Mouth Disease Vaccine Research Articles

Risk factors of foot and mouth disease in an endemic area on low vaccination rate in Xayaboury province of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).

In Xayaboury province, located in the northern region of Lao PDR, the foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination campaign just began in 2009. Up until now, a small number of farms have been vaccinated. When FMD outbreaks occur, it is interesting to determine the risk factors of FMD, especially in the area where vaccination rates are low. The questionnaire survey, using a case-control design at the household level, was carried out. From 59 villages with a total number of 434 households, 181 households who experienced FMD were assigned as case households, 146 households without FMD occurrence inside the outbreak villages as inside control households, and 107 households without FMD occurrence outside the outbreak villages as outside control households. Household owners were interviewed. The logistic regression model was used to identify the relationship between FMD occurrence (dependent variable) and the collected data (independent variables), including the social status of livestock owners, FMD prevention strategies, and farm locations. A non-parametric test was performed to determine the association of FMD and network parameters of animal movements among villages. In general, results show that a limited number of holders did vaccinate animals before the outbreaks (13.8-17.8%). The results indicated that livestock owners who had known information about FMD before the outbreaks had been less severely affected by the FMD outbreak than the owners who had not known information about FMD (P < 0.01, OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.29). Before the outbreaks, higher FMD risk was observed in owners who sold the livestock through animal traders (P < 0.01, OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.68-13.50). Spatial data show that households in the community closer to the main roads had higher FMD risk (P < 0.01, OR 4.76, 95% CI 1.68-13.50). In addition, the network parameters including in-degree, out-degree, and betweenness indicated that the villages with high movements of livestock were at high risk of FMD (P < 0.05). The present study emphasized the importance of the government units to distribute the information about FMD to all livestock farmers in Xayaboury. Disease awareness and prevention strategy should be prioritized in areas close to high density communities and in the trading of livestock.

Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant.

The present study evaluated soybean oil (SO) containing vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) (SO-VE-GS) for their adjuvant effect on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Since mineral oil ISA 206 is a common adjuvant used in the FMD vaccine, it was used as a control adjuvant in this study. VE and GS were found to have a synergistic adjuvant effect. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in SO with VE and GS, significantly higher serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were found than VE and GS used alone. SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 behaved differently in adjuvant activities. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS, significantly higher and earlier production of serum IgG was found than that adjuvanted with ISA 206. Although both adjuvants significantly increased the number of bone marrow plasma cells, a stimulation index of lymphocytes (SI) as well as the production of IL-4 and IL-6, SO-VE-GS promoted significantly higher SI and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells with production of increased IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β1 as compared with the ISA 206 group. The data suggested that SO-VE-GS activated Th1/Th2 immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in the SO-VE-GS group. Therefore, the potent adjuvant effect of SO-VE-GS on the FMD vaccine may be attributed to the immune-related gene profile expressed in lymphocytes. Due to its plant origin and due to being much cheaper than imported mineral oil ISA 206, SO-VE-GS deserves further study in relation to vaccines used in food animals.

Hydrogen peroxide vapour is an effective replacement for Formaldehyde in a BSL4 Foot and mouth disease vaccine manufacturing facility.

An evaluation of the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) against two strains of FMDV was conducted over a period of 6months. FMDV biological indicators were produced on-site using strains obtained from a commercial FMDV vaccine manufacturing process. FMDV biological indicators were distributed within a BSL4 laboratory and exposed to short duration hydrogen peroxide cycles. Variations in titre, support matrix (soiling), temperature and humidity were evaluated in a series of 16 exposures using over 200 individual FMDV indicators. Additional verification testing was performed in an operational material transfer lock to replicate real-world use. HPV was found to be efficacious in inactivating FMDV strains; the inoculum titre influenced the level of reduction achieved with the specified cycle. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The classification of formaldehyde as a presumed human carcinogen has presented regulatory challenges for its continued use as a biocidal product. Institutions are actively seeking fumigants to replace formaldehyde and undertaking studies to validate biocidal efficacy, particularly in high-level biosafety facilities where the consequences of pathogen release can be extremely severe. This study builds on the already substantial scientific efficacy base of 35% hydrogen peroxide vapour and provides a comprehensive evaluation of the applicability of hydrogen peroxide vapour as a replacement for formaldehyde within a Foot & Mouth Disease (FMDV) vaccine manufacturing facility.

