ABSTRACT Riverine and valley systems across the globe have been central to the development of past urban centres. By AD 900, the Shashe and Limpopo Rivers seem to have facilitated the interaction and integration of early farming communities in southern Africa. This paper focuses on the application of geoarchaeological perspectives made available by the subsurface environments and the development of advanced morphometric models to understand human behavioural patterns under various climatic conditions in the Shashe‐Limpopo basin. Mapungubwe emerged between AD 1220–1300 as the earliest Iron Age state system in the middle Limpopo valley, practising floodplain agriculture together with surplus wealth generated from long‐distance trade that bolstered social and political transformations. At about AD 1290, Mapungubwe began to decline and was subsequently abandoned due to erratic rainfall patterns in the region. Despite the general absence of relevant palaeo‐environmental proxies, Mapungubwe's dominance lasted to about the 13th Century. The reasons for Mapungubwe's decline remain contested. The role played by changing climate variability is a possible proximate cause. Uneven distribution of rainfall and flooding seem to have resulted in low agricultural productivity in the Shashe‐Limpopo Basin and led to the movements of people towards better‐watered regions. This paper aims to show how advanced morphometric hydrological analysis of inundation regimes (riverine modelling) and evidence from geoarchaeological records on buried soil sequences can be used as tools to evaluate human responses against the ever changing and deteriorating environmental conditions in southern Africa.

This study examines the association between tourism intensity, the free movement of people, and water quality outcomes across the European Union (EU-27) over the period 2012–2024. By integrating open-access datasets from Eurostat, the European Environment Agency (EEA), and the EXIOBASE input–output framework, the analysis estimates the direct (blue), indirect, and grey components of the tourism-related water footprint and explores their relationship with bathing water quality indicators using panel econometric models. The results indicate that tourism activity increased substantially during the study period, while the share of bathing waters classified as “excellent” also improved. The findings further show that the gray water footprint is strongly associated with variations in water quality, whereas higher wastewater treatment coverage is positively associated with improved environmental outcomes. These results highlight the importance of wastewater management and governance capacity in moderating the relationship between tourism and water quality across diverse European contexts. We find that tourism activity rose by approximately 28% during the study period; yet, through improvements in wastewater treatment infrastructure and governance, the share of bathing waters rated “excellent” also increased. Notably, the grey water footprint emerged as the strongest predictor of water quality deterioration, while wastewater treatment coverage significantly mitigated negative impacts. Comparative case studies of Spain, Greece, Croatia and Romania highlight how institutional and technological capacity are associated with differences in tourism–water relationships across diverse hydro-climatic contexts. Our findings underscore that sustainable tourism in Europe is less a matter of visitor numbers and more a question of effective water management systems. The study supports a policy shift towards integrated water-tourism planning and circular water-use strategies to support more sustainable management of tourism-related environmental pressures.

Freedom of movement for people with dementia has received increasing attention in recent years, particularly in nursing homes. Nursing home residents' families play an important role in supporting their freedom of movement. Therefore, this qualitative study examines how families interpret and experience the freedom of movement of nursing home residents with dementia. Exploratory in-depth interviews were held with 13 family members of nursing home residents living with dementia. Data were analyzed thematically, starting with open coding and iterative refinement of codes. These codes led to the formulation of subthemes, which were clustered into five central themes: physical environments that support or hinder freedom, freedom is embedded in social contexts, value tensions in shaping perspectives on freedom, navigating unclear roles and responsibilities, and strategies for limited outdoor access. These central themes showed how family members interpret and experience freedom of movement in nursing homes for people with dementia. The findings underscore the complex and multifaceted nature of freedom of movement as families see it. Importantly, they suggest that nursing homes should actively involve families in shared decision-making and daily practices that balance freedom and safety to better support the quality of life of residents with dementia.

