Mouth Wash Preparations Research Articles

Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Thymol using 4-Aminoantipyrine and Copper(II) Nitrate

Flow-injection (FI) spectrophotometric method has been developed for the analysis of thymol in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on organic coupling reaction between thymol and 4-amino antipyrine in the presence of alkaline medium to form an intense stable red color complex with copper nitrate that has a maximum absorption at 490 nm. Optimum conditions for determination of the drug was investigated .The calibration graph was linear over the range of 5-500 µg.ml-1 of thymol . The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.81 ?g mL-1 and 3.60 ?g mL-1 respectively .The proposed method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of thymol in mouth wash preparations. The procedure is characterized by its simplicity, accuracy and precision.

Flow Injection Determination of Thymol in Pharmaceutical Samples Via Oxidative Coupling Reaction with 2,4- Dinitrophenylhydrazine

A fast and sensitive flow injection analysis (FIA) method for the quantitative determination of thymol (THY) in raw and pharmaceutical formulations have been proposed. The method is based on coupling reaction between THY and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in alkaline medium with presence of potassium periodate to form an intense violet water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 570 nm. A graph of absorbance versus concentration indicates that Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 10-150 μg.mL-1 of THY, with detection limit of 5 μg.mL-1and sample throughputs of 60h-1. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of THY in mouth wash preparations.

Blue Tea Extract Based Preparation Of Mouthwash And Its Cytotoxic Activity

Blue Tea Extract Based Preparation Of Mouthwash And Its Cytotoxic Activity

FORMULASI SEDIAAN MOUTHWASH DARI SARI BUAH SIRIH (Piper betle L.) VARIETAS SIRIBOAH

Piper betle fruit empirically is believed to maintain oral health, but unfortunately the use of piper betle fruit not to be proven scientifically, therefore one of the efforts in explore benefits of betel fruit is to formulatedinto mouthwash. The aim of this research was to prepared stable and effective mouthwash preparation which is inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans. There were 3 formula designed by varying the concentration of the piper betle fruit juice 3, 4 and 5 % v/v respectively. Stability evalution carried out before and after accelerated condition at 5 o C and 35 o C for 10 cycles in which the parameter were organoleptic, pH value, viscosity and inhibitory Streptococcus mutans of the bacteria. The assay results of the inhibition of each formula with agar diffusion method showed that the 3 formula were able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, but the most optimum stability and effective inhibiting Streptococcus mutans was formula F3,that contain 5% fruit juice, due to there was no significant change before and after accelerated condition. Key word : Mouthwash , Piper betle fruit (Piper betle L.), Streptococcus mutans

Mouthwash Use and the Prevention of Plaque, Gingivitis and Caries

Careful quantitative assessment of data regarding use of mouthwash and risk of common oral conditions reveals that there is a clear evidence of benefi t from use in terms of reducing the risk of dental plaque, gingivitis, dental caries and that there are no major adverse effects including no evidence of an increased risk of oral cancer among users of mouthwash containing alcohol. Despite limitations in the quality of many studies conducted, there is a signifi cant reduction of both dental plaque and gingivitis associated with use of mouthwash preparations containing chlorhexidine or essential oils as an adjunct to standard care. The effect of mouthwash containing essential oils on both plaque and gingivitis is less than chlorhexidine in studies of less than 3 months duration but improves with increasing duration of use and equals or exceeds the effect of chlorhexidine when use is 6 months of longer. Mouthwash preparations containing cetylpyridinium or triclosan may also be effective, but less than the two former, while mouthwashes containing delmopinol are not effective for plaque and gingivitis control. How- ever, there is a large degree of heterogeneity and strong evidence of publication bias: there is a lack of small studies with a small effect of mouthwash. This results in a biased estimate of effect (over-estimated) because there is a tendency to publish mainly positive studies (those showing a strong decrease). Compared with fl uoride toothpaste used alone, topical fl uorides (mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) used in addition to fl uo- ride toothpaste reduce caries by 10% on average. Topical fl uorides (mouthrinses, gels, or varnishes) used in addition to fl uo- ride toothpaste achieve a modest reduction in caries compared to toothpaste used alone. No conclusions about any adverse effects can be reached, because such data were rarely reported in the trials. It is possible to conclude that mouthwash contain- ing fl uoride is a useful adjunct to fl uoridated toothpaste in reducing caries in children. As regards oral malignancy, quantitative analysis of mouthwash use and oral malignancy revealed no statistically signifi - cant association between mouthwash use and risk of oral cancer including no signifi cant trend in risk with increasing daily use; and no association between use of mouthwash containing alcohol and oral cancer risk. Most recent estimates of the population attributable risk for alcohol consumption and oral cancer put the fi gure at 1%. The dose of acetaldehyde from mouthwash is minute compared to that from other sources notable cigarette smoking, alco- hol drinking and certain foodstuffs including yoghurt and peas. It is extremely unlikely from a theoretical viewpoint that mouthwash could be a cause of oral cancer and this is substantiated from the lack of evidence of carcinogenicity found in epidemiological studies in humans. In summary, there is evidence supporting the use of mouthwashes in terms of preventing or reducing the risk of develop- ing a number of common conditions notably dental plaque, gingivitis and dental caries without any adverse effects. There is also evidence that mouthwash use does not increase the risk of oral cancer even when it contains a signifi cant percentage of alcohol. Mouthwash use makes a signifi cant contribution to public health.

