined. We did not observe significantly higher colonization rate in most cases of the samples with artificial inoculation treatment. We conclude that the degraded mowed lawn soil that we used could contain propagules of AM fungi in a sufficient amount, so in the artificial grassland restorations, the additional AM inoculation treatment is not necessary to achieve a higher AM colonization rate.

New Habitat Data of the Green-Winged Orchid (Anacamptis Morio L.) Located in the Surroundings of Eger, Hungary

In 2022, we identified two new habitats of the protected green-winged orchid (Anacamptis morio L.) in the Bükk Mountains, in the surroundings of the city of Eger. One of the habitats is in the southwestern steppe meadow of the protected Nagy Eged Hill, while the other one is on a private plot near the village of Szarvaskő. A total of 18 blooming individuals were counted in the two sites. In the lower part of the steppe, at the foot of the protected Nagy-Eged Hill (47°97'56"N and 20°34'51"E), we found one well-developed green-winged orchid already in its flowering stage. It stood out with its smaller size and different flower colour from the lady orchids (Orchis purpurea HUDS.) widespread on the slopes of the mountain. Unfortunately, no other roots were found during our survey. The blooming flowers that make up the inflorescence were of the most common dark purple-red color. At the other site, further 17 individuals of the green-winged orchid were identified in a private garden (3,500 m2) in the outskirts of the village of Szarvaskő (47°92'02"N and 20°40'58"E). Most of the garden is covered by regularly mowed lawn. All of the detected orchids were in bloom and appeared scattered throughout the plot. Five larger plants grew at a great distance from one another, while 12 small ones (height: ≤10 cm) developed in a bunch. We had been aware of the presence of the protected orchid species on the plot since 2017, but before 2022 only a maximum of 3 flowering individuals appeared in one specific area of the plot each year. Floristic papers have not reported the occurrence of this species either in Nagy-Eged or in Szarvaskő so far.

Habitat complexity, connectivity, and introduced fish drive pond community structure along an urban to rural gradient.

Urbanization can influence local richness (alpha diversity) and community composition (beta diversity) in numerous ways. For instance, reduced connectivity and land cover change may lead to the loss of native specialist taxa, decreasing alpha diversity. Alternatively, if urbanization facilitates nonnative species introductions and generalist taxa, alpha diversity may remain unchanged or increase, while beta diversity could decline due to the homogenization of community structure. Wetlands and ponds provide critical ecosystem services and support diverse communities, making them important systems in which to understand the consequences of urbanization. To determine how urban development shapes pond community structure, we surveyed 68 ponds around Madison, Wisconsin, USA, which were classified as urban, greenspace, or rural based on surrounding land use. We evaluated how landscape and local pond factors were correlated with the alpha diversity of aquatic plants, macroinvertebrates, and aquatic vertebrates. We also analyzed whether surrounding land use was associated with changes in community composition and the presence of specific taxa. We found a 23% decrease in mean richness (alpha diversity) from rural to urban pond sites and a 15% decrease from rural to greenspace pond sites. Among landscape factors, adjacent developed land, mowed lawn cover, and greater distances to other waterbodies were negatively correlated with observed pond richness. Among pond level factors, habitat complexity was associated with increased richness, while nonnative fishes were associated with decreased richness. Beta diversity was relatively high for all ponds due to turnover in composition between sites. Urban ponds supported more nonnative species, lacked a subset of native species found in rural ponds, and had slightly higher beta diversity than greenspace and rural ponds. Our results suggest that integrating ponds into connected greenspaces, maintaining riparian vegetation, preventing nonnative fish introductions, and promoting habitat complexity may mitigate the negative effects of urbanization on aquatic richness. While ponds are small in size and rarely incorporated into urban conservation planning, the high beta diversity of distinct pond communities emphasizes their importance for supporting urban biodiversity.

