Movement Of Nitrogen Research Articles

Description of nitrogen movement in the presence of spatially variable soil hydraulic properties

Spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties has been recognized as a limitation in the accurate application to the field of most numerically based, finite differenced models of nitrogen transport and transformation. Most of these models are formulated with the assumption that one relationship exists over the field between hydraulic conductivity (K), water content (θ) and soil water pressure (h). Calculated water contents and water fluxes arising from these input relationships form the basis for calculation of nitrogen transport and distribution within the soil profile. Several studies have observed that K-θ relationships are variable over orders of magnitude in normal agricultural field soils. This study measured the K-θ-h variation in an agricultural field and used the results to represent the extremes of water and solute flow regimes in a nitrogen transport model. The K-θ relationship was measured at 100 field locations at 7 depths and the results summarized by scaling methods to estimate spatial variability. The field was also the site of a corn growth-nitrogen fertility experiment that was designed to allow measurement of crop yield, soil water content, soil water nitrate concentrations and other data needed for evaluation of the nitrogen model. Conceptual approaches, field experiments and comparison of field data with results of the modeling exercise are presented.

Nitrogen Turnover and Assimilation during Regrowth in Trifolium subterraneum L. and Bromus mollis L

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv Woogenellup) and soft chess grass (Bromus mollis L. cv Blando) were grown in monocultures with (15)NH(4)Cl added to the soil to study nitrogen movement during regrowth following shoot removal. Four clipping treatments were imposed. Essentially all available (15)N was assimilated from the soil prior to the first shoot harvest. Measurements of total reduced nitrogen and (15)N contained within that nitrogen fraction in roots, crowns, and shoots at each harvest showed large, significant (P </= 0.001) declines in excess (15)N of crowns and roots in both species between the first and fourth harvests. There was no significant decline in total reduced nitrogen in the same organs over that period. Similar responses were evident in plants defoliated three times. The simplest interpretation of these data is that reduced nitrogen compounds turn over in plant roots and crowns during shoot regrowth. Calculations for grass and clover plants clipped four times during the growing season indicated that 100 to 143% of the nitrogen present in crowns and roots turned over between the first and fourth shoot harvest in both species, assuming nitrogen in those organs was replaced with nitrogen containing the lowest available concentration of (15)N. If other potential sources of nitrogen were used for the calculations, it was necessary to postulate that larger amounts of total nitrogen flowed through the crown and root to produce the measured dilution of (15)N compounds. These data provide the first quantitative estimates of the amount of internal nitrogen used by plants, in addition to soil nitrogen or N(2), to regenerate shoots after defoliation.

Influence of the Amount of Irrigation Water on the Movement of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potssium in the Sand Dune Soil and the Absorption of Them by Maize Grown on It

Influence of the Amount of Irrigation Water on the Movement of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potssium in the Sand Dune Soil and the Absorption of Them by Maize Grown on It

Growth and utilization of internal nitrogen reserves by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in a low-nitrogen environment

An adult giant kelp plant (Macrocystis pyrifera), moved from an inshore kelp forest to an offshore, low-nitrogen environment near Santa Catalina Island, California (USA), maintained growth for 2 wk on internal nitrogen reserves. Frond elongation rates decreased significantly during the third week, and plant growth rate (wet wt) dropped from an initial inshore rate of 3.6 to 0.9% d-1. During this 3 wk period, nitrogen contents and free amino acid concentrations decreased, while mannitol and dry contents increased in frond tissues. After depletion of internal nitrogen reserves, the nitrogen content of lamina and stipe tissues averaged 1.1 and 0.7% dry wt, respectively. The experimental plant was exposed to higher ambient nitrogen concentrations during the last 2 wk. Rates of frond elongation and plant growth increased, but nitrogen content and amino acids in frond tissues remained low. Of the total nitrogen contained in frond tissue of the plant before transplantation, 58% was used to support growth in the absence of significant external nitrogen supply. Amino acids constituted a small proportion of these internal nitrogen reserves. Net movement of nitrogen occurred within large fronds, but not between different frond size classes. The nitrogen content of holdfast tissue remained relatively constant at 2.4% dry wt and accounted for 18 to 29% of the total nitrogen. Holdfast nitrogen was not used to support growth of nitrogen-depleted fronds. In comparison to Laminaria longicruris, which is adapted to long seasonal periods of low nitrogen availability, M. pyrifera has small nitrogen-storage capacity. However, internal reserves of M. pyrifera appear adequate to make nitrogen starvation uncommon in southern California kelp forests.

Nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of interior Alaska black spruce ecosystems

Low addition levels of high enrichment isotope (&gt;1% of the total nitrogen pool with 99 at.% excess 15N) were used to follow nitrogen movement through selected forest floor components of permafrost-free and permafrost-dominated black spruce ecosystems in subarctic Alaska. The nitrogen pool examined in this study was the total nitrogen pool. 15N was retained most effectively by the feather moss layer (Pleuroziumschreberi (BSG.) Mitt. and Hylocomiumsplendens (Hedw.) BSG.) on both black spruce sites. Twenty-eight months after isotope application the feather moss layer still contained over 90% of the 15N that could be recovered. The limited movement of 15N between feather moss layers and underlying forest floor horizons appeared to be slightly affected by climatological events. Differences in 15N movement patterns between permafrost-free and permafrost-dominated black spruce sites are discussed in terms of precipitation, soil temperature, and biological controls.

Chemical Transformations of Urea‐Nitrogen and Movement of Nitrogen in a Shortgrass Prairie Soil

AbstractThis study, conducted on the Central Plains Experimental Range during the summer of 1979, was to (i) quantify the temporal dynamics of the transformations of nitrogen (N) in a simulated urine spot, (ii) determine the effect of urea hydrolysis on pH, and (iii) determine the depth of movement of nitrate by leaching. Miniplots of blue grama were established, and open‐ended aluminum cylinders 10 cm in diameter and 40 cm in length were embedded in each plot. Simulated urine was applied to two‐thirds of the plots at a rate of up to 45 g N m−2. The remaining plots were controls.After the simulated urine application, only 6% of the added N remained as urea at 2 days; no urea‐N remained at 4 days. Maximum accumulation of ammonium‐N (39.9 g N m−2) was simultaneous with the disappearance of urea. Elevated levels of nitrate were first detected at day 12 when 6.7 g N m−2 had accumulated. No measurable nitrite accumulated during the experiment.Through the first 4 days, 83% of the (urea + ammonium)‐N in the profile was in the top 15cm of the soil. With the rains near the end of the study, nitrification proceeded, and nitrate was leached through the profile to below the depth of the cores.Simulated urine significantly affected soil pH to 15 cm. From an initial pH near 6.0, urea hydrolysis increased soil pH from 0.6 to 1.3 units. As nitrification prodeeded after day 40, the pH decreased to below control levels.

Observation of gas absorption in evaporated amorphous silicon films using secondary ion mass spectrometry

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used to obtain depth profiles for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen absorbed upon air exposure into evaporated amorphous silicon films. Ion-implanted standards were used to calibrate SIMS sensitivity. Detection limits for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen were 2 × 10 18, 8 × 10 17, less than 1 × 10 17 and 6 × 10 18 atoms cm -3 respectively. The depth distributions of the absorbed gases indicate a non-uniform density of interconnected voids with the greatest density within 2500 Å of the amorphous-crystalline interface. Crystallization of the films at 635°C results in little or no movement of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, but in a substantial redistribution of hydrogen. Gas absorption into the amorphous films is in the order of hydrogen > oxygen > carbon > nitrogen.

Carbon and Nitrogen Movement from Surface‐Applied Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Straw