Ableism has been theorised, criticised and discussed between disabled people's activism and academia, mostly within the field of Disability Studies and less within Intersectionality and Gender Studies. Disabled people's social movements have criticised ableism for decades to highlight their oppression based on binary ideas of the normal and the deviant. Disability Studies has conceptualised ableism as a profoundly naturalised system of thought based on the hierarchisation of embodied abilities and the fetish of independence and productivity. The current study is part of a larger research project conducted by a feminist research group, and our research question was: how, by/for whom and for what purpose has ableism so far been intersectionally conceptualised in theory, research, activism and artwork? One of the project's aims is to combine a variety of sources on and approaches to ableism, which is why we conducted a) a systematic search of academic databases and b) a purposeful selection of additional sources based on our situated knowledges to identify sources on ableism's intersectionality, particularly the intersections of dis/ability and gender. Based on documented discussions of our final sample of 24 different sources on ableism in our research group, we organised our findings around two overarching aspects: Shaping and enforcing intersectional ableism and Surviving and disrupting ableism . While our research highlights the adverse impacts of intersectional oppression, it also emphasises the power and strength rooted in intersectionality. Disability as experiential background is not limited to discrimination either – it comes with joy and community and is an ever-present part of human life beyond the meaning given to it by the neoliberal imperative of independence and self-sufficiency. Ableism, in turn, does not only exist in the lives of disabled people; in its intersectionality it affects the way society is shaped as a whole.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the scientific activities of Ravil Usmanovich Amirkhanov (1946–2006) – Doctor of Historical Sciences and Honored Scientist of the Republic of Tatarstan, whose works significantly influenced the study of the history of Tatar society and the experience of intercultural communication. The research of his scientific heritage allows for a deeper understanding of the evolution of Tatar identity, the mechanisms of national self-consciousness formation, and the specifics of historical and cultural interaction. The scientific works of R.U. Amirkhanov cover a wide range of research areas and represent a significant contribution to the development of historical science, cultural studies, and sociology. Among the key aspects of his scientific activity, the following can be highlighted: 1. History of the Tatar periodical press, where R.U. Amirkhanov analyzes the evolution of printed publications as an important instrument for shaping public opinion and transmitting cultural values; 2. National liberation movement and public ideas of the Tatar people, within which he examines the ideology and strategy of the struggle for national self-determination, as well as analyzes the influence of enlightenment and reformist movements on the transformation of Tatar society; 3. Problems of cultural dialogue and interethnic interaction, where particular attention is paid to the study of mechanisms for the coexistence of various ethnic groups and cultures in a polyethnic space; 4. Biographical method as a tool of historical analysis, which the scholar uses to study the life and activities of prominent figures in Tatar history, such as Rizaeddin Fakhreddin and Ahmed-Zaki Validi. The research of R.U. Amirkhanov has enriched the historiography and cultural studies of the region, contributed to the popularization of historical knowledge, and made a significant contribution to the study of problems of national self-determination and intercultural interaction. The scientific biography of R.U. Amirkhanov demonstrates the consistent development of his professional competencies. The scientific heritage of the scholar maintains its relevance and significance in the modern scientific community. For citation: Tukhvatulin A.Kh. Scientific Heritage of Ravil Usmanovich Amirkhanov: Contribution to the Study of Tatar National Identity and Intercultural Interaction (Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of his Birth). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2026, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 167–178. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2026-16-1.167-178 (In Russian)

Traffic and transportation are two interrelated aspects. The movement of people toward activity centers impacts the transportation system, where the concentration of activities leads to a need for transportation infrastructure and facilities to support this movement. This study aims to analyze the generation and distribution from eight functional areas studied through interviews, documentation, and literature review with 300 respondents. The data collection was conducted over two days, including a holiday and a workday. The results of this study are findings showed that the travel movement generation and distribution from the 300 respondents amounted to 385 movements across different origin and destination zones. Based on the Origin-Destination Matrix, land use management in Pajukukang District designated Baruga Village as a trade and service zone as well as a public space zone, Papanloe Village as an industrial zone, Borongloe Village as a worship zone, and Pajukukang Village as a health, port, and educational zone.