English

An experiment at Egerton University in Kenya studied effects of vermicomposts and bioslurry on growth, yield and postharvest quality in statice. Three vermicomposts prepared from Kitchen waste (V1), mowed lawn grass (V2) and Weed biomass (V3) were mixed at a rate of 40% by volume with garden soil and tested against the untreated control (V0). Bioslurry from a digester at Tatton Agricultural Park in the university was applied at 7.8 tons/ha (B1) alongside untreated control (B0). The results showed significant differences at P≤0.05 between treatments, where vermicomposts and bioslurry were separately applied compared to the controls. V1 and B1 had the most stems per plant (22.9, 26.0) and (18.7, 19.8) compared to the control (15.2, 18.1) in season 1 and 2 respectively. The number of stems per plant increased to 26.3 in season 1 and 27 in season 2 in the plots treated with both Kitchen waste vermicompost and bioslurry (V1 × B1). The flower stem lengths were higher under V1 treatment (80.9 and 95.8) cm but similar to V3 which recorded 78.9 and 92.2 cm in season 1 and 2 respectively. In season 1 and 2 respectively, bioslurry treatment (B1) recorded flower stem length of 80.0 and 92.8 cm, compared to the control (53.4 and 64.7 cm). Combined treatment V1 × B1 increased flower stem lengths to 104.1 and 121.1 cm in season 1 and 2 respectively. In season 1 and 2 respectively, V3 × B1 had the longest vase life (22.2 and 22.9 days) when compared to V1 × B1, V2 × B1, V1, V2, V3 and B1 (15.4 to 20.1 days) but all exceeded the untreated plots (11.2 and 12.2 days). Key words: Statice, bioslurry, vermicompost, growth, postharvest.

Aesthetic practices and normativity

AbstractWhat should we do, aesthetically speaking, and why? Any adequate theory of aesthetic normativity must distinguish reasons internal and external to aesthetic practices. This structural distinction is necessary in order to reconcile our interest in aesthetic correctness with our interest in aesthetic value. I consider three case studies—score compliance in musical performance, the look of a mowed lawn, and literary interpretation—to show that facts about the correct actions to perform and the correct attitudes to have are explained by norms internal to a practice. Practice‐internal norms, however, cannot settle the distinct question of which practices we have reason to opt into. When it comes to the source of aesthetic normativity—in virtue of what aesthetic value is genuinely reason‐giving—I argue that existing accounts, which appeal to pleasure or achievement, are inadequate. The only practice‐external aesthetic requirement is a generic one to opt into at least some aesthetic practices.

Testing the Establishment of Eight Forbs in Mowed Lawns of Hard Fescue (Festuca brevipila) for Use in Pollinator Conservation

Public concern for the conservation of pollinating insect communities, such as bees, has created demand for more florally diverse landscapes. In urban environments, lawns form a large portion of cultivated land, and are typically managed to exclude flowering species richness. In this study, we investigated the establishment of eight flowering plants with pollinator value (plants that provide floral nectar and pollen for visiting insects) when coseeded with the turfgrass hard fescue (Festuca brevipila Tracey). The study was established as a dormant seeding at two locations in central Minnesota with substantially different soil types. Plots were maintained at either a 6- or 9-cm mowing height. We monitored these plantings over the 2014, 2015, and 2016 growing seasons for vegetative establishment and flowering of planted forbs. Of the eight forbs tested, Trifolium repens L., Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata (W. Bartram) Hultén, Thymus serpyllum auct. non L., and Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. established in at least one location. Mowing height did not affect vegetative establishment, but had a negative effect on the number of blooms produced by P. vulgaris ssp. lanceolata. Vegetative establishment was affected by location, with P. vulgaris ssp. lanceolata establishing in higher abundance in the moist loamy site, whereas T. serpyllum and A. crassicarpus established in higher abundance at the dry sandy site. This study represents an important first step in identifying appropriate plants and management practices for improving lawns as a resource for pollinators.

