Mouth Protectors Research Articles

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Quality of Examination in Eye Clinics in the Czech Republic - Questionnaire Study.

The aim of the study was to map the behavior of ophthalmologists regarding protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease 2019), both during the time of the mandatory restrictive measures and after their relaxation. Another aim was to evaluate the awareness of ophthalmologists in the Czech Republic about the possible impact of nose and mouth protective measures (masks, respirators) on the quality of eye examinations, especially on the results of standard automated perimetry (SAP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. As part of two professional ophthalmological events in the Czech Republic, which took place in 2022, we obtained and evaluated data from the ophthalmologists in attendance using a questionnaire. We evaluated demographic parameters, frequency of use and type of nose and mouth protective equipment and their influence on the quality of ophthalmological examination as well as the awareness of ophthalmologists about their possible influence on the outcome of SAP and IOP measurements. We obtained data from a total of 212 respondents (148 women, 44 men, in 20 cases gender was not stated). In 91.5% of cases, ophthalmologists agreed that the use of respirators and masks makes ophthalmological examination more difficult. The most common problems were eyepiece fogging (85.8%), examination lens fogging (85.8%), and lens fogging when spectacles correction was prescribed (79.2%). The respondents most often combated these problems either by completely removing the respirator (24.1%) or at least by pulling it under the nose (39.2%). At the time when the measures were relaxed, significantly more men did not use any nose and mouth protection at all during ophthalmological examinations (15.8% of men vs. 4.2% of women; p = 0.032). An alarming finding was the fact that 35.6% of respondents did not know whatsoever whether the nurse was performing a perimetry examination on a patient with a respirator/mask or without protective equipment, i.e. they were not aware whatsoever of the possible formation of artifacts. Only 21.2% of respondents were aware of the possible difficulties of measuring IOP while wearing a respirator, while 59.9% of respondents were not aware of this risk (39.6% had never considered this problem, 20.3% of respondents were convinced that a respirator could not have an effect on the measurement of IOP). The use of nose and mouth protective equipment clearly affects the ophthalmological examination and makes it more difficult. Although ophthalmologists belong to a group at high risk for the possible transmission of infection in the performance of their profession, they often removed nose and mouth protection in an effort to eliminate fogging of eyepieces and examination lenses. The awareness of ophthalmologists regarding the possible influence on the results of SAP and IOP measurement by wearing a respirator was low in our questionnaire survey. It is therefore advisable to discuss this issue more widely and warn doctors about these risks.

Paper 60: Effect of Mouthguard Type on Severity of Concussion During Game-Related College Football Competition. A 16-Season Prospective Study

