Mouthful Of Food Research Articles

Konsumsi Halal dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

Consumption is interpreted as an economic action that has a major role in human life activities. In fulfilling the various needs of their lives, humans will never be separated from various economic activities. After consumers and consumption activities, there are various other activities, such as production or producers, distribution or distributors, and so on. In Islam, consumption is an attempt to fulfill both physical and spiritual needs so that a servant can increase his human function by obtaining happiness or prosperity in both the world and the hereafter. Consumer behavior, especially for Muslims, in carrying out consumption activities must always be based on Islamic rules. A food for the activities of human life has such a great influence as well as affects one's soul, including the realization of a prayer, the calm of the soul, and the unclean elements contained in a mouthful of food that enters the stomach, so that the deed will definitely not be accepted within a period of forty days. Things that are not good and contained in a food can interfere with the healthy condition of a body and endanger one's mind.

IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIZATION PRINCIPLE BASED ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT) OF 1969

<em>The practice of the regionalization principle in Article 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement is still conflicted. This is because of several cases regarding the members misinterpretation of international guidelines in the regionalization principle, such as India – Agricultural Products and Russia – Pigs (EU). Recently, Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (Covid-19) has been considered to affect animal trade. Such conditions prompt the World Trade Organization (WTO) to recommend the Members to take SPS Measures to protect their domestic market. However, the trade would be inhibited in case the country-wide ban approach is applied. Therefore, this paper discusses the possible SPS measures under the regionalization principle to promote the trade during the pandemic according to WTO decisions from previous cases in line with the VCLT of 1969. The research result shows that the Covid-19 is an obstacle to international trade and makes humans and animals vulnerable to this virus. Consequently, many animal trades have been banned to prevent its spread. To deal with this condition, Indonesia could apply the regionalization principle in Article 6 SPS Agreement. Moreover, the government should update the quarantine law by pointing out the regionalization principle, unlike the zone system rules only applied to animals susceptible to Food Mouth Disease</em>

Abdominal Pain Presenting as a Tight Squeeze on a Tchaikovsky Score

Question: A 23-year-old woman presented to the gastroenterology outpatient clinic with severe and progressively worsening abdominal pain. Her pain was exacerbated by only a few mouthfuls of food, and even drinking water could instigate pain that would last for several hours. Her inability to eat eventually required parenteral nutrition. She additionally experienced nausea, and described postprandial diarrhea approximately 2-4 times a day, which sometimes alternated with constipation. She reported a decreased urine output and difficulty voiding her bladder.

Oral Sensing of Food Properties

AbstractFood properties are perceived through oral receptors during eating. In this review, various oral receptors involved in food oral processing of food are briefly described. Touch and taste are the most important senses in oral perception. Different tactile receptors are used to determine the mechanical properties, size, shape and their temporal/spatial changes of food materials in the oral cavity. Instrumental test results are often inconsistent with sensory‐perceived food properties. A multiple‐point pressure sensor inserted into the mouth with food can be used to mimic the human tactile systems and to relate instrumental and sensory results. Three evaluation systems of food properties with artificial tongues which were designed in different concepts are presented. Physiological research results are useful to simulate oral processing to design texture, flavor and appearance of diets for people with different eating functions.Practical ApplicationsFood oral processing is a dynamic process in which a mouthful of food is reduced in heterogeneity and converted into a more homogenized swallowable bolus. Human‐mimetic sensing technologies have been recently developed to analyze the physical and chemical properties, these complex interactions and drastic changes of foodstuffs during oral processing. As practical applications, two current social topics are discussed in terms of homogenization of foods during oral processing. First, with the increase of elderly population, a need for texture‐modified foods has emerged: hard food must be converted into paste‐like, where the function of oral processing is partly done by pre‐oral processing. Second, WASHOKU, the traditional dietary cultures of the Japanese, was added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2013. Seasoning in the mouth, one of the features of oral processing of WASHOKU, is addressed. To improve food texture and flavor is needed for people with various ages and regions.

Relationship between mouthful volume and number of chews in young Japanese females

Objective: Modification of eating behavior in Japan is promoted to prevent overweight and obesity, but the effects of such modifications are unclear. This study aimed to clarify the inter- and intra-individual relationship between bite size and number of chews of food. Design and methods: Subjects comprised of 50 young healthy Japanese women (mean age 19.5 years). Food materials were boiled rice and apple. First, the average bite size and the number of chews per mouthful of food were calculated across the study cohort. The number of chews was counted by the subjects themselves and then self-reported. Correlation between the individual one-bite volume and the number of chews per volume was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Second, the number of chews for three different sized bites of food (half of one bite, one bite, and one-and-a-half bites) were calculated as a prospective observational study. The number of chews for each of the three volumes of food was compared using one way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Results: For both food types, there was a negative correlation between individual mouthful volume and number of chews for both food materials. The number of chews per volume decreased as bite sizes increased. Conclusion: This study demonstrated an inter- and intra-individual relationship between bite size and the number of chews and suggested that smaller bite sizes were associated with more chews per volume of food.

