Period Of Movement Research Articles

Comparison of Burden of Injury at a Tertiary Care Centre of National Importance: Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 Era.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, precautionary guidelines to shut down non-essential services had an impact on the pattern of hospital trauma admissions. We compared the trauma cases handled in our hospital from 24th March 2020 to 30th November 2020 during the restricted movement period with statistics from 2019. The objectives of this study is to assess the prevalence of trauma during lockdown and restricted movement phase of COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the epidemiology factor associated with trauma in pre COVID-19 and COVID-19 era in a tertiary care hospital of National importance in central India. This retrospective record-based study was done to analyze the profile of injured trauma patients presented to trauma and emergency center of tertiary care center of national importance from March 24 to June 30, 2020 (lockdown phase) and 1st July to 30th November (post-lockdown phase) of 2020. Results were compared with data from the year 2019. Total 621 trauma patients were managed during various restricted phases of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 - November 2020). Out of which 128 admissions were in the strict lockdown phase (March-May 2020) while 493 presented after lockdown during the restricted movement phase. Both during and after a strict lockdown, road traffic accidents are significantly reduced. In contrast, assaults and household injuries were significantly higher. During the post-lockdown phase of 2020, self-falls increased significantly in both phases compared to the year 2019. There was a significant decrease in trauma admissions in lockdown phase due to decreased vehicular accident but increase in household injury due increased activities inside home. To determine the readiness to deal with future situations similar to these, we look at the behavioral changes in our patient population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONTESTATION IN PUBLIC SPACES: LEGITIMACY IN EDUCATION IN MATARAM CITY

The transformation of the movement in the new order period resulted the diverse variants and contestations in various lines of national and state life. These entities take on different roles in the several scopes such as political, social, cultural organizations and many other focuses in the field of education. This research uses a qualitative research approach carried out in Mataram City, Indonesia. The results of the study illustrate that Mataram City as a cultural locomotive with cultural, ethnic and tribal variations that is able to practice religious rituals and ideologies assisted by various elements of fertility dimension including the existence of various mass organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah and Salafi which exist in Mataram City. The growing form of religious ideology is encompassed in the family of ahlussunnah waljamaah, between non-sunni subordinates and the same religious Minhaj. The formulation of contestation competes for the space of identity and the pluralization of sunni. In practice, the form of contestation is carried out by strengthening the community of Educational Institutions, prominence of symbols, mass media, as well as spreading the halaqoh and recitation.

안중근 의사를 제재로 한 중국 시가 연구Ⅱ ― 특별한 타자 및 제삼자적 인식과 감정의 표현을 중심으로

Chinese poems written on the theme of Ahn Jung-geun were generally created with three central eras as root: the period of evidence and sacrifice, the period of the May 4th Movement, and the period of the Sino-Japanese War. If you look at the entire catalog, it can be largely divided into two, of which one is the mourning and praising of Ahn Jung-geun. Ahn Jung-geun, who took revenge for the country, was praised as a symbol of ideal national character for patriotism, independence, martial spirit, and spirit of sacrifice in the first period. This was a distinction from the

Different Course of Narcolepsy Diagnosed by Multiple Sleep Latency Test: A Single Center Experience

Background and Objective Several studies have raised questions about determining the diagnosis of the narcolepsy using multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). In this study, we investigated the diagnostic change in narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2) using MSLT with long-term interval.Methods In this retrospective study, the demographic characteristics, polysomnography (PSG), and MSLT parameters were compared at the baseline between the NT1 and NT 2 patients. Then, MSLT re-tests were conducted with a mean follow-up of 8.48 years in patients with NT 1 and 7.05 years with NT 2.Results Seventy-four patients (58 with NT1 and 16 with NT2) were investigated in this study. At the baseline, demographic data showed a larger body mass index value, more sleep paralysis, and hypnogogic hallucination in NT 1 compared to NT 2. Also, at baseline MSLT, shorter mean sleep latency and higher number of sleep onset rapid eye movement periods (SOREMPs) were observed in the NT 1 than those of the NT 2. On follow-up MSLT, 6.9% (n = 4) patients with NT1 and 50% (n = 8) patients with NT2 did not satisfy the previous diagnosis. Furthermore, in all the groups who had the change in repeated-MSLT, the groups with less than 2 SOREMPs observed to be accompanied by negative MSL at follow-up.Conclusions The result of MSLT was observed not to be stable in the diagnosis of NT 2 at the study. Therefore, it is recommended to repeat MSLT at regular intervals and do a prospective multi-site survey for the accurate confirmation of a diagnosis of central hypersomnia.