Objectives: Prior studies have either claimed or disputed the role of mouthguard protection in reducing the incidence of concussion. Other than investigating a decrease in concussion rate, no long term studies have specifically compared the effect of type of mouthguard protection on the severity of concussion. The increasing incidence of head trauma in sport, the potential for long-term traumatic brain injury, and concerns of rising medical costs, dictate a focus on variables that may influence concussion severity in contact sports. Therefore, this study quantified the effect of mouthguard type on severity of concussion during game-related college football competition. Methods: 40 universities were evaluated over 16 competitive seasons (2006-2021) across all Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) conferences. Mouthguard type was divided into two groups based on dentist- fitted and self-fitted (generic/boil and bite). Outcomes of interest included concussion severity (simple: 0-10 days time loss, complex: > 10 days time loss), injury category, player position, injury situation, injury mechanism, elective imaging, and playing surface. Data were subject to multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) and Wilks’ λ criteria using GLM procedures, and expressed as incidence rates (lR) per 10 game season. Results: Of the 2,332 games documented, 9,563 total injuries were reported, resulting in 708 (589 simple, 119 complex) concussion cases, consisting of 653 player-to-player contacts and 55 player-to- surface impacts. MANOVA indicated significant main effects of mouthguard type by concussion severity ( F1,705 = 3.587; P = .028), player position by team ( F2,705 = 3.551; P = .029), player position by skill position ( F8,699 = 2.373; P = .016), and injury mechanism ( F6,701 = 4.467; P < .001). Post hoc analyses indicated a significantly lower ( P = .023) incidence of complex concussions [1.3, (95% CI, 0.9-1.6) vs 2.1 (1.7-2.5)], with a significantly higher ( P = 0.014) occurrence of simple concussions [8.7, (95% CI, 8.4-9.1) vs 7.9 (7.5- 8.3)] while wearing dentist-fitted versus self-fitted mouthguards, respectively. Although significantly greater ( P <.05) incidences of concussion were documented across offensive teams [4.3, (95% CI, 3.8- 4.8) vs 3.3 (2.9-3.8)], quarterbacks [0.9, (95% CI, 0.6-1.2) vs 0.3 (0.2-0.6)], and players tackled above the waist [2.8, (95% CI, 2.4-3.3) vs 1.7 (1.4-2.1)] than observed across other teams and injury mechanisms while wearing dentist-fitted as compared to self-fitted mouthguards, respectively. The majority of these cases, however, were diagnosed as simple concussions. Of the 1,150 games (49.3%) played on a 3-layer artificial turf (≥9.0 lbs/ft2) infill system and 1,182 games (50.7%) played on natural grass, surface-related concussions on artificial turf (n = 26; 3.7% of total concussions; 21 simple, 5 complex concussions) and natural grass (n = 30; 4.2 % of total concussions; 23 simple, 7 complex concussions) were minimal and less severe on both surfaces than often perceived. Conclusions: The significantly lower incidence of complex concussions documented with dentist-fitted mouthguards during college football competition may reflect greater shock absorption and redistribution of energy during head impact due to more optimal fit and fabrication when compared to self-fitted mouth protection, translating to less severity of trauma and more expedient return to play. This longitudinal study directly compares and addresses type of mouthguards as they relate specifically to concussion severity. Although findings of this study may be generalizable only to this level of football competition, further research is warranted into lower levels of competition, e.g., high school, youth football, where the use of self-fitted mouthguards is prevalent.

The Tooth Protector in Early Professional Baseball.

Protection of athletes during sporting activities was of some concern even in the late 1800s. That concern continues, over 140 years later. In baseball, safety for the catcher was of primary concern because of inherent risks of being "behind the plate" while balls are pitched, bats are swung, and runners attempting to score come barreling in. Doug Allison was the skilled catcher for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings who was known to use certain objects for self-protection, including George Wright's rubber "Mouthpiece." This report reviews earliest development of mouth protection in baseball, as known through reports of the times, and Doug Allison's career.

Fabrication of Mouthguard in Patient with Severe Mouth Opening Limitation for Autoimmune Encephalitis before Electroconvulsive Therapy (Case Report)

Mouthguards have been fabricated for protecting oral structures from outer forces. The best type of mouthguard is custom-made by dentists with impression technique. But boil-and-bite mouthguards have been also used, because of economic cause or difficulty in impression taking or emergency of the case. Author has found-ed that rigid boil-and-bite mouthguard can provide a suitable retention when it is moulded by dentist. There is a case that rigid boil-and-bite mouthguard was successfully used to provide mouth protection of a patient with severe mouth opening limitation due to autoimmune encephalitis during electroconvulsive therapy. In conclu-sion, the rigid boil-and-bite mouthguard moulded by dentist can be one of the effective treatment options when impression taking is difficult or mouthguard is urgently needed.

Effect of a sports mouthguard on the functional range of motion of the spine and the upper body posture in taekwondo

BackgroundThe aim is to investigate to what extent the different oral protections compared to the habitual occlusion affect the upper body posture in statics and during taekwondo-specific movement.Methods12 Taekwondoka (5 f/7 m) of German national team were measured by using a 3d back scanner and an ultrasonic distance measuring (upright stand, taekwondo attack and defense movement, two taekwondo specific combinations) in habitual occlusion, with a custom-made and ready-made mouth protectionResultsThere are no significant changes in the upper body posture (p ≥ 0.05). Depending on the dynamic measurements, different significant reactions of the spinal position were found while wearing the custom made mouthguard or the ready-made mouthguard according to the conducted movement.ConclusionThe measured changes in dynamic movements are not clinical relevant. Based on the positive responses from the participants, the custom-made mouth protection can be recommended combined with an individual analysis.

