Motorcycle Design Research Articles

Experimental design for a sustainable society among motorcyclists: The influence of road types and speeds on whole-body vibration exposure and musculoskeletal disorders in motorcyclists

Motorcycles are very popular motorized vehicles and are widely used around the world. The main ergonomic hazard associated with the continuous use of motorcycles is the motorcyclist’s exposure to vibrations, which can potentially cause musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This can lead to significant health issues and may also heighten the risk of accidents due to increased driving discomfort. This study aims to investigate the impact of road type and motorcycle speed on WBV exposure and MSD complaints among motorcyclists. An experimental design method was used in this study, with samples subjected to a combination of treatments: riding a motorcycle on different road types and at different speeds. Vibration measurements and calculations were carried out using an accelerometer sensor based on ISO 2631-1, and MSD complaints were assessed using the Body Map Questionnaire (BMQ). The results of this study showed that riding on concrete roads resulted in a significantly higher vibration acceleration of 37.74% and a higher score of MSD complaints of 18.67% compared to asphalt roads. Riding at a speed of 50 km/h resulted in a significantly higher vibration acceleration of 31.03% and a higher score of MSD complaints of 9.49% compared to a speed of 30 km/h. This indicates that increased vibration exposure increased the risk of MSD complaints in this study. These findings highlight the need for measures to mitigate WBV exposure and its adverse health effects on motorcyclists, particularly when riding on rough road surfaces at higher speeds. Recommendations include limiting riding duration and implementing vibration-reducing technologies in motorcycle design.

Predicting preferred motorcycle riding postures to support human factors/ergonomic trade-off analyses within a multi-objective optimisation-based digital human model

Digital human models (DHM) can predict how users might interact with new vehicle geometry during early-stage design, an important precursor to conducting trade-off analyses. However, predicting human postures requires assumptions about which performance criteria best predict realistic postures. Focusing on the design of motorcycles, we do not know what performance criteria drive preferred riding postures. Addressing this gap, we aimed to identify which performance criteria and corresponding weightings best predicted preferred motorcycle riding postures when using a DHM. To address our aim, we surveyed the literature to find experimental data specifying joint angles that correspond to preferred riding postures. We then deployed a response surface methodology to determine which performance criteria and weightings optimally predicted the preferred riding postures when using a DHM. Weighting the minimisation of the discomfort performance criteria (an aggregate of joint range of motion, displacement from neutral and joint torque) best predicted preferred motorcycle riding postures.

Differentiating Motorcycle Performance Between BS4 and BS6 Generation of KTM RC 390 Motorcycle using Data Visualization

This research project is crucial to understanding how motorcycle design is influenced by transitioning from Bharat Stage (BS) 4 to Bharat Stage (BS) 6 emission standards, particularly in the context of the KTM RC390 models from 2017 and 2020. The importance of this research is twofold. To begin with, it lets us evaluate how changes to emission standards would affect things like engine management systems, emissions control technologies, environmental compliance, fuel economy, performance, and performance on motorcycles. The second benefit is that it gives people the tools they need to make educated decisions when buying motorbikes. In order to make my results more understandable, I want to use data visualization tools such as Matplotlib, Tableau, and Google Charts to show the differences between the two models. Next, I will create an intuitive website that presents this data in an easy-tounderstand format. I want to do this by making use of the state-of-the-art FRAMER tool for website creation and design. Essentially, this study connects motorcycle design to pollution requirements, which helps consumers make better selections and uses technology to display facts clearly.

Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project

Abstract This study presents the use of finite element method (FEM) in solving the real engineering problems, e.g., an electric motorcycle design project. A simplified scheme of industrial design is presented, followed by an indication of how to use the capabilities of the selected CAD/CAM/ CAE software in the industrial design of industrial form. Using concurrent design based on the CAD system with the simultaneous use of CAE modules, the interdisciplinary of industrial design engineering was shown, which cannot exist without access to numerical methods. In the electric motorcycle project discussed in this article, the close relation between CAD and CAE modules was used, looking for the best solution in the construction of the motorcycle frame. By conducting a series of numerical simulations based on the FEM and topological optimization, the final shape of the frame and the rear control arm mounting was presented. The designed structure was optimized in terms of mass and effective stress distributions determined from the Huber-Mises-Hencky hypothesis. The resulting model of the frame was adapted to the design project, briefly discussed in the summary of the article. This study indicates the need to use the FEM and CAD/CAM/CAE applications at almost every stage of engineering design.