Refined assessment of tire rolling resistance in the starting mode

Problem. Rolling resistance is one of the most important operational characteristics of a car tire. First of all, the fuel consumption, durability and service life of the tire depend on the rolling resistance. Of course, the higher the rolling resistance, the faster and more intensively the tire will wear out. Also, car braking parameters, such as deceleration and, accordingly, the braking distance, may indirectly depend on the rolling resistance characteristics. In turn, rolling resistance is influenced by the properties of the tire itself, as well as the condition of the road surface and weather conditions. It is especially important to evaluate the operational characteristics of a car tire in the starting period of movement, because at this time the behaviour of the tire is unpredictable. Goal. The purpose of this work is to improve the methodology for evaluating the rolling resistance of a car tire in the starting period of movement. Knowing how the rolling resistance changes during the starting movement, it is possible to evaluate the operational properties of the car. Methodology. Refined assessment is carried out with the help of dependencies obtained in previous scientific works. But in order for the result of the rolling resistance assessment to be correct, it is necessary to determine the necessary characteristics of the tire. Namely, we are talking about the characteristics of radial stiffness. In the work, these characteristics are determined both by conducting experimental studies and by using FEM. Results. Thanks to the conducted research, significant results were obtained on the change in rolling resistance during the starting motion. It was established that with an increase in internal pressure from 0.17 MPa to 0.225 MPa, as a result of the starting motion, the rolling resistance decreases by approximately 20-25%. Originality. From the analysis of the literature, it can be concluded that in most of the studied works, the peculiarities of the interaction of automobile tires with the supporting surface in the starting period are not taken into account during various studies. It can be said that the originality of this work, on the one hand, is that the rolling resistance is investigated during the starting motion, and on the other hand, that its assessment is carried out both on the basis of the results of experimental studies and with the help of FEM. Practical value. In this work, it is possible to highlight the obtained results, thanks to which we can estimate the rolling resistance of a car tire with sufficient accuracy. The methods of determining the operational characteristics of a car tire, presented in the work, can be used during its operation and at the design stage.

THE SYMBOLIC SPACE OF THE MARI NATIONAL IDEA. THE MYTH IN THE ACTUALIZATION OF MARI IDENTITY IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD

In the article the author, based on field materials (interviews and questionnaires), collected in places populated by the Mari people, analyzes the semiotic space of the Mari national movement of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. Special attention is paid to personified symbols of the Mari identity (Onar, Humo, Humyn Ydyr, Shyipy Pompalche), which are perceived by the respondents as “universal” and appear in the activities of ethno-cultural activists. Based on the theory of ethnosymbolism, the author scrutinizes the characters of myths and fairy tales as uniting a dispersed ethnic community into a group with the autonomy and a national idea. The article gradually examines the process of the “revival” of the Mari national movement in the post-Soviet period of national history, as well as the concept of national identity in relation to the regional ethno-cultural activism.

Joint regression modelling of intensity and timing of accelerometer counts.

Accelerometers are commonly used in human medical and public health research to measure physical movement, which is relevant in a wide range of studies, from physical activity and sleep behaviours studies, to identification of movement patterns in people affected by diseases of the locomotor system and prediction of risk of injury in high performance sports. The accelerometer output provides the intensity (activity count) and timing (timestamp) of the movement, which can be used to define bouts of activity (periods of sustained movement of a given intensity). In some contexts, it may be important to include both dimensions to obtain a broader and deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study. Such is the case of a large-scale epidemiological investigation on the daily and weekly physical activity behaviours of school-aged children enrolled in the UK Millennium Cohort Study, which has motivated the present article. I present a statistical approach to joint modelling of intensity and timing of activity bouts that takes advantage of the circular nature of the timing. The model, which accounts for the longitudinal structure of the observations, is remarkably simple to implement using standard statistical software.

