Wars and armed conflicts have a negative impact on the cultural heritage of countries where military operations are carried out. Cultural assets are important as a historical value for a given society, a scientific value due to their cognitive value or the preservation of identity and culture, among others. It is cultural identity that influences the sense of belonging to a given society, a given group and the values it adopts. Consequently, we can conclude that through the role of cultural assets in the context of social identity, we can also talk about building social resilience, which is supposed to lead to the capacity for survival, recovery and strong bonds. The article points to international regulations that are not effective enough to stop the destruction of cultural heritage in Ukraine. The aim of this article is to point out examples of the destruction and plundering of cultural property taking place in Ukraine and the actions of both the Ukrainian side and international efforts to preserve it. A very important process is the documentation and cataloguing of cultural property and the possibility of storing movable cultural property outside the area of war or armed conflict. In the years to come, the damage done in Ukraine will require considerable financial and personnel resources to reconstruct. There is also a risk that some cultural property will never be returned to the Ukrainian side.

RESUMENLa proteccin de bienes culturales en caso de conflicto armado es un tema que ha cobrado especial relevancia en los ltimos aos debido a las guerras en el medio oriente y los conflictos blicos recientes.La historia de nuestro pas no est exenta

The paper provides an overview of the current activities on the valorization and protection of elements of traditional fishing in the Adriatic Sea with general recommendations on its further preservation. All three categories of cultural heritage are included: immovable and movable cultural property, and intangible cultural heritage. The objective of the paper is to contribute to a holistic approach to the protection of cultural heritage and to encourage reflection on future projects with the aim of appropriate presentation, further research and (re)valuation of traditional fishing in the Adriatic Sea.

In the collections of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are stored four bone objects that are of an extraordinary and unconventional nature. They are anthropomorphic faces made of bone with an elongated irregular rectangular shape (in some places with rounded areas), pointed at one end. The aim of this publication is to present more information on the chronology, interpretation and cultural affiliation of these interesting artefacts. The artefacts were received by NAIM–BAS in the 1980s, with no information available on the circumstances of their acquisition and no receipt from the previous owner. There is no information whatsoever about their original archaeological environment, and whether or not they were acquired as a result of regular archaeological research, or whether they were the subject of unauthorised archaeological activity, such as the illegal trafficking of movable cultural property etc. Based on a brief overview, it can be said that the finds from NAIM–BAS can be attributed to the period of Islamic art generated during the Arab expansion in the lands of the Near East between the 7th–10th/12th centuries. Their interpretation as parts of several rag or dressed dolls is based on the definitions of similar finds from the territories of present-day Israel, Egypt and Palestine. This conclusion is based on the archaeological context in which these objects were found, as well as the hypotheses circulating in scholarly circles regarding their use and place in the daily life of people during this period. Taking into account the geographical area of their distribution, the archaeological context and the anthropomorphic specifics, it can be assumed that the finds from the NAIM–BAS collection are probably of similar origin, interpretation and chronology, although their natural area of manifestation is far removed from the borders of the Bulgarian lands and the European Southeast.

Normative aspects in the preservation of cultural heritage imply a complex understanding and approach, insofar as this is a systemic process in which different cultural institutions acting with relevant competence and the normative framework have a role. It consists of international legal acts, such as the UNESCO Conventions, EU law - the regulations and directives and the internal law that is in accordance with them. The report covers a review of case studies related to the preservation of tangible cultural heritage: cases of dissonant cultural heritage; the case with the restitution of cultural values; cases of deregistration of tangible cultural values from the register and the philosophy of the law; legal issues in dealing with cultural property; problems of ownership of movable cultural property; the relationship of copyright and related rights to cultural heritage.

Abstract Modern warfare has prompted states to protect collections of cultural property by evacuating them to safe locations at times of war. Building on previously classified documents in archives, inquiries and other sources, this article investigates how planning for such evacuation was carried out in Sweden from 1939 to the 1990s. After the end of the Cold War, existing evacuation plans were finally scrapped. Due to the worsening security situation in the region, Swedish heritage institutions today need to build preparedness anew. It is shown that the evacuation of large volumes of property out of cities for practical reasons never was a realistic scenario, but probably should be restricted to a minimum of carefully selected objects, records and books. The process of selecting, transporting, finding safe locations to take the property to, and determining how to monitor it needs to be carefully planned during peaceful conditions in order to efficiently safeguard the collections in wartime. The relationship between Swedish planning and the 1954 Hague Convention, and how other states can learn from this study, is finally discussed.

