Phenolic compounds are important biologically active substances that are responsible for color, taste and aroma of plant raw materials. The paper presents the results of the study of the plant raw material, namely Sórbus aucupária (mountain ash), in terms of the content of phenolic compounds. For investigation, three samples were taken from dried and frozen fruits of mountain ash of the Nevezhinskaya variety each. Methods for the analysis of phenolic compounds in the mountain ash fruits were chosen based on the study of the normative documentation regulating methods for determining biologically active phenolic substances as well as the scientific-technical publications on this theme. Acetone and ethanol were chosen for extraction. Quantification was performed by the photoelectrocolorimetric and titrimetric methods. The comparison of the results obtained by different methods was carried out. It has been established that the highest quantity of phenolic compounds was extracted by ethanol (40%). Frozen mountain ash fruits were found to be the most suitable raw material. The data obtained can be used in the development of the methods for analysis of phenolic compounds in plant raw materials.

Abstract Many forest types are shaped by wildfire, which can reset ecological succession and modify species trajectories. Novel fire regimes are increasing globally, posing a major threat to forests. Understanding the successional dynamics of forests after wildfire is critical to develop evidence‐based ‘benchmarks’ of forest structure to inform appropriate ecological management and restoration. However, this understanding is limited in intact forests over long periods, including those where old‐growth forest is sometimes used as a reference state. Several large, high‐severity wildfires burned significant areas of the Mountain Ash ( Eucalyptus regnans ) forests in south‐eastern Australia ≤1900, and in 1926/1939 and 2009. Here, we take advantage of this fire history to implement a natural experiment to better understand the patterns and environmental drivers of variation in forest structure at 84 sites across a multi‐century chronosequence. We explored interspecific differences across major plant lifeforms in relation to stem size and density, and their relative interactions over time. Our findings indicate that: Early successional forests ≤10 years after wildfire in 2009 are characterised by a high, but variable, density of homogeneous‐sized stems (≥7000 stems ha −1 ). In contrast, old‐growth stands (≤1900 stand age) were characterised by the lowest number of stems that were the least variable in density but had the greatest variability in stem size, relative to other stand ages. Environmental factors including slope and elevation influenced patterns of stem density, with the direction of the influence varying across lifeforms. Interspecific relationships between individual plant lifeforms varied across the chronosequence and were more negative in early succession (2009 stand age), relative to late succession. Synthesis . Our research demonstrates that rates of self‐thinning in forests following wildfire (that occur within historical fire regimes) may result in a ~50%–60% decline in stem count in the several decades between early successional forests and mature (1926/1939 stand age) forests and then again between mature and old‐growth forests. Self‐thinning is a critical forest function and represents one pathway through which structurally complex old‐growth forests develop, providing significant ecological values. These empirical insights provide a benchmark to guide evidence‐based restoration of montane forests in the face of predicted novel fire regimes.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of powdered food additives from sea buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) and mountain ash (Sorbus Aucuparia) on the quality of pasta. The pasta was made from durum wheat flour with the addition of powders from sea buckthorn and mountain ash in the amount of 5%, 10% and 15%. The article analyses the organoleptic and physicochemical parameters, fibre content, vitamin C and amino acid profile of the pasta samples. The organoleptic evaluation showed that the rational amount of the additive is 10%. The surface of the test products was smooth, with a slight roughness; the shape corresponded to the type of product (long ribbon-like products formed into nests). The colour of the pasta is monochromatic, with a hint of added vegetable powder, without traces of unleavened product. The taste and smell are specific, characteristic of the added vegetable powder, without any off-flavours. An increase in the additive content to 15% leads to a deterioration in the quality of pasta products due to increased fragility and an overly bright smell and taste typical of the added berry powder. The study of the content of the main nutrients revealed that the developed pasta samples contain more fibre (3.2% in sea buckthorn and 3.1% in rowan) than the control samples. The results of the study showed that with an increase in the concentration of berry powders, the content of vitamin C in the experimental pasta samples increased to 0.51 mg/100 g in sea buckthorn pasta, 0.15 mg/100 g in rowan pasta. In the experimental samples of pasta, 17 amino acid residues were identified. Studies of microbiological parameters and the content of toxic elements showed acceptable values for this type of product. Based on the results of the comprehensive experimental studies, a significant increase in the nutritional and biological value of pasta with the addition of powdered food additives from wild berries was demonstrated. The recommended amount of added powders in the pasta recipe is 10%. This will ensure acceptable sensory properties of the finished pasta. It has also been found that the addition of plant powders from wild berry processing derivatives in the amount of 10% improves the amino acid profile of finished products.