Synergistic interaction and mode of action of Citrus hystrix essential oil against bacteria causing periodontal diseases

Context: Citrus hystrix de Candolle (Rutaceae), an edible plant regularly used as a food ingredient, possesses antibacterial activity, but there is no current data on the activity against bacteria causing periodontal diseases.Objective: C. hystrix essential oil from leaves and peel were investigated for antibiofilm formation and mode of action against bacteria causing periodontal diseases.Materials and methods: In vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm formation activities were determined by broth microdilution and time kill assay. Mode of action of essential oil was observed by SEM and the active component was identified by bioautography and GC/MS.Results and discussion: C. hystrix leaves oil exhibited antibacterial activity at the MICs of 1.06 mg/mL for P. gingivalis and S. mutans and 2.12 mg/mL for S. sanguinis. Leaf oil at 4.25 mg/mL showed antibiofilm formation activity with 99% inhibition. The lethal effects on P. gingivalis were observed within 2 and 4 h after treated with 4 × MIC and 2 × MIC, respectively. S. sanguinis and S. mutans were completely killed within 4 and 8 h after exposed to 4 × MIC and 2 × MIC of oil. MICs of tested strains showed 4 times reduction suggesting synergistic interaction of oil and chlorhexidine. Bacterial outer membrane was disrupted after treatment with leaves oil. Additionally, citronellal was identified as the major active compound of C. hystrix oil.Conclusions: C. hystrix leaf oil could be used as a natural active compound or in combination with chlorhexidine in mouthwash preparations to prevent the growth of bacteria associated with periodontal diseases and biofilm formation.

A Ho(III) potentiometric polymeric membrane sensor based on a new four dentate neutral ion carrier

In this research, we report a new Ho3+-PVC membrane electrode based on N-(4,5-dimethyl-2-(picolinamido)phenyl)picolinamide (H2Me2bpb) as a suitable ion carrier. Poly vinylchloride (PVC)-based membrane composed of H2Me2bpb with oleic acid (OA) as anionic additives, and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as plasticized solvent mediator. The sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 20.1±0.2mV decade−1 over the concentration range of 1.0×10−6 to 1.0×1−2molL−1, and a detection limit of 5.0×10−7molL−1 of Ho3+ ions. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of the solution pH in the range of 3.5–9.4. It has a very short response time, in the whole concentration range (<10s), and can be used for at least eight weeks. The proposed electrode shows a good selectivity towards Ho3+ ions over a wide variety of cations, including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. To assess its analytical applicability the proposed Ho3+ sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the titration of Ho3+ ion solutions in certified reference materials, alloy samples and for the determination of the fluoride ion in two mouthwash preparations.

Lanthanum-selective sensors based on 3-amino-2-mercapto-3H-quinazolin-4-one in PVC matrix

A new solvent polymeric membrane (PME) and coated graphite (CGE) electrodes based on 3-amino-2-mercapto-3H-quinazolin-4-one as a suitable carrier for La(III) ion are described. The sensors exhibited a Nernstian response for La(III) ion over a wide concentration range (3.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−1 M for PME and 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−1 M for CGE) with a slope of 20.1 ± 0.3 (PME) and 23.4 ± 0.4 (CGE) mV decade−1. The lower detection limits by PME and CGE were 2.0 × 10−7 and 7.1 × 10−8 M, respectively. The potentiometric response of the proposed electrodes was independent of the pH of the test solution in the pH range 3.0–9.0 with a fast response time (<10 s). The applications of prepared sensors were demonstrated in the determination of lanthanum ions in spiked water sample and also utilized for indirect determination of fluoride content of two mouth wash preparation samples.