Hospital Dentistry and Dental Care for Patients with Special Needs: Dental approach during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: The COVID19 pandemic brought a new panorama for the realization of dental treatment for the general population due to the risk of cross infection in the dental office - aerosol formation and insertion of new personal protective equipment. Emergency and emergency dental criteria were defined to limit the flow of patients in the office in order to improve biosafety conditions among patients. Objective: to describe the dental procedures pertinent to outpatient special care or during hospitalization in the VOCID19 pandemic - changes in care and implement biosecurity criteria. Basic procedures: The dental care of the special patient suffers changes - mainly referring to the difficulty of access to the offices - interruption of the conditioning process and difficulty to perform outpatient sedation and sedation with nitrous oxide. Dental care during hospitalization is essential in this patient due to prolonged time of tracheal oro intubation - traumatic oral lesions - preparation of specific oral care protocols - removal of mouth infectious and installation of mouth protectors. Conclusion: Change of care - inclusion of individual protection equipment and new knowledge about the COVID19 allows us to safely assist the patient with special needs both in the dental office and in hospital environment - providing quality of life - oral comfort and reducing oral infections during and after the pandemic. KEYWORDSDental care; Hospitals - Special; Needs assessment; Dental service - Hospital; Intensive care units; Pandemics.

COVID-19 and Other Pandemics: How Might They Be Prevented?

Pandemics such as influenza, smallpox, and plague have caused the loss of hundreds of millions of lives and have occurred for many centuries. Fortunately, they have been largely eliminated by the use of vaccinations and drugs. More recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and now Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have arisen, and given the current absence of highly effective approved vaccines or drugs, brute-force approaches involving physical barriers are being used to counter virus spread. A major basis for physical protection from respiratory infections is eye, nose, and mouth protection. However, eye protection with goggles is problematic due to “fogging”, while nose/mouth protection is complicated by the breathing difficulties associated with non-valved respirators. Here, we give a brief review of the origins and development of face masks and eye protection to counter respiratory infections on the basis of experiments conducted 100 years ago, work that was presaged by the first use of personal protective equipment, “PPE”, by the plague doctors of the 17th Century. The results of the review lead to two conclusions: first, that eye protection using filtered eye masks be used to prevent ocular transmission; second, that new, pre-filtered, valved respirators be used to even more effectively block viral transmission.

Dental injuries in young athletes, a five-year follow-up study.

The aim of this study is to produce a clinical therapy protocol for a group of 20 athletes between the ages of 8 and 14, who all suffered traumas affecting hard dental and periodontal tissues. This study involves a group of 20 athletes (10 male and 10 female) who had suffered dental traumas of varying severity. In order to collect the data, two classification systems were used: one for hard tissue traumas and another for periodontal lesions. The athletes were subdivided into lesion groups, treated depending on the type of lesions and then followed-up over a period of 5 years. A statistical analysis was carried out to study the association between type of lesions, types of sports and the number of teeth involved. We found that recovery time ranged from 3 to 5 days for uncomplicated fractures and up to 14 days for luxations. Only four complications were registered during the follow-up period and these were most likely due to the severity of the trauma. Out of the 20 athletes, 16 had begun and maintained the habit of using mouth protection devices when practicing their sport. The statistical analysis focused on the possible association between the risk levels of a sport and the typical lesions and complications that usually occur. Due to their high frequency, the two types of lesions taken into account in our study were complicated fractures (FP) and luxated/fractured teeth (LF). The average number of teeth involved varied according to the sport's risk level (medium or high) with averages of 1.6 teeth involved for medium-risk sports and 2.0 teeth for high-risk sports. What emerged in particular was the regular progress in the recovery time needed for the injuries sustained, with few complications or delays in rehabilitation; we also noted that the numerous athletes who habitually used mouthguards while competing during the recovery period did not suffer any recurrences of injuries or further complications. Regarding the results of our statistical analysis, no association was found between the sport's risk, the types of lesions and the occurrence of complications. In addition, analysis of the average number of teeth involved showed that there is no statistical evidence to reject the hypothesis that the ratios remain the same in the two groups.