AbstractThe N immobilization potential of surface‐applied wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw as compared with incorporated straw was evaluated in the laboratory with soil columns. The columns were leached weekly and C and N content of the leachate determined. Leachate C/N ratios for straw alone exceeded 20:1 on several occasions and reached a maximum of 56, indicating a potential for N immobilization. Less than 5% of the total C in the straw was recovered in the leachates, providing an immobilization potential of &lt;5 kg N ha−1. Leachate C/N ratios from 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐cm deep soil columns with surface‐applied wheat straw and no fertilizer N ranged up to 55:1, 30:1, and 22:1, respectively, while the highest leachate C/N ratio from the 4‐cm mixed straw treatment was 30:1. A significant percentage of mineralized N was immobilized in the top 1 and 2 cm of soil by surface residues. Much less N was immobilized in the 4‐cm soil columns. Thus, placement of fertilizer N several centimeters below the soil surface would alleviate possible N immobilization from organic C leached from surface crop residues.The amount of applied N recovered in the leachate during 9 weeks of incubation ranged from 60 to 70% for all soil column treatments with or without surface straw. There was no significant differences between treatments. In contrast, the recovery of applied N from the mixed straw treatment was only 36%, indicating a much greater potential for N immobilization with mixed than with surface straw. The quantity of the fertilizer N added probably masked the immobilization potential of the surface residues. Fertilizer N stimulated early release of C from the straw alone treatment, but after 9 weeks of incubation the overall C loss from both fertilized and unfertilized straw was about 30%.

Movement and chemical distribution of isotopic nitrogen down the soil profile

The downward movement and accumulation of added fertilizerin situ was studied for fine-textured, loess-terrace derived soils of Rimski Sanchevi, Navisad, Yugoslavia. Three N-treated, fallowed plots from a nitrate movement experiment were selected for this study. Soil samples were obtained upto 200 cm depth at 20 cm interval and the isotope ratio analyses were done for different forms of residual N.

Copper Supply in Relation to Content and Redistribution of Copper Among Organs of the Wheat Plant*

The relationship of copper supply to the content and movement of copper among organs of wheat plants was examined at seven stages in their growth from seedlings to maturity on a copper deficient sand. In the absence of copper (Cu0), plants became severely copper deficient and produced no grain; development of tillers, leaves, stems, and inflorescences was delayed and growth of roots strongly depressed; leaf senescence was retarded and tiller growth was prolonged. Application of a marginal supply of copper (Cu1) overcame all symptoms and promoted growth and grain production. Increasing copper supply eightfold (Cu2) did not change vegetative or grain production. Copper concentrations in stems, individual leaves, and whole tops were highest and responded most strongly to copper supply when they were young. As they aged, Cu1 and Cu2 leaves lost copper rapidly; the first Cu0 leaves retained their copper and remained healthy for more than 7 weeks even though younger leaves developed severe copper deficiency. In all treatments, loss of copper from the oldest leaf paralleled senescence and the loss of nitrogen. It is suggested that copper does not move out of plant leaves until they lose organic nitrogen compounds. As a result, copper behaves in non-senescent leaves as if it is not mobile in plant phloem. But under conditions favouring senescence, copper is highly mobile: in the present experiment, 67 per cent of the copper present in vegetative organs of the Cu2 primary shoot at flowering moved from them during grain development and this could account for all of the copper found in the grain at maturity. The retention of copper by leaves before senescence, its rapid loss during senescence, and the effect of copper deficiency in delaying senescence resulted in the oldest leaf of severely deficient Cu0 plants in the present experiment having a higher copper concentration than that of copper adequate Cu1 and Cu2 plants. This behaviour could account for the many reports of anomalous C-shaped ‘Piper-Steenbjerg’ curves in the relationship of yield to copper concentrations in plant tops. The coupling of copper movement from leaves to nitrogen movement can also account for the unusually high values reported for critical concentrations of copper in tops of plants given high levels of nitrogen fertilizers. Old organs should not be included in samples for diagnosis of copper deficiency. Only young organs should be used. In the present experiment, the copper concentration of young leaves gave a good indication of the copper status of wheat: a value of 1 μg g−1 in young leaves indicated copper deficiency.

Movement of nitrogen and carbon from a septic system drainfield

A septic system drainfield that had been in use for 6 yr was instrumented to study the vertical and horizontal movement of N and C. The original system was designed so that the effluent from the septic tank could be deverted to either of two parallel leaching trenches. Each trench contained three precast leaching chambers (1.22 m×2.44 m×0.3 m) placed end to end at a depth of 1.4 m. Since installation each trench had been used alternately for 6 mo periods.