Development of a recombinant vaccine against foot and mouth disease utilizing mutant attenuated Listeria ivanovii strain as a live vector

The drawbacks of conventional inactivated Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine, such as escaping of the virus during manufacture processes prompted researchers to explore novel types of vaccine to overcome these disadvantages. Listeria ivanovii (LI) is an intracellular microorganism that possesses immune-stimulatory properties, making it appropriate for use as a live bacterial vaccine vector. The Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 protein is the most immunogenic part of FMDV capsid, it has most of the antigenic sites for viral neutralization.The expression of antigen gene cassette in vitro was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Mice were able to eliminate LI△actAplcB-vp1 from the liver and spleen within few days revealed a safety of the candidate vaccine. Two doses of LI△actAplcB-vp1 with 14 days of interval were injected into mice. High levels of specific IgG antibodies and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells secreted cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 against FMDV-VP1 were achieved. Based on the obtained results, LI△actAplcB-vp1 candidate vaccine utilizing Listeria ivanovii as a live vector-based vaccine could enhance a specific cellular and humoral immune responses against the inserted FMDV-vp1 heterologous genes. LI△actAplcB-vp1 candidate vaccine could be a modern tool to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional inactivated FMD vaccine.

Using chloroform as a preservative for trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine in comparison to thiomersal

Background: Chloroform has a potential value as a substitute for thiomersal as a preservative due to its high antibacterial and antifungal activity. Objectives: Comparative analysis of the preservative efficacy of chloroform and thiomersal in ISA206 trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine concerning the antimicrobial activity and vaccine potency. Methods: This study was conducted on 5 prepared ISA206 trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccines, one vaccine prepared with 0.01% v/v thiomersal and four vaccines prepared with different concentrations of chloroform 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% v/v. Each vaccine was monthly evaluated by safety and sterility tests for 12 months. Three cattle were vaccinated intramuscularly (I/M) by each vaccine. Serum samples were collected monthly for 12 months. The humeral immune responses were monitored by Serum Neutralization Test (SNT) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The antimicrobial activity of chloroform and thiomersal in the five vaccines were determined 12 months post preparation against nine different gram negative and gram positive bacterial strains and three fungal stains. The bacterial strains were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shig-ella flexneri, Salmonella para typhi A and Proteus mirabilis and fungal strains were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nigar and Aspergillus pterus. Agar well diffusion method was followed in this study. The 12 monthes comparative analysis of antibacterial activity reflects that among these five vaccines shows thiomersal as well as 0.5% chloroform exhibiting maximum anti-bacterial and antifungal activity. Results: Our results show that the incorporation of chloroform into ISA206/ FMDV vaccine is as effective as thiomersal as a preservative. Conclusion: Finally we recommended using chloroform as a substitute for thiomersal as a preservative in foot and mouth disease vaccine.

Prophylactic Control Of Mycoplasma Contamination In Starting Biological Materials Used In Viral Vaccine Production

Mycoplasma contamination remains a major concern in the biopharmaceutical industry especially in tissue culture based viral vaccine and its presence and/or its endotoxin-like metabolites in the final products can result in pyrogenic responses ranging from fever and chills, to irreversible and fatal septic shock. This study was conducted by in vitro screening of mycoplasma in the different ingredients used in production of Foot and mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using universal primers that are specific to the 16S rRNA region. Tested items include growth media, cell lines, trypsin, seed virus and working virus. Also the study evaluates the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, polymyxin B and ciprofloxacin on mycoplasma contaminated cell lines. Our results showed that the prepared growth media, trypsin, seed virus as well as working virus were mycoplasma free and three tested cell lines were also free while another two lines were mycoplasma positive. The mycoplasma positive cell line are poorly grown in comparison with the free line using the same growth media and the virus yield from the apparently normal contaminated line was very low. Ciprofloxacin can be used for treating valuable cell line after 12 days in 25mg/L and after 18 days in 10mg/L. Ciprofloxacin plus regular antibiotic may keep the line sterile for prolonged time but treatment of contaminated cell line is not advisable. So, prophylactic control by strict personal hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) and adopt appropriate aseptic techniques is the core solution.

Identifying the role of complement receptor 2 (CR2) on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the persistence of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)

More than 50 % of cattle (regardless of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination) become persistently infected for long periods of time (years) after exposure to FMD virus (FMDV). The mechanisms associated with establishment of persistent infections are still poorly understood. I am testing the hypothesis that complement receptor 2 (CR2) on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) located in the germinal centers of the lymphoid tissue, are involved in the trapping and long-term persistence of FMDV and that this persistence is essential for the maintenance of long-term antibody responses to FMDV. The aim of this study was to assess FMDV antigen retention and the generation of the specific immune response in vivo, in a mouse model. Groups of mice were treated with an anti-CR2 monoclonal antibody, named 4B2, which has been described previously to block CR2 long-term in vivo, blocking for 6 weeks after a single injection of 2 mg (Kulik et al., 2015). After treatment with 4B2, animals were infected with FMDV and lymphoid tissues and serum samples evaluated for the presence of antigen and the humoral immune response, respectively. The ability of 4B2 to block the binding of FMDV and PAP immune complexes (ICs) to FDCs in vitro as well as results about the role of FDC in trapping FMDV via CR2 in vivo is currently being investigated and will be discussed.