The Role of Mouthguards in Preventing and Reducing Sports-related Trauma.

a mouthguard, also known as a gumshield, mouth protector or sports guard is an appliance that covers the teeth and surrounding mucosa with the aim of preventing or reducing trauma to the teeth, gingival tissue, lips and jaws. The device is usually worn on the maxillary arch and works by separating the maxillary and mandibular dentition, protecting the teeth from the surrounding soft tissue, absorbing or redistributing shock and/or stabilising the mandible during traumatic jaw closure. They may also play a role in preventing and reducing concussion by absorbing impact forces that would otherwise be transmitted through the base of the skull to the brain, although the evidence for this is less conclusive. A mouthguard will usually fall into one of three categories: stock mouthguards (which are made ready to use and are believed to give the least protection), the mouth-formed or 'boil and bite' type (which are heated in hot water, placed in the mouth and moulded to the teeth) and custom-made mouthguards (which are usually made on a stone model of the maxillary teeth and surrounding tissue and are thought to give the most protection). These devices can be made from various materials but ethylene-vinyl acetate is by far the most popular material, probably because of the ease with which it can be used for the production of custom-made mouthguards. This paper gives a review of the role of mouthguards in preventing and reducing sports-related trauma and examines the materials that are used to fabricate them.

Application of mouthguard tooth pad in patients with oral tracheal intubation

Objective To explore the effectiveness of mouthguard tooth pad fixation in patients with oral tracheal intubation. Methods A total of 80 patients admitted in neurosurgery intensive care unit in the Third Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from December 2014 to October 2015 were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, 40 cases respectively. Patients in the experimental group used mouthguard tooth pad for fixation, while patients in the control group used traditional tooth pad for fixation. The fixation methods and fabrics of two groups were the same and done by experienced nurses with levels above N1. Results The translocation of tracheal intubation in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05) . There were statistically significant differences in the condition of mouth, gums and mucosa between two groups (P<0.05) . Significant difference in the bit flat of the tracheal intubation between two groups was observed (P<0.05) . Conclusions Application of mouthguard tooth pad for fixation of oral tracheal intubation can effectively prevent the dislocation and bit flat of intubation catheter, improve the effects of fixation and enhance the safety of oral tracheal intubation indwelling. Key words: Mouth protectors; Oral tracheal intubation; Mouthguard tooth pad; Fixation

Keeping your teeth and mouth safe

Keeping your teeth and mouth safe

Dental trauma and bicycle safety: a report in Italian children and adolescents

Objectives: This retrospective study aims to analyze the pattern of oro-facial trauma from bicycle accidents in Italian children and adolescents, focusing on the safety devices used.Methods: The medical records of 1405 patients of the Dental Clinic of the University of Brescia, between the age of 0 to 18, who experienced a dento-facial trauma from the use of a bicycle, were analyzed. Data regarding age, gender, weight, height, dominant hand, type of bicycle, use of safety devices, location and type of dental trauma, teeth involved, bone fractures and soft tissue lesions were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed.Results: The majority of the traumatic events occurred in children within the 8–10 years of age-range; 1085 teeth were injured, of which 975 permanent teeth (89.9%) and 110 primary teeth (10.1%). The most common dental lesions were the coronal fractures (complicated and not complicated) while the most frequently involved teeth were the upper central incisors; 11% of patients were also treated for maxillo-facial fractures. A protective helmet was worn only in 3% of the cases; not one patient wore a mouth-guard. The use of helmets was more frequent in children and adolescents riding racing-bikes competitively, compared to those who were mountain bikers (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Bicycle accidents can have serious oro-facial consequences. Therefore, national and regional efforts should be made in Italy to promote head and mouth protection in cycling.