Landscape Factors that Influence European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Nest Box Occupancy at NASA Plum Brook Station (PBS), Erie County, Ohio, USA

During the last decade at NASA Plum Brook Station (PBS), Erie County, Ohio, United States, there has been a nearly 50% decrease in European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) occupancy (nests with ≥1 egg) of nest boxes designed to be used by starlings. Increased availability of natural cavities, from invertebrate pests, might have altered nest box occupation rates. It was hypothesized that starling nest box occupation rates would be a function of an index of potentially suitable tree cavities for nesting starlings, the semi-colonial nature of breeding starlings, and access to foraging areas (e.g., mowed lawns near buildings). Specifically, it was predicted that starling occupancy of nest boxes would correlate positively with a low density of potentially suitable tree cavities (calculated from a constructed index based on characteristics preferred by nesting starlings), and proximity of other starling occupied nest boxes and anthropogenic structures or mowed lawns. The objective was to quantify landscape factors around nest boxes with known starling occupation rates. Potentially suitable tree cavities were readily available near nest boxes. However, starling nest box occupation was instead a function of proximity to buildings, a factor associated with additional nesting sites and preferred foraging areas (mowed lawns). Nesting starlings in this study were influenced by anthropogenic structures and associated resources.

Salt Marsh Migration into Lawns Revealed by a Novel Sediment-Based Approach

Upslope migration will be critical to the future survival and stability of tidal salt marshes in an age of accelerated sea-level rise, yet only a small number of studies have measured historic migration rates. We developed a new approach for reconstructing salt marsh migration that can be used even in situations where that migration would be undetectable by aerial photograph analysis, such as the growth of marsh plants under trees or the movement of marsh ecosystems into mowed lawns. Our approach involves identifying a wedge of salt marsh peat (overlying the pre-existing upland soil) through the presence of foraminifera and then dating that wedge using 137Cs. We demonstrate our approach by calculating migration rates (1963–2016) for two lawn-adjacent salt marshes along the Connecticut coast of Long Island Sound. Both marshes showed substantial migration over this time period, although vertical migration rates differed dramatically between the two sites, perhaps because of the differential influence of large storms. Further, we demonstrate that the presence of foraminifera (an unequivocal signal of tidal inundation) constitutes a more accurate indicator of the migration wedge than high organic content. Our relatively inexpensive approach could be used to assess migration rates at multiple sites in order to better understand the factors controlling marsh migration.

The behaviour of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus, the green June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on mowed lawns makes them especially vulnerable to bird predators

ABSTRACTMales of the green June beetle Cotinis nitida are regularly attacked by birds as they search for females on lawns but which bird species feeds on the beetle changes from year to year. In 2018 for the first time on a farm in northern Virginia, brown thrashers (Toxostomum rufum) joined blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) as major predators of the beetles. The two species employed very different tactics when hunting for June beetles, with the thrashers searching while walking forward on the mowed lawn while the jays scanned for beetles when perched in trees about the lawn. The beetles became very scarce at the lawn in early July in 2017 and 2018 and their predators apparently moved elsewhere. Subsequently, male beetles were occasionally observed patrolling a nearby hayfield in search of mates with rare copulations recorded after July 15. Because predatory birds could not exploit the beetles in the tall grass of the hayfield it seems likely that the mowed lawn constituted an evolutionarily novel ecological trap which made searching beetles conspicuous and easily captured by beetle-hunting birds.

Plastic flowers and mowed lawns: the exploration of everyday unsustainability

ABSTRACTIn human-controlled environments and in cultivated landscapes, the plants accommodate social, cultural and economic needs. This article will focus on the use of plants for agriculture, urban planning, forestry, environmental education and indoor decoration in The Netherlands. This exploration, based on literature review and observations, reveals mostly anthropocentric, instrumental and unsustainable practices. In urban landscapes plants are pushed to the margins, if not entirely eradicated. This article shows that moral recognition of plants is an ethical imperative, which is also critically important to achieve environmental sustainability. In line with ecocentric ethics and in the interest of long-term sustainability, this article suggests alternative, more ethical and sustainable ways of relating to plants in The Netherlands and beyond.

Upslope development of a tidal marsh as a function of upland land use.

