Mountains Of Japan Research Articles

Multiaffinity and entropy spectrum of self-affine fractal profiles

The entropy spectrum method is applied to self-affine fractal profiles. First, the profile created by a generalized multiaffine generator is decomposed into many subsets having their own topological entropies. The entropy spectrum and ${H}_{q}$ (the $q$th Hurst exponent) of its profile is calculated exactly. For each subset, ${D}_{D}$ (divider dimension) and ${D}_{B}$ (box dimension) are also calculated. The relation ${D}_{B}=2\ensuremath{-}{H}_{q=1}$ is obtained for the remaining subset after infinite iteration of the generator. Next, the entropy spectrum of fractional Brownian motion (FBM) traces is examined and obtained as a point spectrum. This implies that a variety of lengths of segments in FBM traces is caused not by intrinsic inhomogeneity or mixing of the Hurst exponents but by only the trivial fluctuation. Namely, there are no fluctuations in singularity or in topological entropy. Finally, a real mountain range (the Hida mountains in Japan) is also analyzed by this method. Despite the profile of the Hida mountains having two Hurst exponents, the entropy spectrum of its profile becomes a point spectrum again.

The occurrence and diversity of ectomycorrhizas of Larix kaempferi seedlings on a volcanic mountain in Japan

Larix kaempferi seedlings, in the process of becoming established during the revegetation process following a volcanic eruption, were assessed for the types, occurrence patterns and diversity of their ectomycorrhizas along an elevation gradient. On the basis of macro- and microscopic characteristics, 12 types of ectomycorrhizas were classified. In general, ectomycorrhizal types differed more by site than by seedling age. The majority of root systems of seedlings with an age ranging from 1 to 5 years were colonized by 1 or 2 types of mycorrhizal fungi at low and intermediate elevations, 2 or 3 types at a higher elevation. Under the more stressed environments of high and intermediate elevations, the mean D.W. of 1 yr old seedlings, 40% of which were colonized by 3 or 4 mycorrhizal fungi, was double the weight of the same aged seedlings at lower elevation sites, only 10% of which were colonized by 3 or 4 mycorrhizal fungi. The correspondence between the type and frequency of mycorrhizas, the elevation gradient and litter accumulation suggests that change in litter accumulation along gradient may influence not only mycorrhizal types and their occurrence, but also the diversity of mycorrhizas on one seedling. Diversity of mycorrhizas on the same seedling is assumed to be critical for the establishment of seedlings from the very beginning on stressed sites, and may also be influenced by the availability of nutrients. The more intensive competition between mycorrhizas that occurs due to a reduction in the food source (tip roots) shared by the mycorrhizal fungi with similar resource requirements, results in frequent co-occurrence of mycorrhizas in the same root system or even the same root tip. As a result, the diversity of mycorrhizal types seems to become simplified as the seedlings age.

Evaluation of chemical composition in fog water near the summit of a high mountain in Japan

Inorganic ionic species contained in fog water and in atmospheric aerosols were analyzed to study the acidification processes of fog droplets in summer near the summit of Mt. Norikura in Japan. Liquid water content (LWC) was also measured during the fog event. Fog water was found to be highly acidic. Nucleation scavenging was less contributive to the acidification of fog water, because NH 4 + was contained in aerosols in a sufficient concentration to neutralize the particulate S 4 2− which was the predominant anion in the aerosols. Comparison of the ion concentrations in fog water with those in aerosols showed that the acidification progressed rapidly at the initial stage of fog formation, primarily due to S 4 2− enhancement and secondarily due to NO 3 − formation. It was supposed that about 60% of S 4 2− in fog water was formed by SO 2 gas dissolution followed by liquid phase reaction with H 2O 2 in the droplets. The results of the observation also suggested that NO 3 − in fog water was increased by HNO 3 gas scavenging. During the mature stage of fog event, LWC could not always explain the temporal variation in the concentrations. This fact also suggests that gas scavenging contributes to S 4 2− and NO 3 − concentrations in fog water.