Preserving Peruvian cacao germplasm requires preventing the spread of pathogens such as viruses, yet cacao viral diseases in Peru remain poorly studied. In this study, we characterized the viral sequences associated with native cacao trees from the department of Amazonas, northwestern Peru. Leaf samples from two symptomatic plants (mosaic, yellowing, leaf deformation) and one asymptomatic plant were collected from the cacao germplasm bank of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas. RNA high-throughput sequencing identified four RNA segments consistent with the genus Emaravirus: RNA1 (7142 nt; replicase P1), RNA2 (2225 nt; glycoprotein P2), RNA3 (1269 nt; nucleocapsid P3), and RNA4 (1286 nt; movement protein P4), sharing 32.6–45.9% amino acid identity with European mountain ash ringspot-associated emaravirus (EMARaV). Phylogenetic analysis of P1–P4 proteins placed this virus in a distinct lineage, confirming it as a novel species, Theobroma cacao emaravirus A (ThCEV-A). Specific RT-PCR detected ThCEV-A in 11 additional accessions, with symptoms including yellow mosaic and mottling. This study documents for the first time the presence of a novel Emaravirus in cacao, highlighting the need to assess its epidemiology, vector(s), and potential impact on cacao production in its center of origin.

The article considers the possibility of using wild fruits and berries of spiky irga, wild cherry and red mountain ash in the production of milk dessert – ice cream. This wild-growing raw material has a number of positive properties that favorably affect both the quality characteristics of the finished product and the human body as a whole. These include: high content of pectin substances with radioprotective properties, due to which finished products can be recommended for environmentally unfavorable regions with polluted air, water and soil with harmful and dangerous substances; antibacterial properties that prevent the development of infectious diseases, suppressing the development of harmful microorganisms; a large number of vitamins that have a restorative effect on the human body.The article presents the results of studies of the effect of a plant composition from wild fruits and berries on consumer (organoleptic, physico-chemical), microbiological and rheological (degree of whipping, melting rate of ice cream) indicators of a dairy dessert – ice cream. Samples of ice cream produced using traditional technology and samples with the addition of a developed herbal composition were studied.In addition, the study paid great attention to the design of ice cream packaging. Since product packaging is the main carrier of the brand's corporate identity, which consumers interact with most often, wherever this interaction takes place, in a store or on marketplaces, they will see the packaging. The proposed packaging design is designed to distinguish the product from a huge variety of similar products, thanks to the use of branded elements, stylistics, graphic solutions, and color combinations.

IntroductionPlant cell culture (PCC) technology is currently being developed to produce plant foods partially decoupled from traditional agriculture practices. By now, the safety of the ingredients produced by PCC technology for food or nutritional purposes has to be tested.Materials and methodsIn this study, the oral safety and toxicity of two novel PCCs, scurvy grass (SG) (Cochlearia danica) and rowan (RW) (Sorbus aucuparia), and to characterize the macro- and micronutrient quality, including proteomic profiles, to identify potential allergens.ResultsNutritional composition analysis showed that both SG and RW PCCs profiles are comparable to other berry cell lines with a good amount of protein, dietary fibre and vitamins. Potential allergens were identified via proteomics based on structural similarity. The acute and subacute toxicity profiles of the PCC samples were evaluated based on OECD guidelines. For both PCCs, no deaths, behavioral changes, nor metabolic effects were observed at 2000 mg/kg. In the 28-day repeated oral exposure subacute toxicity study, no mortality or significant adverse clinical, hematological, or metabolic effects were observed for either SG or RW.DiscussionThese findings indicate that the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for both PCCs exceeds 2000 mg/kg. Overall, our findings indicate that the consumption of these PCCs could be considered safe and non-toxic, although further assessments on potential allergens and phytohormone accumulation are necessary to fully ensure consumer safety. This study highlights the oral safety of PCCs for consideration as a novel food ingredient and serve as a basis for evaluating toxicological impacts of PCCs.