Performance of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel and ISA Oils Adjuvanted Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccines

Performance of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel and ISA Oils Adjuvanted Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccines

Trials for Improvement of the Immune Response of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Using Oil/Gel Mixture as an Adjuvant

Trials for Improvement of the Immune Response of Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Using Oil/Gel Mixture as an Adjuvant

Non-clinical safety assessment of repeated intramuscular administration of an EV-A71 VLP vaccine in rabbits

A candidate hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine comprising of human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) virus-like particles (VLPs) was tested in rabbits to evaluate the potential local and systemic effects of this vaccine. The rabbits received more than double the full human dose and one additional dose according to the n + 1 recommended scheme. The three doses were given mixed with Alhydrogel adjuvant as intramuscular (IM) injections. Vaccinations were well-tolerated, with no indication of overt toxicity in any parameter observed. An EV-A71 specific immune response in the form of antibodies that specifically reacted with the virus capsid proteins VP1 and VP0, the complete VLP, and EV-A71 viruses of different subgenotypes to that of the vaccine could be demonstrated. A boosting effect in the form of higher EV-A71 specific antibody titers was observed after the subsequent doses, and these enhanced titers were shown to be statistically significant in one-way ANOVA analyses. Fortnightly intramuscular administration of EV-A71 VLP vaccine did not result in any test article-related changes in immunotoxicity as defined by increased serum IL-6, and in general IL-6 concentrations remained below the lower limit of quantitation for the majority of animals throughout the study. Although increased indicators of inflammation at the injection site were observed in animals sacrificed immediately after the last vaccination, these largely reversed at the end of the recovery phase. No findings suggestive of systemic or delayed toxicity were recorded in this independently conducted study. In conclusion, repeated IM administration of the EV-A71 VLP vaccine were locally and systemically well-tolerated in rabbits and immunogenic, supporting the clinical development of the vaccine.

Implementing large Foot and Mouth Disease vaccination programmes for smallholder farmers: lessons from Lao PDR.

This study assessed smallholder finances and their attitudes towards the Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccination programme, when 1 620 000 vaccine doses were provided for strategic administration in large ruminants in FMD 'high-risk' areas in Laos between 2012 and 2016. Farmers (n = 168) in the provinces of Xayyabouli (XYL), Xiengkhoung (XK) and Huaphan (HP), were interviewed. Over 91% of the farmers responded that their livestock were vaccinated for FMD, with over 86% ranking FMD vaccination as a good or very good intervention. No FMD cases were reported from the vaccinated provinces after May 2013. Examination of the total income per household in XYL, XK and HP indicated earnings of US$5060(±650), US$4260(±294) and US$1691(±676), respectively (P = 0.001), with 23%, 28% and 68% of the total incomes from annual sales of large ruminant, respectively. Of the farmers in XYL, XK and HP, 83%, 93% and 70% (P = 0.009) said their annual income increased compared with 2012, and 47%, 64% and 41%, respectively (P = 0.005), indicated this increase was from additional large ruminant sales. The study indicated that this large FMD vaccination programme was well regarded by participating farmers and may have provided satisfactory suppression of the disease in Laos, despite not achieving the preferred vaccination coverage. Continuation of the vaccination programme in FMD high-risk areas is suggested as desirable.

Spatial and temporal risk as drivers for adoption of foot and mouth disease vaccination

Identifying the drivers of vaccine adoption decisions under varying levels of perceived disease risk and benefit provides insight into what can limit or enhance vaccination uptake. To address the relationship of perceived benefit relative to temporal and spatial risk, we surveyed 432 pastoralist households in northern Tanzania on vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Unlike human health vaccination decisions where beliefs regarding adverse, personal health effects factor heavily into perceived risk, decisions for animal vaccination focus disproportionately on dynamic risks to animal productivity. We extended a commonly used stated preference survey methodology, willingness to pay, to elicit responses for a routine vaccination strategy applied biannually and an emergency strategy applied in reaction to spatially variable, hypothetical outbreaks. Our results show that households place a higher value on vaccination as perceived risk and household capacity to cope with resource constraints increase, but that the episodic and unpredictable spatial and temporal spread of FMD contributes to increased levels of uncertainty regarding the benefit of vaccination. In addition, concerns regarding the performance of the vaccine underlie decisions for both routine and emergency vaccination, indicating a need for within community messaging and documentation of the household and population level benefits of FMD vaccination.