Peak movement and impact characteristics of different training methods in professional rugby union

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to compare the peak periods (1- to 6-minute epochs) for three different training methods (game-based training – GBT; small-sided games – SSG; and conditioning training – CT) in elite male rugby union (RU) players. The peak movement (m·min−1) and impact (impact·min−1) characteristics of 42 players during in-season training were assessed. When comparing between training methods, SSG drills produced the greatest peak movement characteristics for all time epochs (1-minute average peak periods – SSG 195 m·min−1, GBT 160 m·min−1, and CT 144 m·min−1). The peak impact characteristics performed during training were 1–2 impact·min−1 for a 1-minute period and then decreased as the time period increased for all training methods. The greatest distribution of training time occurred at 30–39% (SSG and CT) and 40–49% (GBT) of peak movement intensity, with less than 5% of training performed at or above 80% peak intensity across all drill types. Findings from the current study show that the peak movement periods (m·min−1) in RU training from all three training methods match or exceed those which are previously reported in peak gameplay, yet their ability to replicate peak impact characteristics is questionable.

Three-dimensional migratory behaviour of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) approaching a hydropower plant.

The global population of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is rapidly declining, and migration barriers in rivers are believed to be one of several key causes. While progress has been made in the development of bypass solutions, they are often constructed based on a limited knowledge of swimming behaviour. A bypass close to the stream bed is often recommended at fish passage facilities to accommodate downstream eel migration. The results of this recommendation are poorly studied, and the few studies that exist show varying bypass efficiencies. The current study used acoustic telemetry with depth sensors to explore the three-dimensional migratory behaviour of downstream-migrating silver eels. The eels were tracked as they approached a hydropower plant with a state-of-the-art angled bar rack and full-depth bypass. Downstream and upstream swimming differed in preferred vertical and lateral positions. During periods of local downstream movement, the density of observations was largest in the upper middle section, away from the river boundaries and in higher velocities. Conversely, when moving upstream, eels tended to avoid the upper layers of the middle part of the river, swimming closer to the riverbed and using the bank areas to a greater extent. Downstream-moving fish swam higher in the water column during night and in turbid conditions (high discharge). When approaching the impassable bar rack and the full-depth bypass, the eels searched most intensely but not exclusively along the bottom third of the rack, often exploring at new depths after changing direction. The impediment passage efficiency was 100% when both bypass solutions were considered. The study provides knowledge of the swimming behaviour of silver eels, which is relevant for the design of bypass solutions for eels at migration barriers.

Oscillatory Motion of Water Droplets Both in Oil and on Superhydrophobic Surface under Corona Discharge.

Charged droplets driven by Coulomb force are an important part of a droplet-based micro reactor. In this study, we realized the rapid oscillatory motion of droplets both in oil and on superhydrophobic surface by injecting charges through corona discharge. Distinct from the oscillatory motion of water droplets under a DC electric field, charge injection can make the motion of water droplets more flexible. A droplet in the oil layer can move up and down regularly under the action of corona discharge, and the discharge voltage can control the movement period and height of the droplet. In addition, the left-right translation of droplets on a superhydrophobic surface can be achieved by injecting charges into the hydrophobic film surface through corona discharge. Two kinds of droplet motion behaviors are systematically analyzed, and the mechanism of droplet motion is explained. The present results could help establish new approaches to designing efficient machines in microfluidics and micromechanical equipment.

Relating Pupil Diameter and Blinking to Cortical Activity and Hemodynamics across Arousal States.

Arousal state affects neural activity and vascular dynamics in the cortex, with sleep associated with large changes in the local field potential and increases in cortical blood flow. We investigated the relationship between pupil diameter and blink rate with neural activity and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex in male and female unanesthetized, head-fixed mice. We monitored these variables while the mice were awake, during periods of rapid eye movement (REM), and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Pupil diameter was smaller during sleep than in the awake state. Changes in pupil diameter were coherent with both gamma-band power and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex, but the strength and sign of this relationship varied with arousal state. We observed a strong negative correlation between pupil diameter and both gamma-band power and blood volume during periods of awake rest and NREM sleep, although the correlations between pupil diameter and these signals became positive during periods of alertness, active whisking, and REM. Blinking was associated with increases in arousal and decreases in blood volume when the mouse was asleep. Bilateral coherence in gamma-band power and in blood volume dropped following awake blinking, indicating a reset of neural and vascular activity. Using only eye metrics (pupil diameter and eye motion), we could determine the arousal state of the mouse ('Awake,' 'NREM,' 'REM') with >90% accuracy with a 5 s resolution. There is a strong relationship between pupil diameter and hemodynamics signals in mice, reflecting the pronounced effects of arousal on cerebrovascular dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Determining arousal state is a critical component of any neuroscience experiment. Pupil diameter and blinking are influenced by arousal state, as are hemodynamics signals in the cortex. We investigated the relationship between cortical hemodynamics and pupil diameter and found that pupil diameter was strongly related to the blood volume in the cortex. Mice were more likely to be awake after blinking than before, and blinking resets neural activity. Pupil diameter and eye motion can be used as a reliable, noninvasive indicator of arousal state. As mice transition from wake to sleep and back again over a timescale of seconds, monitoring pupil diameter and eye motion permits the noninvasive detection of sleep events during behavioral or resting-state experiments.