ABSTRACT The first practices in the conservation-restoration of museum collections in Turkey began in the nineteenth century with the opening of the Imperial Museum during the Ottoman Empire. Conservation-restoration work on movable cultural property gained momentum at the beginning of the Republican period from 1923 in terms of legal regulations and organisations. The number of museums increased, workshops and laboratories were established, and formal and non-formal training programmes were launched in subsequent years. In this context, our research questions are: What were the improvements in conservation-restoration work on museum collections in the Republican period? Were the scope and quality of conservation-restoration practices in state museums and private museums different from each other in the Republican period? A literature review and personal communication are used as research methods. The article gives information on the history of conservation-restoration work on museum collections; discusses the legal regulations, organisations, experts, workshops, and laboratories; and the procurement of materials and equipment. It concludes with a general evaluation of the nature and extent of conservation-restoration practices of collections in Turkish museums.

he article presents expert studies of the culturological (archaeological) object - the church "Holy Mother of God". The main content of the study is the analysis of the architectural and decorative features of the church "Holy Mother of God". At the same time, the involved methodological research approaches and the principles of their application are analyzed. Considerable attention is paid to the already completed construction work, not only on the restoration of the church itself, but also on movable cultural property and cultural heritage objects in the protected area of the historical monument. As a result of the expert work carried out, signs of the impact of the construction work already carried out in the basilica itself as a monument of cultural heritage were revealed. This article attempts to confirm the reliability of the theory about the history of the construction of the temple, its religious orientation and national identity. Keywords. archaeological expertise, culturology, origin, cross, architecture, basilica, khachkar, inscription

The subject of this paper is museum special libraries in institutions for the protection of movable cultural property. The state of museum libraries in Serbia and the importance they have in the development of our culture are presented. The changes that took place in their work were analyzed through the analysis of statistical data and through comparisons with special libraries that are part of different types of organizations. According to the data of the National Library of Serbia, which keeps a register of all libraries in the Republic of Serbia, 50 registered museum libraries have been identified, their work has been analyzed and the state and possibilities of development have been presented. Since special libraries function within the organization of which they are a part, they organize their work following the needs of the founders. On the other hand, they carry out their basic library and information activities following legal norms, and rules of the profession, as well as through cooperation with related libraries. The review and analysis of the work of museum special libraries aims to highlight their needs, examine the possibilities for overcoming certain problems and improve activities in conditions comparable to related libraries that have the same or similar status within the organization in which they are located.

ABSTRACT Experiences of the Second World War were recent to those who drafted the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, and many of its provisions reflect those lessons. One under-used area of provision in Hague 1954 that reflects such experience relates to wartime shelters (‘refuges’) for movable cultural property including works of art, museum collections, books and archives.1 This paper examines damage and risk to movable cultural property sheltered in refuges in Italy during the Second World War to demonstrate that their secrecy exposed them to damage by (i) careless military occupation, (ii) deliberate combatant damage, (iii) accidental and collateral damage, and (iv) looting. The 1954 Hague Convention provides for marked refuges for movable cultural property under both special and general protection, and these historical case studies also highlight some of the potential advantages (and problems) of internationally recognised refuges in advertised locations, and of the Convention's ‘special protection’ regime more generally.

A Registry for Movable Cultural Property of Significant Importance to Switzerland: Limit to the Cross-Border Movement and Right of Ownership

The aim of the article is to analyze international and local legal instruments regarding the protection of movable cultural heritage. It also highlights the importance of instructions and orders of ministerial departments related to the protection of cultural heritage. Furthermore, the article provides a research-based analysis regarding the management of emergency situations and the protection measures of movable cultural property in the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences and National Museum Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. The research was based on the comparative case study method, which makes it possible to focus on and delve deeply into the essence of a single problem. The research was conducted using a questionnaire and a structured interview, during which two respondents from memory institutions were interviewed. The answers, provided by the respondents, help to determine the possibility of practical implementation of the objectives raised in the legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania regarding the protection of cultural property. Emphasized in the research is identification of threats, allocation of responsible personnel, enactment of preventive measures and the importance of establishing and implementing specific actions on both theoretical and practical levels.

The aim of this study is to present the results of the identification of the cultural styles, social occupations, and cultural affiliates of archaeological sites such as Paccha, Piñancay, Puñay, and Joyaczhi that conforms to the archaeological area, Puñay. The objective of this study is to keep an archaeological record of the movable cultural property of tourist sites. This is done through the cataloging and characterization of movable property. In cataloging, the records of the archaeological assets of the INPC are applied. Also, in characterization, the methodology was considered as the Crockery for the determination of the Ceramic Cultural styles and the color of the external and internal pulp. In addition, the core of the Munsell tables was considered. The research allows the identification of 10 ceramic cultural styles in Paccha, 8 in Piñancay, 10 in Puñay sector, and 3 in Joyaczhi through typology and decorative techniques. Also, they are visualized chronologies which are related to the social contexts in which these archeological properties are materialized. The ceramic styles established for the archaeological area belongs to the Integration Period of the pre-Columbian culture Cañari 800- 1530d.C.