Inorganic nitrogen movement in tropical soils

Abstract The movement and recovery of ammonium nitrogen down the profile of a fallow clay soil with poor drainage were studied during the rainy season in the Philippines. Cylinders were either covered by film or uncovered to determine the effect of rain. After 4 months with a total rainfall of 850 mm, 20 and 40% of the applied 15N was recovered from the 0-75 cm soil in uncovered and covered cylinders. Downward movement of 15N was found in both covered and uncovered cylinders. The 15N content of the soil layers lower than 45 cm depth, where soil was frequently submerged, was nealigible. A similar experiment was conducted in a dryland clay-loam soil with better drainap. After 5 months with a total rainfall of 890 mm, 24 and 63% of the applied 15N was recovered from the 0-75 cm soil in uncovered and covered cylinders. Labeled nitroaen was traced up to the 75 cm depth in both cylinders. In uncovered cylinders, downward movement of 15N as mineral nitrogen was more pronounced in the well-drained than in the poorly drained soil, while the reverse was the case in the covered cylinder. The observed difference in nitrogen recovery in two dryland soils is discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of loss.

Irrigation System Effects on Applied Fertilizer Nitrogen Movement in Soil

AbstractMovement of unused fertilizer nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐‐N into shallow underground water strata by way of irrigation return flows has become a concern as irrigation has increased. Previous research has been largely conducted with furrow and sprinkler irrigation systems in areas of low rainfall and in many cases in the absence of a growing crop. We studied, directly in the field, the effects of furrow, sprinkler, and subirrigation on the movement of fertilizer NO3‐‐N in a supplementally irrigated area in the presence of sweet corn (Zea mays L.).Sodium nitrate enriched with 15N was band applied below the surface at rates of 124 and 105 kg of N/ha in 1973 and 1974, respectively. Soil samples were periodically taken in 30‐cm vertical increments through each fertilizer band, the center of the bed and beneath each furrow. Under sprinkler irrigation the fertilizer bands tended to move down with somewhat less lateral movement close to the soil surface than with the other systems. Also, movement out of the surface 30 cm was faster than for the other irrigation systems. Under furrow irrigation the fertilizer tended to move toward the center of the bed and then moved downward. With subirrigation the fertilizer moved upward and outward toward the furrows and then moved downward. The fertilizer remained in the upper 30 cm of soil longest with subirrigation.

Aqueous ammonia as a nitrogen fertilizer for summer cauliflowers, compared with ammonium nitrate (broadcast) and urea (broadcast and injected)

As a nitrogen fertilizer for vegetable production in Britain ammonia has been used mainly for bruasels sprouts (Page, Tatham &amp; Wood, 1974; Page, 1975a; Page, Wood &amp; Case, 1976), and leeks (Page &amp; Williams, 1977). These crops with long growing seasons allow considerable latitude in time of application of the ammonia. Summer and autumn maturing cauliflowers have not only a short growing season, but also have a physiological control of curd formation which appears to be insensitive to nitrogen supply (Salter, 1969; Salter &amp; Fradgley, 1969). They are also usually transplanted into the field, and the root system is therefore restricted for at least part of the growing season. It is therefore desirable to know if the roots would reach the injected nitrogen in time, as, until the ammonia becomes nitrified, nitrogen movement in the soil is small (Page, 19756). Thus, time of application of the ammonia was considered likely to be important.

Influence of two “nitrogen regulators”; on soil n transformations and movement

Abstract Experiments were conducted to assess the potential influence of a commercial product, EXTEND, on nitrogen transformations and movement in a sandy soil. Neither nitrapyrin (a commercially‐available nitrification inhibitor) nor EXTEND significantly affected the rate of NH4 +‐N or NO3 ‐‐N movement through a column of soil treated with urea‐ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer. Nitrapyrin effectively inhibited nitrification, but the nitrification rate in the EXTEND treated systems were the same as control.