Abstract - Air travel has changed global transportation in the last century. It allows the quick movement of people and goods and helps build economic and cultural connections across continents. Despite ongoing improvements in aerospace engineering, aircraft design, and strict regulations, aviation accidents, while rare, are still a serious public safety issue due to the potential for large losses of life. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the worldwide scheduled air transport fatal accident rate was about 1.11 per million departures in 2022. Every year, hundreds of fatalities occur, mainly due to high-impact crashes, post-crash fires, toxic smoke inhalation, and major structural failures. Traditional aircraft safety systems have primarily focused on protecting the aircraft itself rather than the individual passenger. Current in-flight protection methods mainly include lap seatbelts, drop-down oxygen masks, and manual crew evacuation instructions. These measures leave passengers very exposed to various threats in the critical moments after an impact.To fill this urgent gap in aviation safety, this paper proposes designing and prototyping the "SkyPod," an autonomous, deployable protective capsule system that integrates into current commercial aircraft seating. The SkyPod acts as a separate, modular protective unit that absorbs crash impact energy, protects passengers from deadly fire and smoke, and offers buoyancy during emergency water landings. The proposed system uses a multi-sensor array that includes MPU-6050 6-axis accelerometers and gyroscopes along with BMP280 barometric pressure sensors. This combination involves real-time data processing to detect upcoming crash events. When a crash trajectory is confirmed, the system's microcontroller activates a fast inflation mechanism using compressed CO2 cartridges. In less than two seconds, the system surrounds the passenger with a rigid, thermally insulated, fire-resistant shell made from Nomex and Kevlar laminates. This capsule absorbs and redistributes kinetic energy through honeycomb structures and elastomer dampers, blocks dangerous cabin debris, and ensures breathable air using integrated HEPA and activated carbon filters. This review outlines the design framework, hardware and software requirements, practical engineering applications, testing methods, and future trends needed to shift passenger safety from a reactive evacuation mindset to proactive, intelligent encapsulation. Key Words: SkyPod, aircraft passenger safety, deployable survival capsule, real-time embedded systems, crash survival, multi-sensor fusion, passenger protection, IoT monitoring, energy absorption, aviation engineering, ESP32 microcontroller, autonomous safety.

Objective: To investigate the effect of a reactive cueing training program on motor performance (gait, balance, and upper limb movement) in people with Parkinson’s disease (PwP), implemented by an electronic and digital device in their own home environment. Method: A total of 40 subjects with Parkinson’s disease were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG participated in 25 sessions (5/week) of a homebase cueing training program. Before (Pre) and after (Post) the program, performance on gait, balance, stepping, and upper limb movements were evaluated. The CG only perform the evaluations. The intervention program was design and implemented with the mimo.fit system (https://mimo.fit). This system consists of devices that provide visual, auditory, and vibration stimuli with which the user interacts. Through its mobile application, it allows the development of numerous sensory-cognitive-motor exercises adapted to the characteristics of the person. In this study, the own patient implemented the sessions previously design by the therapists. Each session last approximatively 30 minutes, and the exercises were increased in difficulty across sessions following the feedback provided by the patients. Results: The statistical analysis (ANOVA Group × Test) showed a significant improvement in the EG for speed and amplitude at preferred and maximal speed gaits. No improvements were found in balance, stepping, and upper limb movement tasks. Conclusions: A program of reactive cue exercises performed with mobile technology at home leads to motor improvements in walking ability but not in the performance of the upper limbs in PwP. Mobile technology can be a viable and effective tool in the treatment of PwP in its initial stages of the disease.

Assuming tourism as ‘a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon that involves the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or professional purposes’ (UNWTO, 2010), factors such as the availability and quality of transport and infrastructure are decisive for the success of this economic activity. These factors take on special importance when it comes to events tourism because, in this case, in addition to the movement of visitors from one territory to another, it is equally important to ensure the movement of work teams and a wide variety of goods and merchandise. Tourism has established itself as one of the main drivers of the economy of the island of Madeira, however, this economic activity depends on several conditions to thrive. Congresses, fairs, celebrations, and other events are part of the events tourism segment that has been gaining prominence on this island, but they require complex logistical organisation, where the efficiency and reliability of maritime and air transport have a direct impact on the quality, cost, and even the viability of events, thus conditioning the quality of the tourist offer, regional development, and the tourist experience. This study aims to assess the impact of the logistics and transport chain on events tourism on the island of Madeira. To this end, we sought to identify the operational challenges faced by event organisers and logistics operators, caused by the transport of goods and passengers. The methodology used for data collection and analysis includes, after a careful review of the literature, a quantitative method involving the application of a questionnaire to a universe of 50 respondents. We also used a qualitative method, conducting interviews with three logistics operators, a freight forwarder, an air carrier and a maritime carrier, all with regular operations on the island of Madeira. The results obtained allow us to highlight structural weaknesses in the air and sea freight transport systems, as well as in the logistics of events on the island of Madeira, which have a direct impact on the success of events organised in the region.