Rapid Decision-Making Tool for Electric Powertrain Sizing for Motorcycles during New Product Development

As part of the intergovernmental and public interventions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, there are no existing regulations to ban the sale of petrol motorcycles (PM), but it is expected that motorcycle regulations will follow car regulations with several years of delay. There is an emerging trend in motorcycle uptake, which will lead to new development projects with existing brands, and new brands, and will clearly increase the need for development tools that satisfies design challenges specific to electric motorcycles (EM) and electric powertrains. There is significant importance in motorcycle design to quantify the vehicle-level performance indicators and specifications, which are not limited to total vehicle mass, range, acceleration performance, and top speed. Those performance indicators should be quantified for different powertrain configurations and component selections to identify the most suitable configuration for the specific motorcycle development. In this paper, an innovative powertrain sizing approach is proposed to provide solutions for EMs against the design challenges specific to electric motorcycles. The innovative approach is to apply the practice of design space exploration (DSE) in resilient system design (RSD) to EM development. As a proof of concept, a case study of battery sizing is presented, in which a powertrain sizing tool is used to identify battery pack sizing requirements using requirement-based design (RBD), sensitivity analysis and DSE. The case study shows that the RBD approach allows EM product developers to identify a single solution, while DSE clearly demonstrates the trade-off between different configurations, taking multiple design variables into account. The tool prioritises high accessibility and high confidence with limited information at the early phases of electric motorcycle powertrain component sizing and selection.

Exploring the Cargo Potential: A Comprehensive Analysis of Kertajati Airport

Motorized vehicle can’t be apart from our daily activity, because it’s very significantly save our time and energy. According to Erwin (in Sasongko, 2014: 1) mentioned air pollution that comes out from motorized vehicle is very high, so it can pollute the environment and harm human health. Besides, the fossil fuel is an unrenewable which is running low and will cause an energy crisis. So we need alternative energy that is more eco friendly, common, and easy to obtain. Therefore, electric vehicle are one solution to this problem. Electric vehicle is a fuelless vehicle that ran by electric motor with battery for the energy supplier. In accordance with the Kepmen ESDM No. 13 Tahun 2020 about “that to increase the energy efficiency, energy resilience, and energy conservation in transportation sector, it needs to accelerate the battery-based electric motor vehicle program” so that it is necessary to develop innovations to support electric vehicle infrastructure in Indonesia. BLDC Motor is one of the motor type that used in electric vehicle. BLDC Motor used by one of the electric vehicle brands in Indonesia named GESITS, experienced an overheat on the BLDC motor after travelling 30 kilometers around Bekasi (GESITS, 2016). Finally to add cooling to the BLDC Motor, an external fan is installed. This experience shows the importance of cooling to maintain BLDC Motor durability. In addition to cooling the electric motor, it is necessary to pay attention to the efficiency produced by the electric motor. So that it can make consideration of battery consumption on the motorcycle design. Based on the problems above, this research will analyze the efficiency and thermal of a 3000 Watt BLDC Motor in the design of an electric motorcycle. The data collection will be carried out by using the Dynotest tool or Chassis Dynamometer to obtain amount of power, torque, electric current and thermal on the electric motor being tested. From these data calculations will be carried out for the efficiency of a 3000 Watt BLDC Motor. So that this research can be used as a reference for the further development of electric vehicles.

Designing the color of electric motorcycle products emotionally based on the dynamic field theory and deep learning

Current research in Product Color Emotional Design (PCED) often encounters limitations due to the ambiguity in users' emotional information expression, potentially compromising the effectiveness of the design scheme. This paper presents a novel PCED methodology that integrates dynamic field theory with deep learning, thus enabling one-stop generation from user feature labels to product color. Consequently, a product color design system is established, capable of generating color design schemes that align with users' emotional needs by solely incorporating user feature labels. This approach mitigates potential inaccuracies in generation results that could stem from users' direct expression of emotional information. The validity and applicability of the proposed method are demonstrated through a case study focusing on the color emotion design of an electric motorcycle.