ケニヤ山，Ｔｙｎｄａｌｌ氷河の後退過程と植生の遷移およびその立地条件

The retreat process of Tyndall Glaciers and the vegetation were surveyed in Mount Kenya (5, 199m). Tyndall Glacier have retreated since early in this century and is retreating at an average rate of 2.88m/yr in the last 35 years. The first colonist of new till is Senecio keniophytum, which occurs at a distance of 18m from the 1992 ice-front. The speed of advance of this plant (1958-1984.2.65m/yr, 1984-1992: 2.13m/yr) is similar to the retreat rate of the glacier. The next species encountered is Arabis alpina, at 37m. This species advance at rate of 4.38m/yr (1958-1984), 4.63m/yr (1984-1992). Moss and lichen are next, at 70m and its speed of advance is 3.47m/yr. The species growing near ice-front of Tyndall Glacier advance in connection with retreat of the glacier. The species growing at distance over 100m from ice-front colonize irregularly independently of retreat process of the glacier.Till age and stability of land surface are important environment factors controlling vegetation pattern around Tyndall Glacier. Till age is affected by the glacial fluctuation. Stability of land surface is governed by particle-size of surface materials. Former climatic condition affects both glacial fluctuation and particle-size of surface material, and landform controls particle-size of surface material. On new till, plants is restrained from colonizing because of poor soil condition even if the slope is stable. Species growing on such slope are restricted to a few species, as Senecio keniophytum and so on, and vegetation coverage is low. On old till, environmental factors affecting both vegetation coverage and growing species are stability of land surface governed by particle-size of surface materials. On stable slope covered by big debris, vegetation coverage is high and such large plants as Senecio keniodendron, Lobelia telekii and so on are distributed. Slope covered by fine-rubble is unstable and shows low vegetation coverage by the effect of needle ice creep and solifluction because diurnal range of temperature is large.Although time of snow release is important environment factor governing alpine vegetation pattern in Japan because of heavy snow in winter, that is not very important factor for Mt.Kenya without enough snow. Wind is not very important factor because wind in Mt. Kenyais not strong. Environment of Mt. Kenya is similar to that of alpine wind-blown slope of high mountains in Japan, because both Mt. Kenya and alpine wind-blown slope in Japan don't have enough snow which work for repression of thermal fluctuation. Therefore, stability of land surface affected by particle-size of surface materials, which is important environment factor controlling vegetation pattern on Japanese alpine wind-blown slope, is important factor for alpine vegetation pattern in Mt. Kenya.

Succession and Environmental Conditions of Alpine Vegetation in Relation to Glacial Fluctuations of Tyndall Glacier of the Mt. Kenya

The retreat process of Tyndall Glaciers and the vegetation were surveyed in Mount Kenya (5, 199m). Tyndall Glacier have retreated since early in this century and is retreating at an average rate of 2.88m/yr in the last 35 years. The first colonist of new till is Senecio keniophytum, which occurs at a distance of 18m from the 1992 ice-front. The speed of advance of this plant (1958-1984.2.65m/yr, 1984-1992: 2.13m/yr) is similar to the retreat rate of the glacier. The next species encountered is Arabis alpina, at 37m. This species advance at rate of 4.38m/yr (1958-1984), 4.63m/yr (1984-1992). Moss and lichen are next, at 70m and its speed of advance is 3.47m/yr. The species growing near ice-front of Tyndall Glacier advance in connection with retreat of the glacier. The species growing at distance over 100m from ice-front colonize irregularly independently of retreat process of the glacier.Till age and stability of land surface are important environment factors controlling vegetation pattern around Tyndall Glacier. Till age is affected by the glacial fluctuation. Stability of land surface is governed by particle-size of surface materials. Former climatic condition affects both glacial fluctuation and particle-size of surface material, and landform controls particle-size of surface material. On new till, plants is restrained from colonizing because of poor soil condition even if the slope is stable. Species growing on such slope are restricted to a few species, as Senecio keniophytum and so on, and vegetation coverage is low. On old till, environmental factors affecting both vegetation coverage and growing species are stability of land surface governed by particle-size of surface materials. On stable slope covered by big debris, vegetation coverage is high and such large plants as Senecio keniodendron, Lobelia telekii and so on are distributed. Slope covered by fine-rubble is unstable and shows low vegetation coverage by the effect of needle ice creep and solifluction because diurnal range of temperature is large.Although time of snow release is important environment factor governing alpine vegetation pattern in Japan because of heavy snow in winter, that is not very important factor for Mt.Kenya without enough snow. Wind is not very important factor because wind in Mt. Kenyais not strong. Environment of Mt. Kenya is similar to that of alpine wind-blown slope of high mountains in Japan, because both Mt. Kenya and alpine wind-blown slope in Japan don't have enough snow which work for repression of thermal fluctuation. Therefore, stability of land surface affected by particle-size of surface materials, which is important environment factor controlling vegetation pattern on Japanese alpine wind-blown slope, is important factor for alpine vegetation pattern in Mt. Kenya.