Antioxidants protect living organisms from free radicals, as well as prevent the destruction of lipids and other nutrients. Natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants can extend the shelf-life of food products and improve consumers’ health. Extracts of Rosaceae berries are known for their antioxidant properties and have a good potential as food stabilizers; however, their efficiency may depend on the region. The research featured ethyl acetate extracts from mountain ash berries (Sorbus aucuparia L.), blood-red hawthorn (Crataegus sanguinea Nutt.), and black hawthorn (Crataegus nigra Waldst. & Kit.), harvested ripe in the south of the Republic of Armenia. The kinetic modeling of cumene oxidation (348 K) made it possible to determine the antioxidant activity. The experiment involved a manometric installation with automatically regulated pressure that recorded oxygen absorption in the reaction mix. The blood-red hawthorn extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (k7 ≈ 5.5×10⁻3 L/mol·s), exceeding the mountain ash indicators (k7 ≈ 2.3×10⁻³ L/mol·s) by 2.5 times. The effective concentration of antioxidants in the mountain ash extracts was slightly higher (3.8 mol/L) than in the blood-red hawthorn extract (3.5–3.8 mol/L). The black hawthorn extract showed much lower indicators in both antioxidant content (0.66 mol/L) and activity (2.4×10–4 L/mol·s). However, the oxidation products of black hawthorn antioxidants exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (k71 = 6.48×10² L/mol·s), almost three times higher than the corresponding indicator for the blood-red hawthorn sample. The ethyl acetate extracts of blood-red hawthorn (Crataegus sanguinea Nutt.) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) proved to be effective natural antioxidants that could replace synthetic food stabilizers and extend shelf-life. Despite its low initial antioxidant activity, the black hawthorn extract (Crataegus nigra Waldst. & Kit.) might be recommended for specific food systems with prolonged protective effects.

The work is devoted to the evaluation of the introduction of representatives of the genus Sorbus of the collection of the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute in the South Urals. The material for the study was the results of own phenological observations of 42 taxa of the genus rowan, determination of winter hardiness and resistance using generally accepted methods, period 2012–2024. Based on the results of the evaluation, all species and varieties of mountain ash in the collection are divided into 3 groups: I – the most promising (31 taxa), II – promising (8 taxa) and III – less promising (3 taxa). Representatives of the first group have resistance to local climatic conditions and high winter hardiness: S. amurensis, S. americana, S. × arnoldiana, S. aucuparia etc. The vital condition is good. The second group includes species whose winter hardiness may be reduced to an I–II score in some years: S. × hybrida, S. intermedia, S. arranensis, S. mougeotii, S. graeca. This group also includes fruit varieties of mountain ash that have not reached the age of fruiting: S. aucuparia ‘Angri’, S. aucuparia ‘Doch Kubovoj’ and S. aucuparia ‘Wefed’. The vital condition is satisfactory. The third group, less promising, includes three species: S. alnifolia, S. velutina and S. aria, which do not retain their growth form, do not bear fruit (except S. aria), in some years winter hardiness may decrease to II–III points. The vital condition is weakened. Taxa included in the introduction relatively recently (2005–2014) are recommended to be considered promising as fruit crops in the conditions of the Southern Urals, except for rowan trees of earlier planting (1958– 1987): S. caucasica,S. × latifolia, S. teodorii, Sorbocotoneaster pozdnijkovii, S. scopulina, S. sambucifolia, S. pohuashanensis and S. aucuparia var. moravica, S. aucuparia ‘Alaya krupnaya’, × Crataegosorbus miczurinii ‘Granatnaya’, S. aucuparia ‘Nevezhinskaya’ as fruit.