The Influence of "Moge" Motorcycles on the Design Trends of Automatic Scooters in Indonesia

This study investigates the impact of the entry of large scooters, commonly known as "Moge," on the development of automatic scooter design trends in Indonesia. Through an in-depth analysis, this paper elucidates how the phenomenon of Moge entering the Indonesian market since 2008 has transformed the landscape of motorcycle design, particularly within the mid-range segment. Firstly, the research identifies that the design characteristics of Moge, including a robust appearance, minimalist graphics usage, and diverse color options, have influenced the design of mid-range daily scooters in Indonesia. In this context, the study highlights changes in the design of popular scooter models such as the Honda Vario. Moreover, the study demonstrates that these design changes are not solely influenced by technical and aesthetic aspects, but also by social factors, government regulations, lifestyle trends, and consumer preferences. Understanding these changes provides insights into how motorcycle industry stakeholders should respond to consumer demands and adapt to evolving government regulations. Furthermore, the paper underscores the pivotal role of key product designers in the decision-making process within the motorcycle industry. By integrating an understanding of government policies, research innovation, design adaptability, and active consumer communication, motorcycle industry players can be better prepared to address challenges and seize opportunities in a dynamic market. In order to maintain competitiveness and business sustainability, the paper recommends that motorcycle industry stakeholders should continuously comprehend shifts in government policies, invest in research and innovation, create flexible and adaptive designs, and engage in active interactions with consumers. By combining the key role of product designers in the decision-making process, the Indonesian motorcycle industry can achieve sustainable growth and retain its position in an ever-evolving market.

Designing dual ontological products for human factors: a machine learning and harmonistic knowledge-based computational support tool

The physical construct of a dual ontological product is essential for those products which physically interact directly with humans, whereas the product's emotional construct interconnects with human cognition. Multitude of human factor aspects must be considered when designing dual ontological products. To increase the product's impact and reach, designers should also understand the requirements of potential users. Designers find it difficult to achieve the right compromise between these constructions. This research therefore contributes a novel harmonistic knowledge-based computational support tool which makes designers aware of design stage conflicts and consequences of commitments made on human factors in the use phase of the artefact. This paper describes in detail the machine learning and harmonistic knowledge-based system which exploits information collected directly from potential users to proactively assist, guide, and motivate product designers. The paper takes the motorcycle artefact as a case of dual ontological product. The prototype support tool has been evaluated with 28 motorcycle design engineers. The results obtained from this evaluation have shown that the approach and design computational-based tool meet their goals, are beneficial, and are required in design engineering practice.

Experimental Analysis of Passenger Comfort with Variable Preloaded Rear Springs on a Low-Cylinder Motorcycle.

The present study contains an experimental analysis of the vibratory response in a low-cylinder engine motorcycle at varying suspension preloads. Three different speed bumps of varying heights were used to subject the motorcycle to different vibrations. The analysis was carried out in three domains: time, frequency, and time-frequency. A triaxial accelerometer was used to measure the vibrations at the seat of the vehicle. The results indicated that the suspension system became more differentiated as the height of the bumps increased. However, for lower bumps, the action of the three spring preloads studied was quite similar. Quantitatively, only the higher bump showed a significant difference between the set preloads. The spectral distribution revealed that the frequency of interest was below 20 Hz for all the studied cases, which is in the same range of human body natural frequencies. The findings of this research can be utilized to enhance the design of low-cost motorcycles, thereby improving the safety and comfort of their drivers and passengers. This study constitutes a significant step towards developing an affordable system capable of gathering sufficient data to support the creation of evidence-based public health policies and propose new transport industry standards based on field measurements.

Optimized Motorcycle Design

Optimized Motorcycle Design

Analisa Performansi Mesin Diesel MAK 8M453 Tipe 4 Langkah dengan Daya Terpasang 2500 kW

In actual diesel engine work cycle is part of the heat input that occurs at constant volume and partly at constant pressure. Therefore, in the calculation of the design of the modern diesel motor cycle, a limited pressure air cycle (combined cycle) is used. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the diesel engine in the PLTD Tenau-Kupang and to find out the deviations or losses that occur in the diesel motor work cycle. From the results of the research in the form of an analysis of calculations at 600 rpm engine speed, it can be concluded that the basic factors of the performance of an engine include the average effective pressure (MEP), piston speed, ratio of stroke length and cylinder diameter, number of cylinders, and calculations for power. The resulting motor is close to the actual motor power.

Effects of fuel injection system and exhaust gas catalytic treatments on PAH emissions from motorcycles.