To thrive in a time of rapid sea-level rise, tidal marshes will need to migrate upslope into adjacent uplands. Yet little is known about the mechanics of this process, especially in urbanized estuaries, where the adjacent upland is likely to be a mowed lawn rather than a wooded natural area. We studied marsh migration in a Long Island Sound salt marsh using detailed hydrologic, edaphic, and biotic sampling along marsh-to-upland transects in both wooded and lawn environments. We found that the overall pace of marsh development was largely unaffected by whether the upland being invaded was lawn or wooded, but the marsh-edge plant communities that developed in these two environments were quite different, and some indicators (soil salinity, foraminifera) appeared to migrate more easily into lawns. In addition, we found that different aspects of marsh structure and function migrated at different rates: Wetland vegetation appeared to be a leading indicator of marsh migration, while soil characteristics such as redox potential and surface salinity developed later in the process. We defined a 'hydrologic migration zone', consisting of elevations that experience tidal inundation with frequencies ranging from 20% to 0.5% of high tides. This hydrologically defined zone - which extended to an elevation higher than the highest astronomical tide datum - captured the biotic and edaphic marsh-upland ecotone. Tidal inundation at the upper border of this migration zone is highly variable over time and may be rising more rapidly than mean sea level. Our results indicate that land management practices at the upland periphery of tidal marshes can facilitate or impede ecosystem migration in response to rising sea level. These findings are applicable to large areas of tidal marsh along the U.S. Atlantic coast and in other urbanized coastal settings.

Influence of the reduction of urban lawn mowing on wild bee diversity (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

To analyse the effects of reduced green space management in urban areas on the biodiversity of insects, we compared intensely mowed lawns (mowed 12 times per year) with meadows under reduced maintenance (mowed only twice per year) in the city of Tubingen (Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany). Over the entire field season, 177 wild bee individuals representing 43 species were caught using sweep nets. Areas with reduced maintenance showed significantly higher total species numbers and biodiversity indices. Our research supports the initiative “Bunte Wiese (Colourful Meadow) - Species Diversity in Public Greenspaces” of the University of Tubingen, which is campaigning for the enhancement of species diversity in public urban greenland areas by reorganising intensive mowing into a “twice a year” programme.

Lawn enforcement: How municipal policies and neighborhood norms influence homeowner residential landscape management

As urban areas expand in population and geographic spread, residential landscapes become more pervasive, which is often associated with an increase in turfgrass that can contribute to changes in water use and nutrient flows. Management of these landscapes is influenced at multiple scales—municipal policies, individual homeowner decision-making, and neighborhood norms, and municipal policies. Most municipalities implement policies that encourage (i.e., weed and grass height ordinances) and restrict (i.e., irrigation ordinances) lawn management. But what is the relationship between yard ordinances, homeowner awareness of these ordinances, and neighborhood yard norms? We explored this question through homeowner interviews and a review of yard ordinances in 17 cities in the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area as well as interviews with code enforcement officers. We found most municipalities have lawn irrigation restrictions and weed or grass height ordinances, yet generally rely on complaints from neighbors to enforce these lawn management policies. This may be helpful when it comes to policies reinforcing agreed upon social norms—like grass height ordinances—but may be difficult with policies acting against the norm—like lawn irrigation restrictions. Additionally, homeowners in suburban areas posted high rates of awareness of local policies. Homeowner comments suggest social norms regarding lawn management are present across the urban gradient; weed-free and mowed lawns were most commonly identified. These findings have implications for policy development moving forward as cities face issues related to water scarcity or try to accommodate changing resident desires for natural landscaping.

Site- and rainfall-specific runoff coefficients and critical rainfall for mega-gully development in Kinshasa (DR Congo)