Batch and Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Thymol Using Procaine Hydrochloride as a New Chromogenic Reagent

New, simple and sensitive batch and Flow-injecton spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Thymol in pure form and in mouth wash preparations have been proposed in this study. These methods were based on a diazotization and coupling reaction between Thymol and diazotized procaine HCl in alkaline medium to form an intense orange-red water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 474 nm. A graphs of absorbance versus concentration show that Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.4-4.8 and 4-80 µg.ml-1 of Thymol, with detection limits of 0.072 and 1.807 µg.ml-1 of Thymol for batch and FIA methods respectively. The FIA procedure sample throughput was 80 h-1. All different chemical and physical experimental parameters that affecting on the development and stability of the colored product were carefully studied and the proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of Thymol in mouth wash preparations.

Batch and Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Thymol Using Procaine Hydrochloride as a New Chromogenic Reagent

New, simple and sensitive batch and Flow-injecton spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Thymol in pure form and in mouth wash preparations have been proposed in this study. These methods were based on a diazotization and coupling reaction between Thymol and diazotized procaine HCl in alkaline medium to form an intense orange-red water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 474 nm. A graphs of absorbance versus concentration show that Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.4-4.8 and 4-80 µg.ml-1 of Thymol, with detection limits of 0.072 and 1.807 µg.ml-1 of Thymol for batch and FIA methods respectively. The FIA procedure sample throughput was 80 h-1. All different chemical and physical experimental parameters that affecting on the development and stability of the colored product were carefully studied and the proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of Thymol in mouth wash preparations.

Neodymium(III) PVC Membrane Electrodchemical Sensor Based on N‐benzoylethylidene‐2‐aminobenzylamine

The N‐benzoylethylidene‐2‐aminobenzylamine (BEA) was used as a suitable ionophore in construction of neodymium ion selective electrode. The electrode with composition of 30% PVC, 58% solvent mediator (NB), 2% ionophore (BEA) and 10% anionic additive (OA) shows the best potentiometric response characteristics. The Nd3+ sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 21.2 ± 0.2 mV decade-1 over the concentration range of 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1, and a detection limit of 6.3 × 10-7 mol L-1 of Nd3+ ions. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of the solution pH in the range of 2.4–8.5. It has a very short response time, in the whole concentration range (~7 s), and can be used for at least eight weeks. The proposed sensor revealed high selectivity with respect to all common alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions, including members of the lanthanide family other than Nd3+. The Nd3+ sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Nd3+ ions with EDTA. The electrode was also employed for the determination of the fluoride ion in two mouth wash preparations.

Construction of Tb3+ PVC‐MembraneElectrode Based on N,N’‐Bis(pyrrolylmethylene)‐2‐aminobenzylamine

In this work, we report as new Tb3+‐PVC membrane sensor based on N,N’‐bis(pyrrolylmethylene)‐ 2‐aminobenzylamine (PMA) as a suitable ion carrier. Poly vinylchloride (PVC)‐based membrane composed of PMA with oleic acid (OA) as anionic additives and acetophenone (AP) as plasticizing solvent mediators. The Tb3+ sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 19.7±0.4 mV per decade over the concentration range of 1.0×10-5 to 1.0×10-2 M and a detection limit of 4.6×10-6 M of Tb3+ ions. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of the solution pH in the range of 2.9–8.1. It has a very short response time, in the whole concentration range (∼5 s). The recommended sensor revealed comparatively good selectivity with respect to most alkali, alkaline earth, some transition and heavy metal ions. It was successfully employed as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Tb(III) ions with EDTA. The electrode was also employed for the determination of the fluoride ion in two mouth wash preparations and the determination of Tb3+ ions concentration in mixtures of three different ions.