Mountain and Ecumene in Japan

The Japanese have not used their mountainland as much as they could have, given Japan's technical level in the sectors of stock-breeding and slope cultivation. Neither is the origin of this neglect to be sought for in natural causes: the mountain in Japan is indeed a harsh environment, but much of it could still be reclaimed. Mental factors account for many difficulties, but in some respects they have, more than in Europe, integrated mountains into man's social life. In fact, it is not in the mountains themselves that one is to seek the reasons why they have been neglected; but in the plains, i.e. in the complex which paddy fields and cities have formed in Japanese history: this complex was conducive, and prone, to high densities, and it has prevented Japanese society from extending its farmland.

近代日本の教科書における富士山の象徴性

The symbolic landscapes of a nation are important clues to the human-landscape relation, which is an aspect of the relationship between the people and their environment. Mt. Fuji was long the typical symbolic landscape of modern Japan, as can be seen in textbooks for use in elementary schools. I examined the symbolism of Mt. Fuji in textbooks to suggest tendencies in the relationships between Japanese and their environment. The results are as follows: 1) Mt. Fuji appeared in the primary school textbooks from Meiji Era until 1945. The mountain was presented as the sublimest mountain in Japan through textbooks for reading, drawing, and singing, whose contents were inter connected. Consequently, children learned a certain image of Mt. Fuji. 2) Mt. Fuji was praised as the sublimest mountain of Japan in order to make children sympathize with the sentiments of Japanese adults, who were supposed to admire Mt. Fuji. At the same time, children were taught that the national sentiment was focused on the image of Mt. Fuji. 3) The relation between the nation and school children as illustrated in teaching materials concerning Mt. Fuji is shown graphically in Fig. 5. The materials formalized the appearance of Mt. Fuji and formed a specific image of it. Children learned the materials and internalized a certain image of the mountain. The image validated the content of the materials and suggested the national sentiment. Through this process of learning, children came to obscurely understand the concept of a national sentiment. 4) The national sentiment of Japan that was used as a unifying concept was a Vague idea escaping logical grasp; therefore the education inevitably stressed impressions rather than logic. Mt. Fuji was seen to be the best material for that kind of education. 5) The relation between Mt. Fuji and the national sentiment seems to have been sustained by an “intentionality to legitimacy”. The national sentiment was supposed to have legitimacy, although the foundation of that legitimacy was not shown. On the other hand, Mt. Fuji was given legitimacy through the formalization of its appearance. Therefore, Mt. Fuji was chosen as the image of legitimacy to suggest the content of the national sentiment.

Artificially triggered lightning experiments to an EHV transmission line

In a triggered-lightning experiment carried out on a mountain in Japan, thirteen strikes were obtained for the winter seasons of 1986 and 1987. The lightning occurred on the conductor and the tower of a 275 kV test transmission line, on the ground, etc. The authors outline the triggering method and the experimental results obtained from electrical and optical observations. Comparatively intense lightning with a current greater than 50 kA or a charge greater than 200 C was obtained. >

Studies of snow accumulation and ablation on perennial snow patches in the mountains of Japan

Studies of snow accumulation and ablation on perennial snow patches in the mountains of Japan

The Cult of Mount Atago and the Atago Confraternities

AbstractsMount Atago lies northwest of the ancient capital of Kyoto. Because of its long history and the cult that has been associated with it from early times, the mountain provides a typical example of Japanese religion. Like all sacred mountains in Japan, a cult of ancestors was originally attached to Mount Atago. During successive centuries this cult served as a base for other cults: of fire, the tengu, the Bodhisattva Jizō, and Shōgun Jizō. It also served as the base for a large popular cult with branches all over the country, which still exists. The complex structure of the popular cult contains a harmonious blend of elements of archaic religion, Shinto, and Buddhism. From early times until the Meiji period, its organization was directed by a group of the mountain ascetics known as yamabushi, who lived on the mountain itself. A sad consequence of the Meiji Restoration was the dispersion and disappearance of this group as well as most of the documents concerning Mount Atago. In an effort to reconstruct the history of the cult, the writer has consulted the few documents that still remain, which are found among local chronicles and classical texts. The study also discusses the religious and social characteristics of the Atago confraternities (kō), which are found in towns and villages even today, and their position in relation to the general phenomenon of confraternities in Japan.