The motorcycles are unignorable near-ground pollutant emission sources that increase the human exposure in the dense area. However, the information of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions under different scenarios of engine and emission control for motorcycle is limited. This study focused on the PAH emissions from two fuel-injection types of motorcycles, including the premixed fuel-injection (PFi) with carburetor and electronic fuel-injection (EFi). Specifically, the effects of throttle opening (TO), secondary air system (SAS), oxygen sensor (OS), oxidation catalytic converter (OCC), and three-way catalytic converter (TWC) on PAH emissions are investigated. Results show that the PAH emission concentrations increase 227-727%, 351-492%, and 155-408% by the increasing TO ratio, unworking SAS, and OS units in both motorcycles. For the PFi engine, the OCC unit is found to be more effective in PAH control (31-89%) than the SAS system (72-80%), especially under low TO operation. For the EFi engine which dominates the motorcycle market recently, the oxygen sensor for more accurate combustion control shows a better PAH reduction (36-76%) than TWC system (21-66%). The ultra-fine particulate phase PAHs, which is hardly removed by catalyst, needs to be further considered. Moreover, the total PAH emission level of the EFi engine is still about ten times higher than that of the PFi. By the annual emission calculation for three densely populated countries, the recent evolution significantly reduces the annual hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions but have unignorable PAH emissions. These emissions continuously affect the human health in the near-ground urban air and need to be considered in the next generation of motorcycle design.

Numerical simulation on fluid flow and temperature prediction of motorcycles based on CFD

The temperature distributions of solid parts in motorcycle is of significance to give an quantitative cooling performance evaluation for assuring the feasible running of motorcycles. Therefore, the present work mainly tend to systematically investigate the flow velocity distributions and temperature distributions of motorcycle by constructing a fluid-solid coupling analysis model via CFD using commercial software STAR-CCM+. Based on computational fluid dynamics method (CFD), fluid-solid coupling analysis model of motorcycle is realized by integration of porous media model, heat exchanger model and fluid-solid co-simulation module and numerical investigations on fluid flow and temperature distribution characteristics at maximum running speed 120 km/h is conducted. The thermal management experiment test considering three pressure measuring points, fifty-eight temperature measuring points and two flowrate measuring points is investigated to know its cooling performance of motorcycle experimentally and provide experimental data for validation of simulation model. Results show that CFD results are in good agreement with experimental results and the maximum relative error is less than 10%. Thermal management test results show that left and right cylinder temperature, oil temperature are 183 °C, 190 °C, 120 °C, respectively. Air temperature of radiator at inlet side are from 29 °C to 35 °C, Air temperature of radiator at outlet side are from 60 °C to 90 °C, water temperature of radiator inlet and radiator outlet are 96 °C and 89 °C, respectively. The air temperature around left thigh and right thigh are 31 °C and 34 °C, respectively. CFD results show that there is no flow dead-zone and high temperature area in engine main components and muffler front cover. The temperature around motorcycle covering and both two thigh is not high due to the radiation of high-temperature components and the outlet temperature of exhaust muffler is also not high, which will not cause enough heat feelings to the riders for being uncomfortable. From the temperature field analysis results, there is no obvious poor temperature distributions for thermal comfort of this motorcycle. The results of this work can provide simulation data support and theoretical reference for the design and development of motorcycle and its crucial components. Through engineering applications of fluid-solid coupling model in a two-cylinder engine and electric generator, it verifies the universality of fluid-solid coupling model and it can be an effective way for the temperature predictions of industrial products.

Analysis of Percentage Frequency Distribution Towards Satisfaction from Users of Honda Motorcycles

Honda has become a market leader that has never been displaced from its position as the top leader in a motorcycle manufacturer with high sales. However, in recent years Honda's position has been shifted by Yamaha. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of the percentage of frequency on the satisfaction of using a Honda motorcycle. This type of research includes experimental research in the form of quasi-experiments. This study uses a descriptive method with a survey approach and uses a random sampling technique. The survey in this study was conducted through information gathering techniques by compiling a list of questions (questionnaires) to be submitted to respondents. The number of samples used is 57 respondents, with an error rate of 10%. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive analysis. The study results are motorcycle user satisfaction at the Tunas Jaya Abadi Motor Palangka Raya dealer, seen from the product quality dimension. It is known that users are more interested in attractive Honda motorcycle design indicators. From the price dimension, it is known that most of the users are satisfied. For the price marketed at the Tunas Jaya Abadi Motor Palangka Raya dealer. From the dimension of service quality, users are pretty satisfied with the service at the Fleet Tunas Jaya Abad dealer. From the emotional factor dimension, it is known that users are satisfied with the service at the Tunas Jaya Abadi Motor dealer. Concluded that the frequency distribution percentage significantly affects the satisfaction of Honda Tunas Jaya motorcycle users.