Antifungal activity of lawsone methyl ether in comparison with chlorhexidine

The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of lawsone methyl ether mouthwash (LME) in comparison with chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX) in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro study, each mouthwash preparation was added into the inoculum of Candida. The turbidity was recorded after incubation at 37°C for 48 h. Candidal culture was performed and the number of colony of Candida albicans was recorded. For in vivo study, a crossover clinical trial was conducted in 22 HIV-infected subjects and 32 denture wearers. Clinical examination was performed and oral rinse technique was carried out immediately before and 0, 1, 2 h after using each mouthwash. Allergy and subjective assessment of the mouthwashes were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and linear mixed effect modeling. In vitro, antifungal activity of 0.25% LME was significantly greater than that of 0.12% CHX (P < 0.05) and comparable with that of 0.2% CHX. In vivo, antifungal activity up to 2 hours of 0.025% LME mouthwash was evidenced in both groups of subjects, although significantly lower than that of 0.12% CHX. No allergic reaction was reported. LME mouthwash was graded to have less bitter taste than that of CHX. Subjects' satisfaction on taste and smell of LME mouthwash was significantly greater than that of CHX (P < 0.05). Lawsone methyl ether mouthwash possesses potent antifungal activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, concentration of the mouthwash needs to be adjusted in addition to further clinical trials on long-term use.

Fabrication of a Ho3+-PVC membrane sensor based on N-phenyl-2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinecarbothioamide for determination of holmium ions

Abstract In this research, a new poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane sensor for Ho 3+ ion based on N -phenyl-2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (PHC) as an ionophore was prepared. This sensor demonstrated good selectivity and sensitivity towards the holmium ion in comparison with variety of cations, including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The effect of membrane composition and pH on the response properties of the electrode was investigated. In detail, the suggested sensor exhibited a Nernstian behavior (with a slope of 20.4 ± 0.3 mV decade −1 ) in the range of 1.0 × 10 −6 to 1.0 × 10 −2 mol/L with a detection limit of 6.2 × 10 −7 mol/L. The response time was relatively quick in the whole concentration range (∼5 s). The sensor usage was found to be at least 10 weeks in a pH range of 3.3–10.9. It was successfully applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.

Terbium(III) Ion-Selective Electrochemical Sensor Based on Hematoporphyrin

A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based membrane sensor for terbium ions was prepared by employing Hematoporphyrin (HP) as an ionophore. The sensor revealed a very good selectivity (expect for the Fe3+ion) with respect to common alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal ions. The plasticized membrane electrode exhibits a Nernstian response for Tb3+ ions over a wide concentration range (1.0 × 10−6 − 1.0 × 10−2 M) with a slope of 19.8±0.3 mV per decade and low detection limit of 7.4 × 10−7 M. The developed sensor was used in determination of F− in mouth wash preparation sample.

Electroanalytical performance of a terbium(III)-selective sensor based on a neutral ionophore in environmental and medicinal samples

A new highly selective terbium(III) electrode was prepared with a polymeric film doped using S-2-benzothiazolyl-2-amino-alpha-(methoxyimino)-4-thiazolethiol acetate as an electroactive material, benzyl acetate (BA) as a plasticizer, and potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) as an anionic site in the percentage ratio 3.17:1.58:63.4:31.7 (ionophore-KTpClPB-BA-PVC, w/w). The electrode exhibited a linear response with a near Nernstian slope of 19.5 mV/decade within the concentration range 1.5 x 10(-7)-1.0 x 10(-2) M terbium ions, with a working pH range from 2.0 to 8.0, and a fast response time of 10 s and presented satisfactory reproducibility. The limit of detection was 9.3 x 10(-8) M. The results show that this electrode can be used in ethanol media up to 30% (v/v) concentration without interference. It can be used for 3 months without any considerable divergence in the potentials. Selectivity coefficients for terbium(III) with respect to many cations were investigated. The electrode is highly selective for terbium(III) ions over a large number of monovalent, bivalent, and trivalent cations. This shows the valuable property of the proposed electrode. The stability constant of the ionophore towards Tb(3+) ions was determined with the sandwich membrane method. It was successfully used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric determination of terbium(III) ions with EDTA and in direct determination in tap water and binary mixtures with quantitative results. The utility of the proposed electrode was also determined in the presence of ionic and nonionic surfactants and in the presence of fluoride ions in four pharmaceutical (mouthwash) preparations. [figure: see text]