Sporobolomyces griseoflavus and Sporobolomyces sasicola, two new species of ballistosporous yeasts isolated from dead leaves of Sasa sp. in Japan.

Two new species of ballistospore-forming yeasts, Sporobolomyces griseoflavus and Sporobolomyces sasicola, were isolated from dead leaves of Sasa sp. collected on a mountain in Japan. They form pale colored colonies and bilaterally symmetrical ballistospores, have Q-10 as the major ubiquinone and do not contain xylose in the cells. The taxonomic relationship of these new yeasts to Sporobolomyces singularis are discussed.

Sporobolomyces inositophilus, a new species of ballistosporous yeast isolated from a dead leaf of Sasa sp. in Japan.

A new species of ballistosporous yeast, Sporobolomyces inositophilus was isolated from a dead leaf of Sasa sp. collected at a mountain in Japan. This yeast is assumed to have a close relationship to Sporobolomyces singularis since it produces bilaterally symmetrical ballistospores and pale-coloured colonies and resembles Sporobolomyces singularis in these respects. These two species differ from typical species of Sporobolomyces and seem to constitute a natural taxonomic group.

A Historical Consideration of the methods of Study on the Development of Mountains in Japan

A Historical Consideration of the methods of Study on the Development of Mountains in Japan

Comparative study of the effects of temperature on net photosynthesis and respiration in lichens from the antarctic and subalpine zones in Japan

Photosynthetic activity and dark respiration were measured in some species of lichens,Umbilicaria, Cladonia, Stereocaulon, Usnea, etc. sampled in the Antarctic and subalpine zones of central and northern Japan. On the basis of the responses of their activities to thallus temperature, the response patterns were divived into three groups, and further, each group was subdvided into some adaptation types for net photosynthesis and repiration. Lichens collected in the Antarctic were adapted to cool condition and some species collected in subalpine zones were adapted to warm condition. For exmaple, the optimal temperatures for net photosynthetic rates in Antarctic lichens were lower than 5 C and those in lichens which lived on rock surface at a southern slope in mountains of Japan were higher than 20 C.

Pulp and Paper Mills in Japan (70)

Taiko Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. was established in 1950, in Fuji City is located in south region of Mt. Fuji, the highest and the most elegant mountain in Japan. It is one of the integrated package paper mills products various papers from pulp. It has plants of kraft pulp, kraft paper and coated board paper.Production Capacity of Pulp 265 t/DProduction Capacity of Papers 335 t/D