Design and Analysis of New Electric Motorcycle: Analysis of Bending Moment Stiffness

Design and Analysis of New Electric Motorcycle: Analysis of Bending Moment Stiffness

Indonesian Electric Motorcycle Development: Lessons from innovation-based concept implementation on the design and production of the first Indonesian electric motorcycle

The R&D lead time of a motorcycle from scratch takes roughly five to seven years. This time frame needs to be significantly reduced to develop and produce an electric motorcycle in less than a year. The purpose of this article is to report the designing, testing, and mass production of GESITS, the first electric motorcycle developed in Indonesia. This was a significant development in Indonesian industries because motorcycles before GESISTS were developed by their principal engineers in Japan, India, or China. Due to the short time available for R&D, traditional methods employed by existing automotive industries were not applicable. They operated following the requirements from their motorcycle parent companies, which had gigantic markets, capabilities, and finance. Furthermore, the electric motorcycle industry was not yet ready because the R&D model seemed to be a push rather than pull market production employed by the existing industries. Therefore, a novel methodology and approaches for R&D and production are required. In terms of technology, business model, and company, this motorcycle was novel, meaning it was logical to implement the innovation-based approach to research, develop, and produce the GESITS. Lean start-up methodology governs the R&D process and was used to develop GESITS and its business model in less than two years. Subsequently, GESITS has been mass produced and sold in Indonesia and abroad with sales significantly increasing annually. Therefore, this article shows the successful implementation of the innovation-based concept in new industries—electrical motorcycles.

Factors for Selecting Honda Matic Motorcycles In Medan City With Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method

The city of Medan is the center of government, trade, education and so on in the North Sumatra region. The high mobility in the city of Medan makes the transportation system very important. The problem of transportation in the city of Medan is also a very complex problem, especially the increasing dependence on private vehicles, both cars and motorbikes. And this causes congestion to be higher in the city of Medan and has become a common thing. Along with the development of automatic motorcycle transportation, which is increasing, both in terms of motorcycle design criteria, vehicle performance, and fuel economy used. Therefore, not a few consumers have difficulty in choosing an automatic twowheeled vehicle that suits their needs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the selection of Honda matic motorcycles in Medan using the AHP (analitycal hierarchy process) method. The AHP method is a decision support system aimed at assisting consumers in the process of selecting a Honda matic motorcycle to be purchased according to their needs

Formulating a multi-layered framework for automobile architecture

Product architecture is defined as allocation of components to functions and their interfaces. But what makes this formulation insufficient for automobile architecture is their multi-layered allocation of components and the visual aspect of the architecture. This paper suggests, through an empirical study of two-wheeler models being manufactured by a prominent manufacturer, a multi-tiered framework along with a visual template for two-wheeler architecture which includes their visual schema as well. This paper investigates and demonstrates that this framework and template satisfy the requirements of product architecture by using examples from the domain of motorcycle design. Further, this paper investigates the utility of this framework for platforming strategy, innovation, adoption of new technology and standardization.

Design and Fabrication of Electric Motorcycle

The vehicles on road are increasing with rapid rate which is good by transportation perspective and hence the growing need of oil-based fuel making transportation costly as the price of oil based fuel rising too. The quantity of oil-based fuel remains unchecked and the exhaust from oil-based fuel brings environmental problems like ‘‘green house effect’’, health issues for the operating environment. The electric vehicles is a good option for moving away with problems related to the oil-based fuel lot of researches is going on in world and money is being spent on the development of the electric vehicles. The problem related with electric vehicles are electric vehicles have low speed, having low load carrying capacity, and batteries having short life. The main aim of this research paper is to give an idea about fabrication of simple, cost effective electric motorcycle which can be done by replacing internal combustion engine and other components with brush less direct current gear motor, controller and lithium-ion battery. This electric motorcycle uses 48V 750w brushless direct current gear motor to propel the vehicle, lithium-ion battery as power source the brushless direct current motor. The 48v 750w brushless direct current gear motor have high load carrying capacity with acceptable speed and lithium-ion battery have more life than other batteries available in market such as lead acid battery. The lithium-ion battery has less weight, quick charge property, required less storage space compare to other batteries available in market.