Application of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-2-(4-methyl-1,3-benzo thiazol-2-yl)hydrazone as a neutral ionophore in the construction of a novel Er(III) sensor

We found that pyridine-2-carbaldehyde-2-(4-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) hydrazone (PCMHT) can be used as a suitable neutral ionophore for preparing an Er(III) membrane sensor with high selectivity. The optimum composition was found to be PCMHT-PVC-KTpClPB-BA with the ratios of 6.0:30.0:5.0:59.0, respectively. The Nernstian response was of 21.8 ± 0.5 mV decade-1 of Er(III) activity, the linear range of the sensor was found to be relatively wide (from 1.0x10-5 to 1.0 x10-2 mol L-1). Its applicability pH range of 2.5-12.0 seems to make it suitable for analytical applications. The lower detection limit (LDL) of the sensor was 5.0 x10-6 mol L-1. The excellent Er(III)-selectivity of the proposed sensor with regard to most common metal ions, and especially, lanthanide ions is another advantage. It was successfully used as an indicator electrode for titration of 25 mL of a 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 Er(III) ions with a 1.0 x 10-2 mol L-1 EDTA. The proposed sensor was used for direct monitoring of Er(III) in binary mixtures and indirect determination of fluoride ions in two mouth wash preparations.

Construction of a novel potentiometric terbium(III) membrane sensor and its application for the determination of terbium ion in binary mixture and fluoride ion in a mouth wash preparation

A new PVC membrane potentiometric sensor that is highly selective to Tb(III) ions was prepared by using 4-amino-3-{2-[4-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-yliden] hydrazono}-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)-one (ATO) as a suitable carrier. The sensor works satisfactorily in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-1 mol L-1 (detection limit 8.6 × 10-7 mol L-1) with a Nernstian slope of 19.4 ± 0.5 mV per decade of activity. This electrode showed a fast response time (~15 s) and was used for a period of more than 2 months. The potentiometric selectivity coefficient values (for mono-, di-, and trivalent cations) as determined by the match potential method (MPM) indicate good response for Tb3+ in the presence of interfering ions. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Tb(III) ions with EDTA. It was also applied to the determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparation sample and the Tb3+ recovery from various binary mixtures.

Sub-Micro Molar Monitoring of La3+ by a Novel Lanthanum PVC-Based Membrane Sensor Based on 3-Hydroxy-N'-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-naphthohydrazide

A La (III) ion-selective membrane sensor has been fabricated from poly vinyl chloride (PVC) matrix membrane, containing 3-hydroxy-N'-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-2-naphthohydrazide (HPMN) as a neutral carrier, potassium tetrakis (p-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB) as an anionic excluder and ortho-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticizing solvent mediator. The effects of membrane composition and pH as well as the influence of the anionic additive on the response properties were investigated. The sensor with 30% PVC, 62% solvent mediator, 6% ionophore and 2% anionic additive, shows the best potentiometric response characteristics. It displays a Nernstian behavior (19.2 mV per decade) across the range of M. The detection limit of the electrode is M (10 ng/mL) and the response time is 15 s from up to M and 30 s in the range of M. The sensor can be used in the pH values of 3.0-9.0 for about seven weeks. The membrane sensor was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of lanthanum ions with EDTA. It was successfully applied to the lanthanum determination in some mouth wash preparations.

Novel Tm(III) Membrane Sensor Based on 2,2'-Dianiline Disulfide and Its Application for the Fluoride Monitoring of Mouth Wash Preparations

In this work the construction of a novel poly(vinyl chloride) membrane sensor based on 2,2'-dianiline disulfide (DADS) as a neutral carrier, o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticizer and sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anionic site with unique selectivity towards Tm(III) ions is reported. The electrode has a linear dynamic range between 1.0 x 10 -6 and 1.0 x 10 -2 M, with a nice Nemstian slope of 19.5 ± 0.3 mV per decade and a detection limit of 4.0 x 10 -7 M at the pH range of 4.8-8.5. It has a very fast response time (<15 s) in the whole concentration range, and can be used for at least 4 weeks without any considerable divergence in the electrode potentials. The proposed sensor revealed comparatively good selectivity with respect to most common metal ions, and especially lanthanide ions. It was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Tm(III) ions with EDTA and in direct determination of concentration of Tm(III) ions in binary mixtures. It was also applied in determination of fluoride ions in mouth wash preparations.