An abstract categorical decision code in dorsal premotor cortex

The dorsal premotor cortex (DPC) has classically been associated with a role in preparing and executing the physical motor variables during cognitive tasks. While recent work has provided nuanced insights into this role, here we propose that DPC also participates more actively in decision-making. We recorded neuronal activity in DPC while two trained monkeys performed a vibrotactile categorization task, utilizing two partially overlapping ranges of stimulus values that varied on two physical attributes: vibrotactile frequency and amplitude. We observed a broad heterogeneity across DPC neurons, the majority of which maintained the same response patterns across attributes and ranges, coding in the same periods, mixing temporal and categorical dynamics. The predominant categorical signal was maintained throughout the delay, movement periods and notably during the intertrial period. Putting the entire population's data through two dimensionality reduction techniques, we found strong temporal and categorical representations without remnants of the stimuli's physical parameters. Furthermore, projecting the activity of one population over the population axes of the other yielded identical categorical and temporal responses. Finally, we sought to identify functional subpopulations based on the combined activity of all stimuli, neurons, and time points; however, we found that single-unit responses mixed temporal and categorical dynamics and couldn't be clustered. All these point to DPC playing a more decision-related role than previously anticipated.

The Rise of Vietnamese Nuns: Views from the Buddhist Revival Movement (1931–1945)

In this article, with the aim of better understanding the development of Vietnamese Buddhist nuns, the period of the Buddhist revival movement is investigated. This event is considered a turning point for Vietnamese Buddhism. In addition, it will help to shed light on the status of Vietnamese nuns. In this article—which is mainly based on archival documents kept in the National Overseas Archives (the French colonial archives held at the Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer) and the National Archives Center I, Buddhism periodicals, and memoirs—the status of Vietnamese women during the French colonial period is clarified, as well as the positive effects of the colonial regime in regard to the change in women’s perceptions. Then, the differences in the nuns’ situation in three regions are analyzed. Finally, an exploration is conducted into the rise of nuns during the revival movement and the emergence of reformist nuns. Indeed, it is reformist nuns that have shaped the image of modern Vietnamese nuns. Moreover, they also created a direction by which the following generations could continue along, as well as playing an important role in the Vietnam Buddhist Sangha.

The Role of the Black Lives Matter Movement in Responding to the Issue of Racism Against Blacks in the United States

This paper aims to describe the role of the Black Lives Matter Movement in dealing with racism that occurred in the United States from 2013-2022. This writing was analyzed using a research method in the form of descriptive qualitative, where the writer tries to describe or provide an overview with existing words and data to answer the phenomenon regarding the issue of racism that occurred in the United States during the Pre and Post Civil Rights Movement period. The results of writing this article indicate that the Black Lives Matter Movement has succeeded in helping to produce several levels of criminal justice policy reform, such as legislative changes in 10 states in the United States. Policies at every level of the criminal justice system need to be looked at to ensure that they are not harmful to one race or over another.

Paul J. Polgar. Standard-Bearers of Equality: America’s First Abolition Movement.