ABSTRACT With his band the Velvet Underground and over several decades as a solo musician and performer, Lou Reed was motivated by an artistic interest in observing, understanding, and empathizing with the people of New York City. Reed’s grounded approach to songwriting generated albums full of urban geographic stories. This paper examines the emotional geographies contained in Reed’s songs featuring characters based on gay, queer, and trans individuals who were a part of Reed’s music career and life. Using concepts from the disciplines of geography and psychology, the authors interpret the emotional stances of Reed’s lyrics and their association with urban spaces that were produced and inhabited by members of the gay, queer, and trans communities of New York. Reed’s song lyrics elicit emotions at different geographic scales, from body-world relations to private home spaces, public city spaces, spatial interactions across the metropolitan region, and the movements of people and phenomena into New York. The authors discuss the characters, spaces, and incidents portrayed in Reed’s songs in relation to the academic literature on gay, queer, and trans geographies published in the decades after their commercial release. The paper concludes with a contemplation of the empathic power of Reed’s song lyrics.

This paper examines the issue of the continued denial of the presidency of the International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) since its establishment in 1904, despite the fundamental transformations that the global football system has witnessed in terms of the numerical expansion of the member associations, the geographical spread, and the mass and economic weight of the two continents. The research is based on the hypothesis that elections within FIFA, despite their formal legal legitimacy, have historically not served as a neutral mechanism for the rotation of power, but have turned into an institutional pretext for the reproduction of leadership dominance European-rooted. The research relies on the historical-analytical and descriptive-analytical approaches, by tracing the evolution of the leadership structure within FIFA, analyzing the electoral system and its undeclared mechanisms, and revealing structural flaws in leadership representation. The research also discusses the human rights dimension of exclusion, highlighting the contradiction between FIFA's value discourse on inclusivity and non-discrimination, and its actual practices at the leadership level. The research highlights the importance of the Asian-African People's Movement as a moral and media pressure tool capable of transferring the issue from its closed institutional framework to the space of global public opinion, thus contributing to the accountability of the legitimacy of the current leadership and pushing for reforms in governance and the electoral system. The research concludes that achieving representative justice in the FIFA leadership is not only a symbolic requirement, but also a prerequisite for enhancing the organization's credibility and consolidating the principles of good governance in global football.

Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) are perhaps the fourth most widespread detrimental species of invasive commensal rodent on the planet. Here, we review their biology, impacts, and management in Pacific Islands. Their temperate to tropical distribution resulted from accompanying ancestral Polynesian settlers during their migration 700–4,000 yr ago. This invasive species is unique for several reasons: (a) R. exulans do not hybridize with any other species; consequently; (b) they have been used as a proxy to test hypotheses about the prehistoric movement and colonization of people throughout the Pacific islands; and (c) they have recognized value among some Pacific Island peoples. Nonetheless, introductions of R. exulans are associated with extinctions of some plants and animals prehistorically, and still have detrimental effects on native species, agriculture, human health, and infrastructure. There is great interest in reducing R. exulans populations and eradicating them from many islands to recover native and endemic plants and animals and to reduce harmful effects to humans. However, the behavior and ecology of this species present some challenges for managers in that they are considered more difficult to eradicate than more widespread invasive rat species.

Movement is one of the major characteristics of every living thing. Transportation involves the movement of people, goods and services from one place to another and with increased population congestion is inevitable. Eastern mass junction Nkwo Triangle Nnewi North (Cross intersection) is not exempted from traffic congestion as it was taken as a case study for this work which focused on the analyses of traffic characteristics and design of traffic signaling control for management of busy intersections. Eastern mass junction Nkwo triangle Nnewi is connected by four roads leading Eastwards to the junction is Eke Amobi road, Westwards is First bank road, Northwards by Nnobi road and Southwards by Round-About junction road. The geometry of the junction is symmetrical towards North and South (8.1 meters) and asymmetric towards East (13.425 meters) and West (12 meters). Based on traffic volumes converted to the PCU values, a traffic signaling scheme was designed mostly based on the Webster’s method of signaling design using the geometries of the roads leading to this junction. Results from signal design showed an optimum cycle lengths of 73 seconds with total effective green times of 55 seconds and amber time of 5 seconds. The designed traffic signal is recommended for Eastern mass junction and other similar junctions to improve their traffic characteristics and reduce the demerits of congestion and delays.