STUDY OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE IN FMD VACCINATED SHEEP WITH DIFFERENT INACTIVATED FMD VACCINES

This study has been designed as a trial for comparing of ISA206 adjuvanted Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine (commercial vaccine), commercial FMD vaccine containing vitamin (A), commercial FMD vaccine containing vitamin (ESelenium), and commercial FMD vaccine containing both vitamin (A) and vitamin (E-Selenium) together in eliciting immunity. The obtained results revealed that the duration of humoral immunity elicited by commercial vaccine only was 30 weeks, while, it was 32 weeks in a commercial vaccine containing vitamin (A), 36 weeks in a commercial vaccine containing vitamin (E-Selenium) and 38 weeks in a commercial vaccine containing both vitamin (A) and vitamin (ESelenium) together in vaccinated sheep. Results of cellular immunity evaluation indicated that mean optical density (mean OD) correspond to non-specific mitogens using MTT kit reached its highest values by 21st-day post-vaccination in all vaccinated sheep and mean OD values correspond to FMDV as specific mitogen were higher than that of non-specific mitogen. Also, the highest mean OD values were obtained in vaccinated sheep with a commercial vaccine containing both vitamin (A) and vitamin (E-Selenium) together. It could be concluded that usage of inactivated oil FMD vaccine using Montanide ISA 206 containing both vitamin (A) and vitamin (E-selenium) resulted in longer-lasting immunity than that with Montanide ISA 206 only, besides the stimulating effect of both vitamin (A) and vitamin (E-selenium) in both humoral and cellular immunity.

Construction of New Genetically Engineered Vaccine Strain for O-type Foot-and-Mouth Disease of Pig

Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute and highly contagious viral infectious disease. Although the foot and mouthdisease vaccine has been applied in some parts of the world since the beginning of the 20th century, the currentepidemic of foot and mouth disease in the world is still serious and constitutes an obstacle to the trade of animal andanimal products in the world. The porcine pseudorabies virus gene deletion strain PRV TK-/ gE-/ LacZ +, which isconstructed by our laboratory, has the advantages of good safety, large capacity and high recombination effi ciency. Inthis study, the artifi cial O-type foot-and-mouth disease P1 gene as an antigen gene, UbiP1 fused with ubiquitin (Ub)as another antigen gene to enhance cellular immunity, and then shRNA designed for FMD 3B gene and porcine IFN-[gamma] with antiviral and immune-regulatory eff ects. The two functional genes were constructed in turn to constructa transfer vector with four functional genes. The transfer vector was transfected into TK-/ gE- / LacZ+ cells with PRVdeletion vector, and the plasmids were purifi ed and identifi ed. The recombinant pseudorabies virus, which containsthe six functional genes of P1 gene, UbiP1, shRNA and IFN-γ, was obtained, which laid the foundation for furtherconstruction of new genetically engineered vaccine.

SPREAD OF THE TYPE A FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

The article presents the official information on the epizootic situation of FMD type А in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Armenia and Turkey in the period 2005-2017. Analyzing the number of outbreaks of FMD in these countries, it was found that, despite strict preventive measures associated with regular vaccination of susceptible animals, the main cause of the disease - the appearance of new genetic lines of topotype Asia: A/Iran-05 and G-VII, antigenically different from the production of FMD virus strains used in the vaccine. In this region, phylogenetic drift among the population of FMD type a virus manifests itself not only in the appearance of new lines, but also new sublines within the same line. . This is due, first of all, to the tense political situation in the region, when, due to uncontrolled migration of people and animals, there is a close contact of FMD-susceptible domestic and wild animals of different species and the alternate transmission of the virus to them. Due to the existing danger of spreading the virus in the countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus it is necessary to conduct studies on the selection and training of new relevant in respect of production of epizootic strains of FMD virus type A for inclusion in the composition of foot and mouth disease vaccine.