Intact rowan seeds are characterized by deep physiological dormancy due to the physiological mechanism of germination inhibition, which is regulated by the balance of phytohormones. The depth of dormancy depends on individual characteristics, pollinator plant, storage conditions and other factors. Long cold stratification at low positive temperatures is necessary to overcome dormancy. Combination of such stratification with treatment with exogenous phytoregulators (kinetin, gibberellic acid) allows reducing the duration of pre-sowing treatment, but does not eliminate the diversity of seeds by this indicator. When experimenting with seeds in the laboratory, in addition to stimulating germination, methods of retarding germination must be employed to fine-tune it. It was revealed that ethyl alcohol is an effective regulator of Siberian mountain ash (Sorbus sibirica Hedl.) seed germination. Ethanol is a natural metabolite of plants and is involved in the regulation of ethylene signaling pathways, and can compete for hydrogen bonding sites on the surface of lipids and proteins. Fully matured seeds collected in October, stored at room temperature for 150 days, were used for the experiment. The seeds were stratified at 1-4 °C in Petri dishes. The effect of ethanol at concentrations of 1–10% in 1% increments was investigated. A pronounced inhibitory effect of ethyl alcohol on the germination of Siberian mountain ash seeds at concentrations above 2% was revealed. When the seeds were cold stratified (3 ºC) on a substrate containing 5% ethanol, complete inhibition of germination was observed after 150 days of stratification compared to the control, where about 50% of the seeds germinated; about 20% of the seeds germinated at a concentration of 2%. The seeds remained viable and after increasing the duration of stratification to 200 days on substrate containing 5% alcohol germination was 21%, and it was 43% compared to the control where 65% of the seeds germinated containing 2%. Seed treatment with ethanol can be used as an alternative economical technique to regulate germination of Siberian mountain ash seeds.

Rising temperatures and increased frequency and intensity of droughts and heat waves have affected tree mortality rates worldwide. Here, we investigate how these changes have affected the carrying capacity of mountain ash forests (Eucalyptus regnans), the world's tallest flowering plant and one of the most carbon-dense forests on earth. We analyze data from a large network of silvicultural experiments collected between 1947 and 2000 in southeastern Australia to identify trends in mortality rates and carrying capacity for the species, and to quantify how these changes relate to spatiotemporal variations in climate. We show that forests growing in the warmest and highest vapor pressure deficit conditions had the lowest carrying capacity, and this capacity further decreased with rising temperatures. Key findings indicate that a projected three °C increase in temperature by 2080 could reduce tree density and carbon stock in these forests by 24%, equivalent to losing 240,000 hectares of mature mountain ash forests. Trees that died were 0.62 times the size of living trees (i.e., they were suppressed), with no detectable effect of climate on this ratio. We discuss the implications for forest conservation and management, and how reduced carrying capacity could undermine global forest restoration and carbon sequestration efforts.

Four new cicada species within the genus Yoyetta Moulds, 2012 are described. Yoyetta bushi sp. nov. and Y. crepita sp. nov. are typically orange and black Yoyetta species. The current distribution of the former is principally in Blackbutt and Sydney Blue Gum forests at elevations above 500m in Girard State Forest and across much of Nymboi-Binderay National Park and its adjoining state forests in the Great Dividing Range of north-eastern New South Wales (NSW). Y. crepita sp. nov. currently has a limited distribution around Clandulla and Kandos in the Bylong Valley on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range in NSW. Each of these two species call at rest and in flight. Y. nathani sp. nov. is a medium-sized, brown species found in the New England region of NSW with a current distribution from around Armidale, north to Bingara and Inverell. By comparison, Y. corbinorum sp. nov. is an impressive burnt-orange to black species with females distinctly larger than males. This species predominantly inhabits and calls from the upper branches of Mountain Ash eucalypt forests in the Yarra ranges of Victoria. Both Y. nathani sp. nov. and Y. corbinorum sp. nov. call at rest and rarely in flight. The morphology of each species is described, along with sections on distinguishing features, distribution, habitat and behaviour. Calling song structures are provided and live specimens illustrated where appropriate.

A significant increase in forest regeneration failure following logging is driven by climatic and management factors.