This article presents a field-based method to assess site- and rainfall-specific runoff coefficients to be expected for a given period of the year. The method is applied to recognize soil uses/covers leading to reduced runoff water supply of gullies in Kinshasa. The computation of the runoff coefficient needs an infiltration envelope, established on site during a period of interest, and a local pluviogram decomposed in pluviophases. Rainfall simulation is carried out in 35 representative urban sites located in gully runon areas to establish a site-specific infiltration envelope. The runoff coefficient of the 35 sites is calculated for 25 geomorphologically active rains recorded between 1975 and 2012. The results show that several site-specific characteristics control runoff coefficient. The first factor is the over-compaction of the soil. Earthen roads show a runoff coefficient of 96.0 %. The second factor is the presence of a lichen seal. Bare loose soil only colonized by a lichen seal shows a runoff coefficient of 40.7 %. For the other sites, the runoff coefficient is inversely proportional to the percentage of vegetation soil cover, a normally compacted bare soil having a runoff coefficient of up to 30 %, parcels with high grass or cultures providing complete coverage showing no runoff at all. However, mowed lawns develop an impervious root mat close to the surface and, therefore, do not follow this rule: They quickly produce runoff similar to the bare and compacted surfaces. Finally, the factor slope gradient is involved. The differences due to vegetation cover disappear gradually with decreasing slope. Below a slope gradient of 0.08 m m−1, the runoff coefficient is null on a bare surface. Currently, the critical rainfall for gullying in the high town of Kinshasa is 24.9 mm with a mean intensity of 21.8 mm h−1. Roads generate by far most runoff and, therefore, are considered as the primary reason for gullying. The other soil uses lead most of the time to much smaller runoff coefficients, but their relative contribution to the supply of gullies grows with rainfall increase in height and intensity. The results provide material for gully management and adaptation strategies and open perspectives for the development of an early warning system in the region of Kinshasa. The method shows potential for being applied in other urbanized environments.

The Importance of Vegetation Structure and Artificial Cover for Prairie Skinks (Plestiodon septentrionalis) on Exurban Land

Abstract The Northern Prairie Skink (Plestiodon septentrionalis) is listed as endangered and very little is known about habitat use in this semi-fossorial lizard. Much of the research to date has occurred on provincial park lands and federal military lands. This project aimed to define Prairie Skink habitat characteristics on exurban private land, which is defined as low-density rural residential developments, 5 to 20 acres (2 to 8 ha) in size. Prairie Skink presence data were collected using visual encounter surveys in three habitat types found on eight exurban properties in southwestern Manitoba: mowed lawn, gardens–flower beds, and native prairie. At each capture site, and at three other randomly selected sites within 10 m of each capture site, we recorded percent cover of grasses, forbs, small shrubs, bare ground, litter, and cover material. To measure thermal habitat characteristics we placed iButton® temperature loggers in each of the three habitat types. Prairie Skinks were found most commonly in n...

The Influence of Different Type of Management upon the Floristic Structure of Grasslands Systems, with Special Attention on Arnica montana L.

The maintenance of semi-natural grasslands within the mountainous landscape is deeply influenced by fertilization. Application of fertilizer will cause changes in the chemical composition of the plant and will increase the palatability, decreasing the denials. One should apply fertilizers taking into account the way of exploitation of the grassland. If the grasslands are grazed, much of the nutrients return into the meadow by manure, fattening being more important than on mowed lawns where all the nutrients taken from plants are exported. The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of organic and mineral fertilizers upon semi-natural grassland’s plant diversity on different soil types. The research was carried out in Apuseni Mountains, in an experimental field with one experience with organic fertilizers ( T1 control, T2 10 t ha-1manure, T3 20 t ha-1 manure, T4 30 t ha-1 manure ) . Mineral fertilizers complex NPK 20:10:10 ratio was applied in three quantities: 50N 25P 25 K, 100N 50P 50K, and 150N 75P 75 K. The results showed that the largest quantities of mineral fertilizers generated a considerable decrease of plant diversity. For future management actions that are meant to maintain plant diversity in Apuseni Mountains, the organic fertilization with 10 t ha-1 manure quantities administrated annually or once on two years. In conclusion is justified to make organic treatments on Preluvosol Rodic soil type and mineral treatments on Eutricambosol Rendzinic soil type.