Досліджено сутність активів спадщини у відповідності до міжнародних і зарубіжних стандартів бухгалтерського обліку для державного сектора та обгрунтовано доцільність їх впровадження в термінологічний апарат бухгалтерського обліку в Україні. Встановлено межі застосування термінів «культурна спадщина», «культурні цінності», «музейні фонди». Розроблено класифікацію активів спадщини за різними ознаками та запропоновано їх визначення.

Insurance coverage is one of the methods of providing security for movablecultural property. The article discusses the scale of theft of such objects in Polandand methods of valuation for the purposes of determining the sum of insurance.

Archival source materials as a type of movable cultural property form part of the cultural heritage of a nation and the world, and constitute lasting records of interest to culture, science and other social purposes. The documents of Jovan Veljković in Ottoman Turkish contained in the Papers of Vojislav Veljković (1865-1931) kept in the Historical Archives of Belgrade provide information about tribute col­lecting in the districts of Ražanj, Paraćin and Aleksinac, the reception of Vedjihi Pasha, and the purchase of land and shop sites from Ottoman Turks. The house of Jovan Veljković, now home to the Centre for Cultural Decontamination, testifies to the history of a family whose members 'managed to keep up their home through all changes Serbia underwent between 1804 and 1904, remaining a political presence throughout the turbulent century.'.

Abstract:Ardelia Ripley Hall (1899–1979) served from 1946 until 1962 as the Fine Arts and Monuments Adviser to the U.S. Department of State. In this role she oversaw the recovery and restitution of movable cultural property that had been displaced during the Second World War. In spite of her vast accomplishments, almost nothing has been written on Ardelia Hall, and little is known about her life. She began her career at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, but personal circumstances led to her resignation in 1941. During the war, she was employed by the Office of Strategic Services. The expertise she established as an art historian working with the Roberts Commission at this time led to her appointment at the State Department in 1946. This essay traces for the first time Hall’s remarkable journey from curatorial researcher to adviser on international art restitution.

Abstract As the war and Nazi occupation intensified, the registration of cultural losses became a considerable component of salvage efforts and laid the foundation for postwar restitution of Polish movable cultural property. Cultural losses registration was a coordinated effort by the Polish government-in-exile in London and the Polish underground government in Nazi-occupied Poland. It involved hundreds if not thousands of curators, art scholars, librarians, university professors and students, museum employees, and couriers. Nevertheless, one individual emerged as the leader of Poland’s efforts to publicize its cultural losses and lobby for the return of Polish cultural property looted by the Nazis. Passionate about Poland’s cultural assets, Karol Estreicher, an art historian and bibliographer from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, would not rest until Poland had recovered its most important treasures, including the Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz) altarpiece from St. Mary’s Church in Kraków. The article examines Polish cultural losses registration and plans for the restitution of cultural property and compensation for Poland’s cultural losses. Polish restitution efforts in the American occupation zone are discussed in the context of American cultural restitution and reparations policy as formulated by the Roberts Commission and the U.S. State Department. Finally, the question of using cultural assets as war reparations is examined with respect to Polish plans for reparation claims of German cultural property.

Abstract In the debate about indigenous cultural property, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of the United States has developed and implemented an unorthodox concept of “cultural affiliation.” The act entitles Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations to claim repatriation of their cultural property—comprising human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony—upon the establishment of a specific shared group identity and a cultural affiliation to an object. The concept of cultural affiliation in the act replaces proof of ownership, or proof that an object was stolen or illicitly removed. It thereby amends traditional standards saturated in notions of property and ownership that have perpetuated since Roman law and allows the evolution of a control regime over cultural property that takes into account the cultural aspects of the objects. On an international level, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) of 2007 stipulates a similar emancipation of indigenous peoples' cultural property claims from notions of property and ownership. This article explores NAGPRA's cultural affiliation concept as it stands between private property and human rights law and brings into focus the concept's elements that go beyond traditional property law. It ultimately looks at the potential and limits of the concept from an international perspective as a standard for other countries that consider implementation of UNDRIP's provisions on indigenous, tangible, movable cultural property.

Cultural Security: From Concept to Engagement