THE MOUNTAIN VILLAGES FOUNDED BY YAMABUSHI AROUND Mt. DEWA-SANZAN

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the study of Japanese mountain religions. Although several monographs have been written by geographers, contribution from the geographical point of view is still limited. The author has already defined the zonal structure of mountain religions, which is composed of a sacred zone, a semi-sacred zone and an adherents' zone. Around the top of mountain is a sacred zone where women were prohibited from entering. At the foot of mountain is a semi-sacred 7 one where women were allowed. The mountain villages founded by Yamabushi (priests) are located in the semi-sacred zone. In the adherents' zone, Yamabushi persuade adherents to climb up the sacred mountains. Mt. Dewa-Sanzan (Mts. Yudono, Haguro and Gassan) in Yamagata Prefecture is one of the most famous sacred mountains in Japan. This paper examined a semi-sacred zone of Mt. Dewa-Sanzan, especially seven villages around the mountain, namely Toge, Oami and Shimekake in the Shonai district; Hijiori in the Mogami district ; and Hondoji, Iwanezawa and Oisawa in the Murayama district. According to their origins, these villages are classified into the following three types: 1. Toge and Iwanezawa were reorganized in the early Edo period. 2. Oami, Shimekake, Hondoji and Oisawa were developed in the late Edo period. 3. Hijiori remained undeveloped during the Edo period. Next, the author made a comparison between type 1 and type 2 in regard to the landscape, social structure and function of the villages ; their religious territories; and changes after the Mei ji era. With regard to the landscape, priests and farmers were segregated in type 1, while they mingled in type 2. As to the social structure, priests in type 1 had belonged to the Shugen-do (mountain-cult) since medieval times, but farmers became priests in the late Edo period in type 2. As to the function, priests led the way for climbers, ran lodgings for climbers in summer, and made a tour of their religious territories in order to deliver the talismans and offer prayers. Climbers chiefly lodged at temples belonging to priests in type 2, but climbers mainly stayed at priests' lodgings in type 1. The territory of each priest was divided into separate districts in type 1, where as that in type 2 was complicated. Since the mountain cult is a syncretic sect composed of Buddhist and Shinto elements, it suffered during the drastic religious reformations of Shinbutsu-bunri (the separation of Shintoism from Buddhism) . in the early Mei ji era. Consequently, the mountain villages of type 2 declined after the Mei ji era, but the villages of type 1 still remain at present. As a result of the study, it became clear that the mountain villages founded by Yamabu shi around Mt. Dewa-Sanzan could be classified into three types, and that between type 1 and type 2 there are differences in the landscape, social structure and function of the villages, their religious territories and changes after the Mei ji era. The author supposes that this clas-sification can apply in other Japanese mountain villages founded by Yamabushi.

もう古地向斜東部の地史的考察

The biostratigraphy of the Khingan-Sungari area in Northeast China was greatly advanced very recently by Chinese geologists and palaeontologists. With the discoveries of Lower, Middle and Upper Cambrian and various Ordovician fossils it is now warranted that the Mongolian geosyncline was extended through the area already at the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. The silurian and later Palaeozoic sequence and its local variation are summarized and shown in two tables.With reference to the geology of neighbouring areas the history of this part of the geosyncline is discussed. The intrageosynclinal vulcanism, mostly basic to intermediate, was often repeated there. During the Permian period sea retreated so extensively that the area turned out land completely by the end of the period. Land plants mostly of the Angara flora and Palaeomutela and other naiads are widely distributed there in the continental Upper Permian deposits. No Lower and Middle Triassic formation is as yet known from the area. In the eastern extension of the Lesser Khingan range in the Soviet Union, however, the marine Permian formation is overlain by the Skytic and Anisic formation conformably or disconformably.Near the eastern border of Province Chilin as well as in East Transbaikalia the folded mountains of older rocks are overlain by the marine Upper Triassic formation with marked discordance. These Permian and older formations are widely intruded by the Permo-Triassic granites. Therefore the Mongolian orogenic zone is definitely younger than the Variscan or or Hercynian mountains of Europe. It is now well ascerained that its architecture was completed at about the same time with the Triassic Akiyoshi mountains in Japan.

Zur Solifluktionsgrenze in den Gebirgen Japans

Concerning the solifluction boundary in the mountains of Japan. Japan may be divided into four periglacial morphological regions (fig. 2). Region 1 is an area of cool winters and heavy snowfall where periglacial forms seldom appear and then hardly ever below the timber-line. Region 2, in central Hokkaido, has a cold winter climate. In most parts the terrain in gently sloped and strongly influenced by peri glacial processes. Region 3 is distinguished by a cool winter climate and little snowfall. Here, periglacial forms are not widely spread, but they reach far below the timber-line, e. g. in central Honshu by approx. 800 metres and in north-east Hokkaido by approx. 1200 metres. In region 4, an area with a mild winter climate, periglacial forms are of little importance. In Japan the appearance of periglacial forms at a relativ ely low altitude and below the timber-line is related to the marked seasonal differences of temperature. At a level where woods can thrive in warm and humid summers, peri glacial forms (especially sorted steps, -rings, -nets and stripes) may appear in relatively cold winters, provided that the soil is not protected by dense plant or snow cover. Therefore the lower boundary of the periglacial stage in Japan is more difficult to define than in European mountain ranges; it also has a different qualitative significance. The knowledge gained as a result of investigations in Ja pan is compared with that of conditions in the north-eastern Appalachians, where the climate is very similar to that of Japan in region 3. Here, too, periglacial forms appear regularly within the upper woods. As a preliminary hypothesis it is assumed that within the perenially humid, temperate and subtropical climate zones one may generally differentiate between the following regions (fig. 3): 1. Mountain ranges with a difference of less than 15 ?C between the average temperature of the warmest and cold est months (temperature amplitude) and a lower boundary of the periglacial stage above the timber-line. 2. Mountain ranges with a temperature amplitude be tween 15? and 22 ?C and a lower boundary of the peri glacial stage at the altitude of the timber-line. 3. Mountain ranges with a temperature amplitude above 22 ?C and a lower boundary of the periglacial stage below the timber-line, i. e. with periglacial forms appearing regu larly within the upper woods. So far mountain ranges of region 3 have been studied the least.