Distribution, and uptake by rice plants of15N-labeled ammonium applied in mudballs in paddy soils

Abstract A 1974 field experiment determined the distribution, and uptake by rice plants, of ammonium fertilizer at 60 kg N/ha applied in mudballs into the reduced layer of paddy soil. The fertilizer-carrying mudballs were placed at the center of four hills. At the center of the plot, one 15N-labeled mudball was applied and the 15N content of the plants surrounding the site of placement were determined. For comparison, labeled ammonium fertilizer was basally incorporated with the entire puddled layer and a topdress application was made 39 days before heading. There was little movement of the ammonium nitrogen horizontally from the site of placement so that the distribution of 15N was restricted to the four adjacent plant hills. The distribution of incorporated ammonium fertilizer with the puddled layer was likewise restricted to the four adjacent rice plants but topdressing, with the unavoidable disturbance of the floodwater, resulted to a wide distribution of the 15N-labeled fertilizer. In all the methods...

Nitrogen Movement in Water Draining From Irrigated Rice Land

Nitrogen Movement in Water Draining From Irrigated Rice Land

Consumption of Black Cherry Leaves by Phytophagous Insects

Black cherry (Prunus ser?tina Ehrh.) was the third most prevalent tree (11% of the total stems, 15% of the total importance value) growing in a 40-year-old, intermediate tree stage of an old-field sere in the Youngstown State University Arboretum. Leaf drop of black cherry comprised 42, 42, 64 and 76% of the aboveground primary production of dry matter, energy equivalents, nitrogen and ash, respectively. Fruit drop accounted for 3.5, 3.5, 4.7 and 2.6% and twig drop 1.7, 1.8, 2.3 and 2.2%, respectively, for dry mass, energy equivalents, nitrogen and ash of the aboveground primary production. Total leaf consumption by phytophages was 2.9, 3.0, 5.1 and 2.1% of the leaf fall for dry mass, energy, nitrogen and ash, respectively. Low consumption early in the growing season is contrary to comparable studies. Decreasing leaf cyanide levels, leaf water content, pr?dation, increasing parasitism and leaf toughness are suggested as causes for the observed seasonal changes in phytophage densities. The movement of energy, nitrogen or minerals through the phytophage component is low relative to the total movement in a black cherry tree system. The importance of normal phytophage densities is not their contribution to energy flow and material cycling but is related to their ameliorating effects on disruptive phytophage densities by maintaining an innoculum of parasites and predators that respond to phytophage outbreaks.

A Soil‐Water‐Nitrogen Model for Irrigated Corn on Sandy Soils

AbstractA model was developed which describes the net changes of nitrogen amounts due to transformations and the movement, uptake, and loss of nitrogen from the root system of irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) grown on sandy soils. A potential nitrogen uptake function developed from field data is used to determine the maximum uptake for nonlimiting soil water and nitrogen availability. Actual uptake is calculated as less than potential when soil water content and/or mineral nitrogen concentration and distribution limit convective and diffusive movement of nitrate to the root system. Separate calculations are made for uptake resulting from each of these two mechanisms. Seasonal nitrogen uptake was computed within ± 15% of measured uptake on field plots where uptake by above ground plant material ranged from 105 to 218 kg/ha. Computed nitrate leaching losses compared favorably with losses estimated by multiplying percolation loss determined from a weekly water balance, by measured nitrate concentration at 150 cm depth. Field leaching losses estimated by the water balance‐concentration method ranged from 37 to 154 kg/ha.

Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 6, Issue 4 p. 472-472 ErrataFree Access Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen-Birch Forest This article corrects the following: Effects of Soil, Cover Crop, and Nutrient Source on Movement of Soil, Water, and Nitrogen under Simulated Rain-Slope Conditions G. D. Hoyt, E. O. McLean, G. Y. Reddy, T. J. Logan, Volume 6Issue 3Journal of Environmental Quality pages: 285-290 First Published online: July 1, 1977 D. R. Timmons, D. R. TimmonsSearch for more papers by this authorE. S. Verry, E. S. VerrySearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Burwell, R. E. BurwellSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Holt, R. F. HoltSearch for more papers by this author D. R. Timmons, D. R. TimmonsSearch for more papers by this authorE. S. Verry, E. S. VerrySearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Burwell, R. E. BurwellSearch for more papers by this authorR. F. Holt, R. F. HoltSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1977 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600040032xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume6, Issue4October‐December 1977Pages 472-472 RelatedInformation