Standard-Bearers of Equality: America’s First Abolition Movement challenges successfully historical scholarship that places the antebellum-era abolitionist movement as the critical and only significant period of early antislavery activism. Paul J. Polgar invites readers to evaluate the “first movement of abolitionism” of Middle Atlantic states—namely, Pennsylvania and New York—in order to review the multicultural roots of activism and gradual abolitionist leadership spanning the postrevolutionary and early national periods. His book references the movement’s early roots built upon the Germantown Protest of 1688 and later individual work of many New Jersey and Pennsylvania Quakers, including John Woolman, Anthony Benezet, Benjamin Lay, and David Cooper (4, 44–52). Yet, when quoting Quaker mystic and visionary Woolman, Polgar might have referenced Andrew White’s article, “A ‘Consuming’ Oppression: Sugar, Cannibalism and John Woolman’s 1770 Slave Dream,” (2007) on consumer boycotts advocated by Woolman to boycott sugar and other goods made by slaves that were more radical in nature than those held by the majority of abolitionists of his day and the first movement period (2, 10, 17–18, 23, 24). Historian Julie L. Holcomb dedicated her book, Moral Commerce: Quakers and the Transatlantic Boycott of the Slave Labor Economy (2016), to evaluating the power of a consumer boycott and within it described Woolman’s boycott strategy to combat “evil commerce” as it related to capitalism and the slave industry (31).

Effect of ritodrine hydrochloride infusion on fetal movement with the use of a fetal movement acceleration measurement recorder (FMAM recorder).

To investigate the effect of ritodrine hydrochloride infusion on fetal movement. We gathered 20 pregnant women who received ritodrine hydrochloride infusion as the treated group, and 147 pregnant women who did not as the control group. All women recorded gross fetal movement with the fetal movement acceleration measurement recorder after 28 gestational weeks. The record was divided into epochs of 10s, and the ratio of movement-positive epochs to all epochs was calculated as the fetal movement index. Furthermore, the mean duration and the mean number per hour of no-fetal movement period, where the fetus did not move for 5min or more, were calculated as the indexes of no-fetal movement. All indexes were compared between the two groups at 28-31 and 32-35 gestational weeks. The fetal movement indexes (%) were 17.29 ± 7.46 (mean ±SD) in the control group and 13.65 ± 7.13 in the treated group at 28-31 weeks (p= 0.139). At 32-35 weeks, they were 14.55 ± 6.43 and 18.50 ± 5.33, respectively (p= 0.03). Similarly, the no-fetal movement indexes (min, times/h) were 15.03 ± 10.99 and 1.61 ± 0.88, and 18.70 ± 15.80 and 1.75 ± 0.96 (p= 0.824, and 0.673) at 28-31 weeks. At 32-35 weeks, they were 18.13 ± 10.88 and 1.95 ± 0.97, and 9.20 ± 5.51 and 1.14 ± 0.71, respectively (p= 0.003, and 0.003). Ritodrine hydrochloride infusion increased the fetal movement and decreased the no-fetal movement period at 32-35 weeks.

Composition and other Ecological Characteristics of Mixed-species Bird Flocks of Temperate Forests in Himachal Pradesh, India

The composition of a mixed-species bird flock in the mid-altitude Himalayan Moist Temperate forest of Shimla city, Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India was studied including other ecological characteristics such as the movement pattern, periodicity, feeding behaviour, location and home range, and seasonal characteristics and migrants. The data was compared with the only previous study on MSB flocks from western Himalaya from 1977. The present study revealed the composition of the MSB flock as having mainly resident birds as 16 core species (including six nuclear species), and as many as 12 associate species. At least 30 of the 44 migrant species recorded were found to associate with MSB flocks; and migrant species were recorded in 64.3% of flock observations. The ecological characteristics described in this study have wide-ranging implications for bird survey techniques, habitat management and conservation planning.

Climate change: a factor to farmers/herders crisis in Benue State, North Central, Nigeria