Phytogeographical studies ofCalamagrostis sachalinensis (Gramineae)

The place of origin and the direction of migration ofCalamagrostis sachalinensis, which has the boreal—montane distribution pattern and represents an apo-amphimictic complex by itself, have been discussed on the basis of the combination of the information on the internal structure of this species and the existing circumstantial evidence. It is without a doubt thatCalamagrostis belongs to a primitive group within the tribe Aveneae, and its existence in Eurasia since the late Miocene period can not be questioned. Amphimictic tetraploids ofC. sachalinensis seem to have originated in the mountains of Japan from some ancestors which invaded Japan in the Neogene period or earlier, considering the distributional and ecological attributes of the tetraploids and the related tetraploid species. The hexaploids and octoploids ofC. sachalinensis with the apomictic manner of seed formation are apparently of a derived type and have most probably been brought forth from the tetrapoid races in the mountains of Japan. The climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene period seem to have greatly facilitated the northward migration of the hexaploids and octoploids. The present range ofC. sachalinensis extending from the mountains of Japan to Sakhalin and southern Kamtchatka may therefore have been established mainly by the migration from the southern montane areas to the northern lowlands. The usual interpretation for the derivation of the boreal—montane distribution which postulates the migration from the north to the south can hardly be applicable in the case ofC. sachalinensis. It is pointed out that the role of autochthonous development in the formation of the montane flora of Japan has probably been more important than hitherto recognized.

A Local Population of the Japanese Ptarmigan on Mt. Yakeyama

Recentry, two populations of the Japanese Ptarmigan are found on Mt. Hiuchi (8, 075 ft.) and Mt. Yakeyama (7, 872 ft), Kubiki Mountain Range, northern part of central Japan (Fig. 1). Oen sub-adult group of the bird was observed on Mt. Yakeyama in 1969, which suggested a possibility of its breeding on the mountain.The ptarmigan is one of the national monuments in Japan. Few ecological observations on the ptarmigan are carried out on Mt. Fuji (12, 385 ft.), Mt. Hiuchi and Mt. Iizuna (6, 288 ft).Extinction of the ptarmigan caused by human works on Mt. Fuji (the highest mountain in Japan) was reported by Chiba in 1971.Detailed observations of the ptarmigan on Mt. Yakeyama were made during June 24-28, 1971 to get some ecological informations. Vegetations of the mountain, size and structure of the population, their nest and eggs and evaluations of their habitat are reported on this paper.Mt. Yakeyama is a cone-shaped mountain that has a large crater on the top. The top has a very poor vegetation causing by active volcano. Some patches of Pinus pumila are found on southern slope near the top, and Alnus maximowiczii surrounds the mountain (Fig. 6).Two pairs of ptarmigan showed up on the southern slope above 7, 544 ft. high. One nest containing six eggs nearly hatched was found in deep Pinus pumila bush (Fig. 3).Summer and winter droppings (Figs. 2-a, 2-b) and sandbaths are marked on the map (Fig. 5).This seems to show their habitat on this mountain.They come down to get foods (buds appearing on snow) as low as 5, 904 ft. in winter, on the other, in summer they stay mostly around the top to avoid terrestrial predators.A few ptarmigans were observed in early spring and late fall on Mt. Myoko (8, 023 ft.) where no nest had been reported. These records suggest the possibility of temporary shortdistance migration in snow season.Breeding site of the bird supposed to be restricted to pine bush on this mountain. Two or three breeding pairs supposed to lay their eggs in this bush (the second pair would lay their eggs after the first nestlings were fledged): they seem to use the same nesting site alternatively. In many cases, chickens of the Japanese Ptarmigan were found in June in other mountains whereas some immediately after hatched were observed on Mt. Yakeyama in August.