This study evaluates the potential of various hardwood combinations in plywood production in response to increasing wood demand and a changing roundwood supply in Central Europe. Six different combinations of nine-layer plywood were produced using 2 mm rotary-cut veneers from lime (Tilia spp.), Norway maple (Acer platanoides), European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) with phenol–formaldehyde adhesive, and they were compared to silver birch (Betula pendula) plywood as a reference. The raw densities of the test panels varied between 0.85 and 1.04 times the reference density (795 kg m−3). Flexural strengths (the modulus of rupture, MOR) ranged from 68 N mm−2 to 104 N mm−2 for a parallel fibre orientation and 44 N mm−2 to 61 N mm−2 for a perpendicular fibre orientation of the top layers. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) ranged from 7160 N mm−2 to 11,737 N mm−2 for the parallel fibre orientation and from 4366 N mm−2 to 5575 N mm−2 for the perpendicular orientation. The tensile shear strength varied between 0.91 and 1.69 times the reference (1.49 N mm−2). The thickness swelling after 24 h was higher in all variants than the reference (6.4%), with factors between 1.39 and 1.64. A significant effect was observed when layers with a lower density were arranged on the outside and those with a higher density in the core, resulting in a more uniform density distribution across the cross-section after hot pressing. This created a levelling effect on mechanical and physical properties, especially the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE). Overall, the evaluated hardwood combinations demonstrated comparable properties to the birch reference and industrially produced birch plywood.

The presented results are part of a whole complex of studies conducted over many years, aimed at creating new types of dairy and meat products, enriched with additives from local raw materials of plant origin, for its popularization, which have a beneficial effect on the human body and are intended for people of various age groups and taste preferences. preferences.This article outlines the prospects for using a composition of herbal supplements made from wild fruits and berries to fortify processed meat and milk products. The possibility of using bird cherry, mountain ash (red), and serviceberry in the optimal ratio for meat and dairy products was studied using the example of sausage, meat pate and curd mass. It is important that the combination of raw materials of animal and plant origin will significantly diversify the range of food products characterized by the naturalness of the components used and a beneficial effect on the development and functioning of the human body.A technology has been proposed for obtaining monodisperse powder from selected fruits and berries, which allows maximally preserving the beneficial properties of raw materials of plant origin that meet physiological needs. Organoleptic properties were analyzed as the main consumer ones, and physicochemical and bacteriological indicators were determined, indicating that the resulting products comply with the established requirements in current regulatory documents. The developed composition of herbal supplements in different ratios of fruits and berries can provide two large food industries with natural additives, allowing them to produce mass consumer products.

The most widespread in Aronia aronia was obtained in Russia in territories with a cold and humid climate and on relatively fertile soils of Siberia and The Urals, especially in Altai and even in the Arctic. In Siberia, berry crops have a number of advantages over fruit crops. They are less demanding to adverse conditions, their berries are richer in vitamins, mineral salts and organic acids. The average yield of the bush is from 10 to 17 kg of berries. Anthocyanin is the most common natural pigment that is highly soluble in water and gives vegetable products a color from red to purple, and is beneficial to human health. Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds that belong to the category of polyphenols. They are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature and pH. In nature, anthocyanins occur as glycosides and their aglycones (non-saccharide parts) are known as anthocyanidins. In mountain ash, 25% of all polyphenols are anthocyanins. This article discusses all currently known technologies for the complex processing of mountain ash and their effect on the yield of juice and natural anthocyanin dyes.

Introduction: Despite the known biological properties of red mountain ash (Sórbus aucupária), the extraction methods and optical characteristics of extracts from its vegetative parts and fruits are not well examined. Deepening this knowledge is important for creating technologies for processing plant raw materials, which opens up new opportunities for the food industry and the use of poorly studied vegetative parts of the plant. Purpose : To study the spectrophotometric characteristics of extracts obtained from vegetative parts (leaves, branches) and fruits of red mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia Nevezhinskaya) to optimize extraction processes. Materials and Methods: Extracts from dried vegetative parts (leaves, branches) and fruits of Nevezhinskaya red mountain ash, obtained using purified and ozonized water, were investigated. The analysis was carried out according to the following parameters: active acidity (ionometric method), optical density and absorption coefficient (photoelectric concentration colorimeter KFK-2). Statistical processing of data with calculation of standard deviation was carried out in MS Excel program. The experiments were carried out in threefold repetition. Results: The active acidity of the extracts was: for fruits - pH 3.16 ± 0.20, for leaves - pH 5.50 ± 0.40, for branches - pH 4.85 ± 0.10. Thermodynamic stability indicators varied as follows: for extracts from fruits - 1038.2-1044.1 mV, from leaves - 898.4-913.7 mV, from branches - 937.9-944.9 mV. In terms of color characteristics, extracts from fruits were slightly colored (0.03-0.04 e.u.), extracts from leaves were characterized as intensely colored, and extracts from branches were characterized as moderately colored. The results are presented as graphs, tables and regression equations. Conclusion: The comparative analysis showed no significant differences between the extracts obtained using purified and ozonized water. The measured parameters were within 0.05 error range. Extracts obtained from vegetative parts and fruits of red mountain ash have antioxidant potential for their use in the production of beverages, sauces, confectionery products and other foodstuffs.