Mouth protection for your 147

Mouth protection for your 147

Unique technology for whole mouth protection

Unique technology for whole mouth protection

Dental Injuries and Mouthguard Use Among High School Athletes

Research Article| May 01 2016 Dental Injuries and Mouthguard Use Among High School Athletes AAP Grand Rounds (2016) 35 (5): 53. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.35-5-53 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Dental Injuries and Mouthguard Use Among High School Athletes. AAP Grand Rounds May 2016; 35 (5): 53. https://doi.org/10.1542/gr.35-5-53 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All PublicationsAll JournalsAAP Grand RoundsPediatricsHospital PediatricsPediatrics In ReviewNeoReviewsAAP NewsAll AAP Sites Search Advanced Search Topics: dental trauma, mouth protectors, student athletes Source: Collins CL, McKenzie LB, Ferketich AK, et al. Dental injuries sustained by high school athletes in the United States, from 2008/2009 through 2013/2014 academic years. Dent Traumatol. 2016; 32(2): 121– 127; doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.12228Google Scholar Researchers from multiple institutions assessed the rate of dental injuries among high school athletes and determined athletes’ use of mouthguards at the time of injury. Data were obtained from the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study, which collects information about high school athlete injuries on a weekly basis from certified athletic trainers (AT) at a national sample of US high schools. Data from academic years 2008–2009 through 2013–2014 were included in this study. ATs used a standardized, internet-based injury report that included information on the number of athlete competitions, athlete practices, and reportable injuries sustained by athletes by sport, including dental injury. A dental injury was defined as any injury to the teeth and/or mouth of an athlete that occurred as a result of participation in a high school competition, practice, or performance, required medical attention, and resulted in restriction of the athlete’s participation for ≥1 days. ATs were asked to include the type of dental injury, how it occurred, and information about the use of self-fitted or professionally-fitted mouthguards at the time of injury. The primary outcome was dental injury rates. The rate of dental injury was calculated as the ratio of injuries per 100,000 athletic exposures (AEs), which was defined as 1 athlete participating in 1 practice, competition, or performance. Rates of dental injury were compared across sports and the rate of dental injury during practice was compared to the rate of injury during competition. During the study period, 222 dental injuries occurred during 24,787,258 AEs for a rate of 0.9 per 100,000. Oral lacerations, tooth fractures, and tooth avulsion injuries accounted for 36.5%, 23.9%, and 11.3% of the dental injuries, respectively. Dental injuries most commonly occurred due to contact with another player (61.3%) or with a playing apparatus (31.5%). Dental injuries occurred more often during competition (1.8 per 100,000) than practice (0.6 per 100,000). Girls’ field hockey (3.9 per 100,000) and boys’ basketball (2.6 per 100,000) were the sports with highest rates of dental injuries. In most cases of dental injury, the athlete was not wearing a mouthguard (72.5%). In those instances where an injury was sustained while wearing a mouthguard, most athletes were wearing self-fitted mouthguards (95.9%). The authors conclude that dental injuries in high school sports are uncommon but may potentially be prevented by wearing a mouthguard. Dr Karp has disclosed no financial relationship relevant to this commentary. This commentary does not contain a discussion of an unapproved/investigative use of a commercial product/device. Mouthguards are advocated by the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry as effective protective equipment for preventing or reducing the severity of dental injuries.1,2 The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) requires mouthguard use... You do not currently have access to this content.

CLUB POLICIES FOR MOUTH PROTECTORS AND DENTAL EMERGENCY COVER IN SCOTTISH RUGBY UNION (SRU) AFFILIATED JUNIOR TEAMS.

To determine whether club policies exist for junior players concerning the wearing of mouth protectors during training and playing, and whether dental emergency cover is present on both training and match days at Scottish Rugby Union (SRU) affiliated junior clubs. A self-reporting structured questionnaire, sent to all SRU affiliated clubs with junior playing members. Response rate was 77% (117 out of 151 clubs) showing a wide variation in policies and implementation. Exclusion was reported from training in 11% (13 out of 151) and from playing on match days in 17% (20 out of 151) of clubs if a mouth protector was not worn. The majority of clubs advocated that shop-bought protectors were satisfactory. First aiders were present at training at 86% (130 out of 151) and on match days at 95% (143 out of 151) of clubs. Fewer than 1% had a dentist and only 3% a doctor present at training. On match days fewer than 2% had a dentist and fewer than 20% a doctor present. There is a wide variation in club policies and guidelines thus allowing parents, players and club staff considerable latitude in interpretation. A significant number of youngsters will be at increased risk of dental injury. First aiders are present in a significant number of clubs during training and playing.