The basics of quantitative judgment. How to rate the strength of appetite for food and its sating

The current strength of a person's appetite for food can be observed in any graded expression of the disposition to take a mouthful of food. For this quantitative judgment to measure an influence on hunger/satiety, however, the source of that influence has to be varied independently of other influences at the moment the rating is made.

Effect of the size and amount of a mouthful of food on the easiness to eat

Effect of the size and amount of a mouthful of food on the easiness to eat

Instrumental and sensory quantification of oral coatings retained after swallowing semi-solid foods

After a mouthful of food has been swallowed, some food material is always retained in the mouth. With semi-solid foods this is in the form of a coating that adheres to the oral mucosa. The amount and location of this material may play an important role in food sensations. In this study two quantitative methods of describing the coatings, generated by a set of 16 model custards varying in degree of lubrication (fat content) and degree of viscosity (starch concentration) are investigated. In the first method, a trained quantitative descriptive analysis panel (N=8) was instructed to take single mouthfuls of semi-solid foods, swallow and then rinse twice for 5s with water and spit out. The turbidity of the rinse water was then measured. During the same session, sensory assessments of the products were obtained. In the second method the thickness of the coating on the anterior and middle one-thirds of the tongue was quantified using a pair of opto-electronic reflectance sensors mounted on a probe which was placed on the tongue, one sensor measuring the anterior part of the tongue the other the posterior (middle third) of the tongue. Turbidity of the first rinse related strongly to the food's viscosity, as well as to sensory attributes associated with the food's fat content and viscosity, such as perceived thickness, creaminess and fattiness. Turbidity of subsequent rinses related primarily to fat content. These results indicate that turbidity of rinse water is a useful tool in fundamental (e.g., food texture research) as well as applied research (e.g., product development and quality assurance in food industry). Reflectance varied primarily with fat content and did not relate well to sensory attributes.

Responsive complementary feeding in rural Bangladesh

It is now widely recognized that malnutrition can partly be attributed to caregiver–child interaction during feeding episodes. Current conceptual frameworks emphasize the importance of responsiveness (including active and social behaviour), psychomotor abilities of the child to self-feed, and a non-distracting feeding environment. The present observational study had three main objectives: (1) to define operationally key terms such as responsive and active feeding and observe their frequency in a rural Bangladesh sample; (2) to examine whether self-feeding, responsive and active behaviours of the mother and child varied with child's age and amounts eaten; and (3) to determine associations between mother and child behaviours. Fifty-four mother–child pairs were observed during one feeding episode and behaviours were coded for 5 categories, namely self-feeding, responsive, active, social and distracting behaviours. Children were between 8 and 24 months of age. Results indicated that the five behaviours could be observed and reliably coded. Two-thirds of mothers had an active feeding style but only a third were responsive; the two styles did not overlap. With older children, mothers encouraged more eating and more self-feeding, but children did not feed themselves more; instead older children were more negatively responsive (refusing offered food). Positively responsive mothers tended to have active children who explicitly signaled their desire for food or water, and who ate more mouthfuls of food. Positively active mothers adopted different strategies to encourage eating, such as verbally directing the child to eat, focusing, and temporarily diverting. These mothers tended to have children who were negatively responsive and refused food. Children accepted on average 5.31 mouthfuls of food and rejected 2.13. Mothers who used intrusively active strategies (e.g. force feeding) tended to have children who were both positively and negatively responsive, thus partially reinforcing her forceful behaviour. Thus, the responsive feeding framework, once operationalized, has the potential to identify specific behaviours that support or impede mother–child interaction during complementary feeding.

Obesity epidemics: simple or simplicistic answers?