Detecting small‐scale genotype–environment interactions in apomictic dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) populations

Studies of genotype × environment interactions (G × E) and local adaptation provide critical tests of natural selection's ability to counter opposing forces such as gene flow. Such studies may be greatly facilitated in asexual species, given the possibility for experimental replication at the level of true genotypes (rather than populations) and the possibility of using molecular markers to assess genotype-environment associations in the field (neither of which is possible for most sexual species). Here, we tested for G × E in asexual dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) by subjecting six genotypes to experimental drought, mown and benign (control) conditions and subsequently using microsatellites to assess genotype-environment associations in the field. We found strong G × E, with genotypes that performed poorly under benign conditions showing the highest performance under stressful conditions (drought or mown). Our six focal genotypes comprise > 80% of plants in local populations. The most common genotype in the field showed its highest relative performance under mown conditions (the most common habitat in our study area), and almost all plants of this genotype in the field were found growing in mowed lawns. Genotypes performing best under benign experimental conditions were found most frequently in unmown conditions in the field. These results are strongly indicative of local adaptation at a very small scale, with unmown microsites of only a few square metres typically embedded within larger mown lawns. By studying an asexual species, we were able to map genotypes with known ecological characteristics to environments with high spatial precision.

Genotypic Diversity Effects on the Performance of Taraxacum officinale Populations Increase with Time and Environmental Favorability

Within-population genetic diversity influences many ecological processes, but few studies have examined how environmental conditions may impact these short-term diversity effects. Over four growing seasons, we followed experimental populations of a clonal, ubiquitous weed, Taraxacum officinale, with different numbers of genotypes in relatively favorable fallow field and unfavorable mowed lawn environmental treatments. Population performance (measured as total leaf area, seed production or biomass) clearly and consistently increased with diversity, and this effect became stronger over the course of the experiment. Diversity effects were stronger, and with different underlying mechanisms, in the fallow field versus the mowed lawn. Large genotypes dominated in the fallow field driving overyielding (via positive selection effects), whereas in the mowed lawn, where performance was limited by regular disturbance, there was evidence for complementarity among genotypes (with one compact genotype in particular performing better in mixture than monoculture). Hence, we predict stronger genotypic diversity effects in environments where intense intraspecific competition enhances genotypic differences. Our four-year field experiment plus seedling establishment trials indicate that genotypic diversity effects have far-reaching and context-dependent consequences across generations.

The Megachurch in the Landscape: Adapting to Changing Sale and Managing Integrated Green Space in Texas and Oklahoma, USA

Christian megachurches in Texas and Oklahoma, of 4000 weekly attendance or greater, vary in green space design from impenetrable to highly accessible, and from predominantly mowed lawn to sophisticated plans incorporating a variety of outdoor recreational and ritual spaces. The most complex layouts include sites for baptism and prayer, as well as small natural areas. Conscious expression of practical theology or Christian symbolism in the green space is correlated to higher landscape connectivity and diversity. The recent appearance of large church campuses, exceeding 50 ha, has resulted in sporadic innovation, while for many large congregations green space remains an underutilized resource. Five theological questions for religious campus planners include how does green space: 1) express God's beauty; 2) honor providential environmental services; 3) teach about the relationship between God, humanity, and the environment; 4) provide connections among God, nature, the congregation and the neighbors; and 5) provide for the needs of others?

Carbonyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfide fluxes in an urban lawn and adjacent bare soil in Guangzhou, China

Abstract Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes from an urban Cynodon dactylon lawn and adjacent bare soil were measured during April-July 2005 in Guangzhou, China. Both the lawn and bare soil acted as sinks for COS and sources for DMS. The mean fluxes of COS and DMS in the lawn (-19.27 and 18.16 pmol/(m 2(sec), respectively) were significantly higher than those in the bare soil (-9.89 and 9.35 pmol/(m 2(sec), respectively). Fluxes of COS and DMS in mowed lawn were also higher than those in bare soils. Both COS and DMS fluxes showed diurnal variation with detectable but much lower values in the nighttime than in the daytime. COS fluxes were related significantly to temperature and the optimal temperature for COS uptake was 29°C. While positive linear correlations were found between DMS fluxes and temperature. COS fluxes increased linearly with ambient COS mixing ratios, and had a compensation point of 336 ppt.