Knowledge and awareness of coaches and athletes regarding the sports-related dental injuries and their prevention in Faridabad

IntroductionThe incidence of teeth and mouth injuries is common during sports. These sports-related injuries can be prevented with the use of properly fitted protective athletic devices such as mouthguards. The present study aims to assess knowledge and awareness of coaches and athletes regarding the sports-related dental injuries and their prevention. Materials and methodsA detailed survey of 78 coaches and 335 athletes located in Faridabad area of Haryana state was done to assess their knowledge and awareness, and data analyzed. ResultsThe analysis revealed that the awareness about prevention of dental traumatic injuries is very low. In majority of the sports, mouthguards are not a part of the protective gear (with protective devices like elbow, shin pads and helmets, and mouthguards not being used). ConclusionInjuries to the orofacial area may sometimes cause life-long sequelae with considerable cost of treatment. Mouthguards or mouth protectors are protective flexible devices worn over upper teeth during sports and other recreational (skating, cycling) activities and may help the athletes in preventing them from injuries.

Dispositivos intraorales: guardas oclusales y férulas para pacientes en estado crítico. Experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría

Mouth protectors and oclusal guards are devices designed in order to protect the hard and soft oral tissues especially in cases of sports injuries; in the physical therapy of the temporomandibular joint as well as to stabilize teeth, bones and soft tissues fabrics acting as splints. However there are some critically ill patients in whom the use of the mouth protectors, oclusal guards and rods it goes beyond the purpose for which they were devised, such is the case of children with neurological damage, with spasticity, anxiety, bruxism; patients who require ventilatory support for some specific reason and who bite the cannulas; children with neurological syndromes who self inflict their oral soft tissues; patients in coma who do not respond to physical stimuli; patient with dermatological and other syndromes in whom the placement of a device is mandatory in order to protect the tissues and the medical devices, etc. These devices have a pre-established design, but the creativity of the operator should determinate the shape and the features for these protectors. The purpose of this article is to report our experience on the design of mouth devices for specific situations in the National Institute of Pediatrics, nevertheless the preparation, the knowledge and the creativity of the dental practitioners is the limit.

Losing the MRSA label.

There are some things you might want to be for life. A credit card holder. A frequent flyer. Someone who likes to work out. But no one says, “I want to be labeled as MRSA positive.” Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)3 leads to 250 000 hospitalizations in the US per year, and some 10 000 deaths (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/12/07-0629_article.htm). Moreover, it is hard to shake; in adults, 50%–60% of patients who develop a MRSA colony can carry the bacteria forward for years, even without an apparent infection. Considering the fact that MRSA is spread most commonly through healthcare facilities, it has become the scourge of modern healthcare—something everyone is on guard against. For that reason, infection control units of hospitals have policies in place to identify and isolate MRSA patients. “If you have ever been colonized with MRSA, you are branded for life a MRSA patient,” says Fred C. Tenover, vice president of scientific affairs at Cepheid, a molecular diagnostic company. Tenover has a history specializing in MRSA and other healthcare-associated infections. As someone branded with MRSA history, you receive special treatment: room isolation, doctors wear gloves, gowns, and caps, and in some cases eye and mouth protection (http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/clinicians/precautions.html). Sources say that these contact precautions (CPs) can be disruptive to the quality of patient care and use up valuable physician time and hospital resources (1). “You see, the minute you go into isolation, the cost of your hospital bed could quadruple, depending on your hospital system,” says Tenover. “It is going to cost a lot more to be in that isolation room,” he says. But what if you were no longer MRSA positive? What if your body cleared the colony, but your charts didn't reflect that? This is not an uncommon scenario. The only way to become unmarked as carrying MRSA is …

English

Teens and adults experience thousands of injuries on the playing field, while biking and during other activities. Injuries to the face in nearly every sport can harm teeth, lips, cheeks and tongue. A properly fitted mouth protector is important to protect teeth and smile. This article gives a brief review on the mouth guards to be used to protect smile.