The relevance of the research is determined by the attention to the emotional and perceptual component in the process of formation of the Siberian regional identity and the active research of "Siberian texts" in the context of the cultural heritage of Russia. The aim of the article is to analyze the poetic representation of the image of Siberia in the poetry of the Tomsk writer Nikolai Khonichev. The material is 195 poems from collections of different years. The main research methods are structural and semantic analysis of language units of different text levels and linguostylistic analysis of the text. The structure of the article is determined by one of the main tasks – identifying the role of the perceptual component in the process of forming the image of Siberia in Khonichev's poetry. A certain duality is characteristic of the "Siberian texts", reflecting the "interaction" of the national and regional components in the formation of the individual author's image of the world. In modern regional literature, a predominantly positive perception of the space of Siberia is constructed; a bright emotional attachment of the authors to their small homeland, love for Siberian nature, a pride and respect for the history of the region and cultural traditions are traced. The research showed that the image of Siberia can be defined as a "macro-image" that includes a wide range of "micro-images" formed on the basis of different types of perception (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.). The texts emphasize the beauty of Siberian nature (the aroma of green meadows, the music of the forest, the crying of birches, the trembling of needles, the bells of rowan trees, the pearls of poplars, etc.). The perception of the natural and cultural aspects of the image of Siberia are presented in their inseparable unity (poetry is scattered in the forest, a forest museum, etc.). Siberia is described as a place with its own unique nature, original culture and values. As a result of the analysis of N.V. Khonichev's poetic texts, it was revealed that plant images (taiga, forest, pine, cedar, rowan, birch and poplar, etc.) occupy an important place in the description of Siberia as a natural phenomenon; their linguistic representation is related to all-Russian cultural traditions. The perceptual component of the meaning is constantly updated: linguistic units with the semantics of visual perception dominate at the lexical and syntactic levels of the text. A significant part of the pictorial and expressive means (metaphors, comparisons, personifications) are modeled on the basis of synesthesia (multicolored smell, aromas call, etc.). Sunlight, music, aroma, greenery in the analyzed poems are perceptual dominants that determine the author's perception of Siberia.

The sound quality of a xylophone depends on the material it is made of. The xylophone produces sound through the vibration of the wooden bars. The bars are usually made of rosewood or padauk due to their properties, resonance, and durability. However, the Honduran rosewood is a protected wood species, so it is necessary to look for other suitable wood species. Based on the investigation of the physical and acoustical characteristics of the various wood species, it appears that the European mountain ash (also known as rowan) may be a suitable substitute for the Honduran rosewood. Unlike the Honduran rosewood, the European ash is not listed in the CITES appendices or on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The effect of modification of the European mountain ash on the physical and acoustical characteristics (PACHs) and sound quality was investigated. The wood samples were modified in two ways: mechanical densification and a combination of mechanical densification and thermal modification. The PACHs (density of wood ρ w, modulus of elasticity along the wood grain EL , acoustical constant A, loss coefficient η, specific modulus of elasticity E esp, acoustic conversion efficiency ACE, speed of sound along the wood grain cL ) were measured before and after modification.These PACHs were compared with the characteristics of the Honduran rosewood. The sound quality of the xylophone bars produced before and after modification was also determined. Following the experiment results it can be stated that the wood of the European mountain ash, after combination mechanical densification and thermal modification, can be used as an alternative to the Honduran rosewood for the xylophones of lower quality.