Among the strategies suggested to face obesity epidemics there is also a mere reduction of only 100-200 kcal day, i.e. less mouthfuls of food and a little more walking every day. Are these proposals "simple and feasible" or, vice versa, "simplicistic and unrealistic" solutions? A possible source of such confusion comes firstly from dietary guidelines: the "food pyramid" may easily lead to misinterpretation as low-fat foods enriched in simple sugars produce similar metabolic abnormalities as saturated fat rich foods. Replacement of fruit derived fructose with other fructose-enriched beverages is not adequately considered. In total, 45-60 min of moderately intense physical activity, instead of "few steps", daily appears a more realistic evaluation of the role of physical activity in energy balance but is still an unrealistic intervention strategy in many obese individuals requiring a long preliminary rehabilitation period. Another complaint is the current poor distinction between "preventive, population oriented" and "therapeutic, clinical" intervention strategies possibly due to the long duration of the latent "preclinical" phase of the disease and the scarcity of safe and effective drugs. Obesity may be considered a "culture-bound" disease and as such it requires a proper cultural, political and educational strategies. The number of obesity clinics worldwide is too limited; educational interventions in the crucial period of the developmental age are lacky. The social science content of medical school curricula, and teaching healthy behaviours, needs to be improved. In conclusion, a deeper reflection from Medical Societies on the relationship between the negative aspects of the "transition diet" and "globalization process" may help to produce really "simple" and more successful strategies against obesity epidemics and its complications.

‘More mighty than the waves of the sea’: toilers, tariffs, and the income tax movement, 1880–1913

Social movements are at once the symptoms and the instruments of social progress. Ignore them and statesmanship is irrelevant; fail to use them and it is weak. Walter Lippmann In the spring of 18...

THE HEALTH POLICE

... the new lifestyle police ... identify danger—usually invisible and undetectable by the normal senses—and then urge the introduction of legislation or other controls to make the environment safe... ... Should every mouthful of food and drink be assessed for its potential health effects? ... The health police should ask themselves whether they are adding or subtracting from the total sum of human happiness.

The Effect of the Timing and the Administration of Acarbose on Postprandial Hyperglycaemia

To clarify the optimum timing for ingestion of acarbose, a 100 mg dose of this oral hypoglycaemic agent was administered 30 min before, at the beginning, and 15 min after ingestion of a test meal, and the effects of the drug on blood glucose rises were compared with increases observed after a control meal (no drug). Twenty-four patients with Type 2 diabetes were included in a randomized, open, cross-over study. The smallest increases in blood glucose (p < 0.001) occurred when acarbose was taken at the beginning and 15 min after starting the test meal (3.3 +/- 1.6 mmol l-1 and 3.3 +/- 1.4 mmol l-1). The increase in blood glucose levels when acarbose was taken 30 min before the test meal was significantly higher (4.2 +/- 1.8 mmol l-1) and it was at its maximum following the control meal (5.2 +/- 1.7 mmol l-1). Similar results were observed when the effects of acarbose on insulin and C-peptide levels were measured. It is recommended that patients should be instructed to take acarbose with their first mouthful of food.

A Cup of Fresh Rainwater

In the spring of 1833, Sioc, the new chief who had yet to gain the confidence of the people, sent messages to all the villages of the Koru nation: all the people of the Turtle and Hawk should come to Koru village in the time of Wanhini-bo, the moon of first leaves, for it was time to rejoice. Two-thirds or more of the people were dead of spots. Three-fourths of the food supply had been lost in the winter floods, and the people were lean and weak with hunger. No man dared trust his neighbor or share with him, for men and children had been bludgeoned for a mouthful of food. And Sioc sent word that it was time to rejoice. All should come to Koru and dance the Hesi.

MULTIPLE BARBS OF THE HEDGEHOG-CATERPILLAR AS PHARYNGEAL FOREIGN BODY: Report of a Case

The hedgehog-caterpillar, Isia isabella S. is commonly classified among the insect pests of garden and field crops, with no direct or indirect pathogenicity for man. It is thickly covered with close-cropped, soft hairs, brownish red along the middle of the body and black at either end. Under the microscope the hair is seen to consist of a main stem with one or two projecting barbs, resembling rose thorns (figure). A case was recently seen in which the patient inadvertently ate a hedgehog-caterpillar with a spoonful of cabbage. The cabbage was eaten cold, having been cooked the evening before. The patient immediately experienced sharp discomfort in the pharynx and spat out the mouthful of food. In her excitement at finding Photomicrograph of a barb from the hair of the hedgehog-caterpillar. a caterpillar she failed to notice whether it was dead or alive. For three days the pain on swallowing was

The “Spitting” Habit of Lepidopterous Flarvae1

Certain Lepidopterous larvae including Zophodia grossulariae Riley, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, Spilonota ocellana (D. and S.) and Recurvaria nanella Busck were found invariably to reject the first mouthfuls of food when entering the host plants. Hulstea undulatella Clemens, Autographa californica (Speyer), and a species of Loxostege, all of which differ from the above mentioned in being external feeders, did not reject or “spit” food.