The study “Climate Change: A Factor to Farmers and Herders Crisis in Benue State, North Central” focused on the crisis of farmers and herders in relation to the climate reality of the region. The study used 34 years rainfall date (1981-2014) for analyses. The study observed that rainfall in the entire State displayed a mono peak characteristic. The high rainfall months are May, June, July, August and September, with September having the highest rainfall. The rainy season is duration when farmers plant and tend their crops, it coincide with the natural period of foliage growth and the period of herders movement to the region as a result of extreme rainfall in the Southern part of Nigeria and insufficient rainfall in the Northern part. This implies that the crisis between farmers and herders are most likely to occur between the months of May to October, while crops are still in the farm. The annual rainfall trend and dispersion shows that rainfall distribution over the years is increasing, improved rainfall implies that natural vegetation and water will be available for animals, thereby encouraging the in flock of herders and there animals, a situation which will increase the rate of confrontations. The rather increasing rate of crisis in the face of improved rainfall points to either excessive herders’ presence or that other factor, other than climate change is responsible for the crisis. The analysis of the decadal rainfall also shows that the rainfall situation is improving of recent. Negative dispersion is an indication of low crisis, while a positive dispersion from point of climate change is an indication of heighten crisis between farmers and herders. The study also observed that improved medical knowledge has also led to the crisis. Period to improvement in the field of medical science climate influence movement of herders due to the presence of tsetse flies, but as a result of vaccination herders are staying more permanent in the region than before. Finally, ranked correlation shows the relationship between climate shift and crises between farmers and herders.

Overnight dynamics in scale-free and oscillatory spectral parameters of NREM sleep EEG

Unfolding the overnight dynamics in human sleep features plays a pivotal role in understanding sleep regulation. Studies revealed the complex reorganization of the frequency composition of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) during the course of sleep, however the scale-free and the oscillatory measures remained undistinguished and improperly characterized before. By focusing on the first four non-rapid eye movement (NREM) periods of night sleep records of 251 healthy human subjects (4–69 years), here we reveal the flattening of spectral slopes and decrease in several measures of the spectral intercepts during consecutive sleep cycles. Slopes and intercepts are significant predictors of slow wave activity (SWA), the gold standard measure of sleep intensity. The overnight increase in spectral peak sizes (amplitudes relative to scale-free spectra) in the broad sigma range is paralleled by a U-shaped time course of peak frequencies in frontopolar regions. Although, the set of spectral indices analyzed herein reproduce known age- and sex-effects, the interindividual variability in spectral slope steepness is lower as compared to the variability in SWA. Findings indicate that distinct scale-free and oscillatory measures of sleep EEG could provide composite measures of sleep dynamics with low redundancy, potentially affording new insights into sleep regulatory processes in future studies.

애양원(愛養園) 한센병 환자 자치조직의 형성과 공동체의 성격 변화(1910-1940)

This paper focuses on the operation of autonomous organizations for patients at Aeyangwon(愛養園) to analyze the following two aspects. First, it studies the relationship between autonomous organizations and church power at Aeyangwon in different periods, and examines the changes in the characteristics of its patient community. Aeyangwon experienced several historical changes: Guangzhu Na(癩) Sanatorium Period (1910-1926), Yeosu Aeyangwon Period (1926-1934), and the Ilsimhoe(一心會) Incident and the Movement Period to force Pastor Kim Eung-gyu to step down (1934-1940). Its characteristics also changed from a “missionary-centered belief community” to a “patient-centered life community.” The characteristics of the patient community had changed according to the relationship between operation leadership (hospital and church) and autonomous organizations for patients. The autonomous organization at Guangzhu Na(癩) Sanatorium functioned under the leadership of missionaries, and the patient leader was also appointed by the president of the hospital; thus, the patients could not enjoy much independence. From 1926 to 1934, as the autonomous organization grew with Executive Committees at its center, opposition between the church power and the patients also occurred. This was manifested in the anti-church Ilsimhoe Incident in 1934 and the 1938 movement to force Pastor Kim Eung-gyu to step down. However, after the Ilsimhoe Incident, the autonomous patient organization was reorganized in 1936, and the hospital president earned the right to appoint two executive committee members. Through this process, the hospital president strengthened the containment and control of patients’ autonomy, and the characteristics of a belief community were restored as the church came to operate the patient organization.
 Second, this paper discusses the subjectivity of patients with Hansen’s disease at Aeyangwon. At Aeyangwon, the patients shared the power of the church by expressing their faith and directly elected ministers of 11 departments to form an executive committee. Through the direct election of representatives (executive committee members and ministers) of their autonomous organization, the patients participated in the operation of Aeyangwon and were able to resist the power of the church. In addition, the patients sought economic self-reliance through labor, built family houses, and maintained a family-based life. Although the autonomy of the patient organization had been reduced under the control of the church, patients used their voting rights to elect executive committee members and participated in the operation of their organization, which provided an institutional guarantee for the patients to exert their subjectivity.