This paper discusses Biswanath Ghosh’s Chai, Chai as a travelogue that reveals India’s often-overlooked railway towns, showing them as welcoming spaces where identities, social status, and class blend together in the flow of travel. While many stories about India focus on the metropolis, Ghosh highlights stations like Itarsi, Mughal Sarai, and Jhansi, which are usually seen as just places to pass through but are actually full of human stories about flexibility, survival, and togetherness. By applying Henri Lefebvre’s ideas about space, this study looks at how railway stations act as lively and democratic spaces where social differences fade away in the constant movement of people. Victor Turner’s concepts of “liminality” and “communitas” help understand how these spaces encourage cultural mixing and flexible identities. Judith Butler’s idea of performativity as a dynamic process shaped by repeated performances in various contexts illustrates how vendors, laborers, and travelers play different roles, transforming these stations into ever-changing stages of life. More than just places to catch a train, railway stations teach us important lessons about social inclusion and diversity. People from various backgrounds interact daily, learning to coexist despite their differences. This study argues that Ghosh’s depiction of railway towns challenges the strict structures of mainstream society, showing that diversity can thrive in motion. By observing these spaces, we can learn to embrace inclusion, adapt to our differences, and work towards a more harmonious future.

South Africa has contributed significantly to global integration by adopting the 2030 Agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals in Paris 2019 and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. South Africa has sought to strengthen Southern African Development Community integration to fight poverty and develop new ideas on technology and markets. South Africa’s multi-racial elections were held in 1994, which saw the African National Congress become the first democratically elected government. This study reviewed 15 journal articles on South Africa’s domestic policy, foreign policy and international relations. The findings show that establishing a regional block was motivated by the desire to provide a building block against poverty in the region. The objectives of the Southern African Development Community are to achieve development and economic growth, poverty alleviation and the enhancement of the living standards of people and quality of life by supporting socially disadvantaged groups through regional integration. In South Africa, increasing cases of xenophobic practice have continued to create enduring fear and insecurity and threaten the lives and livelihoods of foreign nationals. The quality of asylum has been adversely affected by local integration and protection. There is a contradiction between xenophobia and regional economic integration. With an increase in incidents of rampant looting, murder and violence in the country, the safety of the movements of goods, services and people is not guaranteed. The rising unemployment and the contraction of the economy mean that many people have lost their jobs and livelihoods, which puts pressure on South Africa’s preferences and priorities for regional integration. The rise of vigilantism has profound implications for South Africa’s sovereignty, investment flows, allocation of activities, income distribution and economic growth. Gender-based violence has been institutionalised and normalised; those arrested for gender-based violence are given paltry sentences that do not discourage them from engaging in gender-based violence. The failure to address the administrative and political roots of xenophobia will continue to threaten peace, security and regional integration. Authorities need to identify the different sources of hostility in nationality instead of using insider versus outsider distinctions, which is rather more complex.

Air transport and tourism are closely related, as air transport enables tourists to easily access destinations, thereby promoting tourism and economic growth. Air transport also facilitates the movement of people, goods and services, supporting economic development. The growth of the tourism industry leads to an increase in demand for air transport services, which in turn stimulates the growth of the aviation sector and creates jobs. In light of these known facts, this paper used the ARDL model with a 21-year time series data from 2000 to 2020 to study the contribution of air transport to the tourism sector and economic growth. The results revealed that there exists only a short-run relationship between air transport and economic growth, of which the number of passengers carried portrayed a significant positive contribution. On the other hand, the contribution of air transport to tourism showed both long- and short-run relationships, of which, in the long run, only the passengers carried increased the tourism receipts positively, while in the short run, registered carrier departures increased the tourism receipts and passengers carried decreased the tourism receipts. Generally, the government should take serious actions in expanding the air transportation unit since it heavily contributes to the economy both directly and indirectly via the tourism sector.

This study covers the social, infrastructural and political history of Namahadi Pass, which is situated in the northern Drakensberg close to the QwaQwa area. As such, it covers a number of historical eras, including the precolonial, colonial, Apartheid, post-colonial, and post-Apartheid eras. The pass straddles the border between two independent states, Lesotho and South Africa, although the former QwaQwa homeland status of the South African territory cannot be discounted. The literature review covers the social, infrastructural and political influences that affected the pass. Methodology comprised a historiographical narrative of the social and political history of the pass, which was then analysed for themes. Secondary sources such as pertinent texts as well as primary sources such as photographs, maps and Google Earth were all utilised for the narrative. From the colonial era heyday, which coincided with the operation of the private Rydal Mount hostelry, the pass now sees dramatically lower mountain tourist usage. This was also significantly influenced by the shift in mountain tourist infrastructure to the chain ladders near the Sentinel. The construction of the Fika Patso dam in 1986 had a massive effect on the pass, especially in terms of route and usage. Tensions, sometimes violent, between Lesotho and South Africa have, in addition, affected the pass, chiefly in terms of mountain tourism but also in the movement of borderland people. It is the infrastructural change (including the tourist infrastructure shift towards the Sentinel and the Fika Patso dam) that has transformed the pass into a relative backwater, although the establishment of a research station at the summit holds some promise in breathing new life into the pass.