Effect of foot and mouth disease vaccination on seminal antioxidant profiles of mithun (Bos frontalis)

Objective: To assess the deleterious effects of foot and mouth disease vaccination on antioxidant profiles as well as oxidative stress in the semen of breeding mithun bulls. Methods: A total of 160 semen samples were collected from 8 adult healthy mithun bulls with good body condition score (5-6), which were maintained at semen collection centre, ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, India, twice a week, 4 weeks before vaccination (pre-vaccination stage) and 12 weeks after vaccination (post-vaccination stage) to understand and know the influence of vaccine stress on seminal antioxidant as well as oxidative stress profiles in mithun. Vaccine was injected at the end of week 4 and semen samples were collected & analysed up to week 16 of the investigation period. Results: Data analysis showed that foot and mouth disease vaccination has significantly (P

Effect of vaccine storage temperatures and dose rate on antibody responses to foot and mouth disease vaccination in Cambodia.

A field study investigated the effects of foot and mouth disease vaccine storage temperature for 7 days (frozen, refrigerated or held at ambient temperature) and dose (half or full dose) on the serological response to vaccination. It utilised a complete factorial design replicated on 18 smallholder cattle farms in three villages in Pursat province, Cambodia. Antibody responses from the 108 cattle involved were assessed by serological examination of blood samples collected at primary vaccination (day 0), at booster vaccination (day 30) and finally at 60 days post primary vaccination. Vaccination responses to the inactivated vaccine were assessed by testing for antibodies directed against FMD structural proteins in a liquid‐phase blocking ELISA (LPBE test) and differentiated from responses to natural infection by examining antibody titres against non‐structural viral proteins (NSPE test). LPBE results indicated that the mean log10 LPBE antibody titres of all experimental cattle increased from below protective levels at day 0 to protective levels at 30 days post primary vaccination, and increased further at 60 days post primary vaccination. Storage at ambient temperature for 1 week had no effect on antibody response to vaccination. However, freezing the vaccine for a week or use of a half dose resulted in significant reduction in titres at day 60 (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively). The results of this study reinforce the need to store FMD vaccines within the range recommended by the manufacturers and to adhere to the specified dosage instructions.

Effect of foot and mouth disease vaccination on seminal traits in pure Holstein Friesian bulls

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of foot and mouth disease vaccination on seminal traits of 30 Holstein Friesian (HF) bulls, 3-5 years old, maintained at BAIF Central Research Station, Uruli Kanchan, Pune, India. The study period was from August to September 2013 and semen quality traits were evaluated on each bull maintained under identical feeding and management regimes. A total of 180 semen ejaculates were collected with one ejaculate from each bull at 3 days interval in a week at 15 days before, 15 and 30 days after FMD vaccination. Raksha Ovac vaccine of Indian Immunologicals Ltd. was used for vaccination purpose. Seminal traits like fresh and post thaw sperm motility, sperm concentration, semen volume, live and dead count, plasma membrane integrity were evaluated for all the ejaculates. Data on seminal traits were analysed by using one way ANOVA. Results revealed that vaccination had significant (P less than 0.05) effect on post thaw motility and highly significant (P less than 0.01) deleterious effect on HOS test, head and mid piece abnormalities; however no effect was noted on ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, initial motility, viability and tail abnormalities. The observations showed that vaccination alters the seminal traits of pure HF bulls.

Evaluation of gamma interferon assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis in inactive foot and mouth disease vaccine administered cattle

Evaluation of gamma interferon assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis in inactive foot and mouth disease vaccine administered cattle

Changes in some pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells following foot and mouth disease vaccination

Interleukin (IL)-17 is exclusively produced by CD4 helper T-cells upon activation. It most often acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In this study, we studied the in-vitro IL-17 response to specific antigens and a variety of mitogens and compared the IL-17 response to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ responses. We used a foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccine as specific antigens and mitogens (phytohemagglutinin [PHA], pokeweed mitogen [PWM], and concanavalin A [Con A]) to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of vaccinated calves. Cell culture supernatant was harvested and analyzed for cytokines, using commercially available bovine ELISA kits. The mitogens induced a significant increase in IL-17 production. IL-17 was produced at high levels in response to the T cell-stimulated mitogens, PHA, and Con A, and at low levels in response to PWM mitogens. In contrast, level of the produced IL-17 cytokines in response to the FMDV antigens was lower as compared to those produced by mitogens. The FMDV antigens and mitogens significantly increased IL-17 production. There was not a correlation between IL-17 production and type-1 cytokine, IFN-γ, and IL-2, while there was a correlation between type-2 cytokine, IL-4, and IL-5 at either cytokine level produced by PBMCs stimulated by FMDV antigens. Moreover, there was an interaction between IL-17 and IL-6, that is, as IL-6 cytokine level elevated or diminished, IL-17 cytokine level increased or decreased, as well.