В статье представлены результаты изучения фитоценотического состава парков города Москвы. Описаны доминирующие виды растений в каждом изученном ярусе: древесном, кустарниковом, травяно-кустарничковом и мохово-лишайниковом. Были собраны основные сведения о 12 парках города, включающие в себя сведения о рекреационной нагрузке, рельефе, степени сомкнутости крон и т.д. Выявлены основные закономерности растительных сообществ парков г. Москвы. Для более наглядного отображения результатов приведены карта расположения парков и таблицы, отображающие количественный состав ярусов и рекреационную нагрузку. В древесном ярусе доминирующими видами были клён остролистный (Acer platanoides) и липа крупнолистная (Tilia platyphyllos). Типичными для древесного яруса видами также являются сосна обыкновенная (Pinus sylvestris), берёза повислая (Betula pendula) и др. Эти виды деревьев можно было найти практически во всех изученных парках. Растения древесного яруса посажены в основном равномерно друг от друга, создавая незагущенную местность. Кустарниковый ярус представлен достаточно бедно. Доминирующие виды составили рябина обыкновенная (Sorbus aucuparia) и калина гордовина (Viburnum lantana). Кустарники представлены не во всех изученных парках. Их полное отсутствие наблюдалось в парках с малым количеством растительности. Травяно-кустарничковый ярус в московских парках представлен весьма обширно. Среди этого яруса можно найти достаточно большое количество разных видов растений. Эти виды составили: крапива двудомная (Urtica dioica), недотрога мелкоцветковая (Impatiens parviflora), чертополох курчавый (Carduus crispus) и др. Мохово-лишайниковый ярус был представлен в основном листостебельными мхами (Bryopsida), семейством Sphagnum и лишайниками из рода Ramalinaceae. The article presents the results of the study of the phytocenotic composition of the parks in Moscow. The dominant plant species in each studied layer are described: tree, shrub, grass-shrub and moss-lichen. Basic information about 12 parks of the city was collected, including information on recreational load, relief, degree of crown density, etc. The main patterns of plant communities of parks in Moscow have been revealed. For a more visual display of the results, a map of the location of the parks and tables showing the quantitative composition of the layers and the recreational load are given. In the tree layer, the dominant species were Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and Large-leaved lime (Tilia platyphyllos). Typical species for the tree layer are also Common pine (Pinus sylvestris), Silver birch (Betula pendula), etc. These tree species could be found in in almost all the park studied. Plants of the tree layer are planted mostly evenly apart from each other, creating a thin area. The shrub layer is poorly represented. The dominant species were Mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) and Wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana). Shrubs are not represented in all the studied parks. Their complete absence was observed in parks with a small amount of vegetation. The grass-shrub layer in Moscow parks is quite extensive. A fairly large number of different plant species can be found among this layer. These species included Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), Small-flowered balsam (Impatiens parviflora), Сurled thistle (Carduus crispus), etc. The moss-lichen layer was represented mainly by Frondiferous mosses (Bryopsida), the family Sphagnum, and lichens in the genus Ramalinaceae.

The article presents the results of a study of the structure of the wood of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) in the mountains of the North Caucasus. The direction of adaptive changes occurring in the elements of the secondary xylem of the plant at various heights, including extreme ones, is shown. The conclusions of a number of studies have been confirmed that the basic reaction of mountain ash with an increase in altitude and a decrease in growing capacity, as well as an increasе in the intensity of transpiration, is a decrease in plant size and a narrowing of the annual growth of the stem in diameter. At the same time, a number of quantitative changes occur in the wood itself, mainly aimed at optimizing the water-transporting function. With increasing altitude, as water supply conditions become more stringent, maintaining normal water balance is achieved by narrowing the diameters of vessels and increasing their number per unit area. The increase in the total area of the pores occurs due to an increase in the number of narrow, single vessels. The quantitative anatomical changes established during the study are adaptive in nature. In the storage parenchyma of wood, there is an increase in the density and linear dimensions of the rays. The volume of the radial parenchyma at a relatively constant average ply value occurs due to an increase in the height of the cells composing the ray. It is noted that sufficient water balance and enrichment of Sorbus aucuparia wood with living cells of the axial and radial parenchyma increases the viability and plasticity of the entire organism, covers the energy costs for reparation processes, and also stimulates the possibility of vegetative reproduction in conditions unfavorable for seed renewal. A significant range of fluctuations in the quantitative characteristics of mountain ash wood elements increases its adaptive capabilities, helping it to occupy a variety of ecological niches in nature, as evidenced by the wide range of this species.