The housing careers of young people provide significant insight into the housing system they enter – its opportunities and limitations. There is a strong history of work in housing studies to understand the progress of individuals through the housing market. This paper assesses the value of housing careers and housing pathways as analytical devices at a time when uncertainty marks young people’s movement through the housing markets of developed economies. This paper considers the movement of young people as they progress through the housing system from the family home in twenty first Century homeowner societies. Younger people’s pathways are shown to have slowed, often not end in homeownership, and are not simple linear progressions towards homeownership. Movement through the market is now more dependent on factors external to the housing system. While the concept of a housing career remains relevant, questions of unequal housing outcomes need to be addressed from a wider perspective, one that acknowledges generational schisms as well as the differences between individuals even in one generation.

Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain that is often exacerbated by movement that interferes with daily activities. Development of effective treatments for movement-evoked pain is essential for improving function for individuals with fibromyalgia. To evaluate whether the addition of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to outpatient physical therapy improves fibromyalgia-associated movement-evoked pain. The Fibromyalgia TENS in Physical Therapy (FM-TIPS) study was a cluster-randomized clinical trial of participants with fibromyalgia at 28 outpatient PT clinics from 6 health care systems. Between February 1, 2021, and September 31, 2024, 958 participants were screened, 459 participants enrolled, and 384 completed baseline data collection, with final data collected in March 2025. Clinics were randomized to PT plus TENS (PT-TENS) and PT-only groups. Data were captured on days 1, 30, 60 (primary end point, randomized phase), 90, and 180. Participants in the PT-only group received TENS after day 60 (extension phase). TENS was applied to the upper and lower back with instructions to use 2 hours daily with parameters of modulating frequency of 2 to 125 Hz for 100 to 180 microseconds at a strong but comfortable intensity. The primary outcome was a change in movement-evoked pain (scale of 0-10, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating worst pain imaginable) from baseline to day 60 rated during a 5-times sit-and-stand task using a linear mixed-effects model. In addition, patient-reported improvement based on the Patient Global Impression of Change score and patient-reported adverse events were assessed. A total of 384 FM-TIPS participants (mean [SD] age, 53 [15] years; 351 [91%] female) completed baseline data collection (modified intention-to-treat), with 191 individuals in PT-TENS group and 193 in PT-only group. Movement-evoked pain at day 60 during TENS treatment was significantly lower in the PT-TENS group compared with the PT-only group (group mean difference, -1.2; 95 CI, -1.6 to -0.7; d = 0.46). A dose-response effect for TENS was observed, with more participants in the PT-TENS group reporting improvement on the Patient Global Impression of Change (120 [72%] vs 86 [51%], P = .001) and a 30% or greater reduction in movement-evoked pain in responder analysis (66 of 161 [41%] vs 22 of 169 [13%]; P < .001). At day 180, 217 respondents (81%) found TENS helpful and 147 (55%) used TENS daily. There were no serious adverse events, and 109 of 358 (30%) experienced minor adverse events during the entire 6 months of the study. In this cluster randomized clinical trial of TENS in fibromyalgia, TENS meaningfully reduced movement-evoked pain and remained effective for 6 months. This study's results suggest that TENS is a safe, inexpensive, and readily available treatment for fibromyalgia. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04683042.

The Jhargram–Purulia–Jharkhand border region exists as a living geographical area which allows people to maintain their cultural heritage while engaging in economic activities and using multiple transportation routes. The research studies how spatial patterns of interaction and border area movements create economic and environmental changes in this tri-junction territory located in eastern India. The research investigates cross-border labor movements and forest-based livelihoods and unofficial trade activities and infrastructure connections and cultural exchanges through spatial analysis and borderland theory and field research and secondary data. The results demonstrate that the area operates as a connected border corridor which displays tribal cultural bonds and resource-based economic activities and unequal development patterns between Bengal and Jharkhand. The ongoing movement of people and products and services through the area enhances regional connections between different regions of the area. The paper emphasizes the need for an integrated, border-sensitive development framework to enhance mobility, reduce inequalities, and sustainably manage natural resources in the borderland.