Motor Vehicle Drivers Research Articles

Implementation of administrative liability for motor vehicle violations in the state of intoxication: criminological analysis

The article is devoted to the issues of implementation of administrative liability for driving a vehicle while intoxicated. The author makes a thesis that there is a high level of road traffic injuries as a result of road accidents in Ukraine and a low level of road safety. One of the reasons for this state of road accidents is the commission of road traffic accidents while intoxicated, which is a consequence of the low culture of domestic drivers and a sense of impunity, as such offences are becoming the norm and have become commonplace. It is argued that an important aspect of successful implementation of the State policy in the field of road safety is the ability of the national judicial system to fulfil its tasks of ensuring the inevitability of liability for committed road traffic offences. However, there are a number of factors (determinants) which prevent the courts from successfully performing their functions. Attention is drawn to the annual increase in the workload of the judicial system of Ukraine. The increase in vacant positions due to the dismissal of judges has a negative impact on the quality and quantity of cases considered, as well as on the overall duration of the process in the direction of its delay. The author provides statistical data showing an increase in the number of cases submitted to judges, which confirms the first thesis. The author emphasises the obsolescence of the current legislation on administrative liability and the existence of a significant number of shortcomings and gaps which require immediate response. The author supports the position that the latter significantly contributes to corruption among representatives of the judiciary. The author emphasises the typical mistakes made by police officers in the preparation of administrative offence case files, which significantly affect the final court decision, and as a result, the allegedly guilty person in drunk driving escapes liability altogether. The author provides an example of a common violation committed by police officers in the course of the procedure for bringing a driver to administrative responsibility. The author makes a conclusion about the organisational, regulatory and managerial determinants which lead to impunity of motor vehicle drivers.

Trends in alcohol, MDMA, methylamphetamine and THC in injured and deceased motor vehicle drivers and motorcyclists over a decade (2010–2019) in Victoria, Australia

BackgroundDriving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs contributes significantly to road traffic crashes worldwide. This study explored trends of alcohol, methylamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in...

Prevalence of cell phone use while driving in different urban settings. A roadside observational study in maputo city, Mozambique.

Prevalence of cell phone use while driving in different urban settings. A roadside observational study in maputo city, Mozambique.

Patterns of Brain Injury and Clinical Outcomes Related to Trauma from Collisions Involving Motor Vehicles.

Background: Despite improvements in technology and safety measures, injuries from collisions involving motor vehicles (CIMVs) continue to be prevalent. Therefore, our goal is to investigate the different patterns of head injuries associated with CIMVs. Method: This is a single-center, retrospective study of patients with motor vehicle-related trauma between 1 January 2016-31 December 2023. Patients were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) injury codes and the Abbreviated Injury Severity (AIS) for body region involvement. Result: 536 patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the injured population includes pedestrians (46.8%), followed by motorcycle drivers (25.2%), bicyclists (18.7%), and motor vehicle drivers (9.3%). The male-to-female ratios for bicyclists and motorcyclists were 13.7:1 and 11.9:1, respectively, which is higher compared with motor vehicle occupants and pedestrians, with ratios of 2.3:1 and 1.5:1. Patients with blunt trauma (99.63%) were higher than penetrating trauma (0.37%). In most cases, the head had the highest AIS score, with a mean of 3.7. Additionally, the median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 20. Skull fractures were the most prevalent, followed by hemorrhages, lacerations, contusions, and abrasions. Conclusions: The most prevalent injuries were head injuries and fractures. Fractures were the most common, followed by hemorrhage, laceration, contusion, and abrasion. These findings underscore the high incidence of TBI and fractures in such CIMVs, highlighting the need for targeted trauma interventions and the need for injury prevention strategies to mitigate these severe outcomes.

Актуальные вопросы гигиены труда работников автотранспортного подразделения горно-обогатительного комбината

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the unavailability of information on the working conditions of drivers of motor vehicles at contemporary ore mining enterprises. The study aims to examine the working conditions of drivers of motor vehicles of a mining and processing plant, considering the nature and specifics of their production work. The hygienic examination of the assessment of working conditions is carried out at workplaces of the motor transport division that is part of a mining and processing plant for the production of copper and zinc concentrates with a workforce exceeding 5 thousand employees. The working conditions of drivers of heavy-duty vehicles and mining and loading equipment during the service period not exceeding 10 years have been assessed. The professions of drivers of cars, excavators, bulldozers, and tractors represent employees. The results of the study helped to prioritize the production risk factors for health disorders of employees engaged in motor vehicle driving during transportation and unloading of ore material, dump formation, and road maintenance. The leading harmful production factors for this category of employees are the vibroacoustic factor in the form of the production noise and vibration (local, general) and the severity and intensity of work. Considering all harmful production factors in total, the working conditions of drivers of heavy-duty vehicles engaged in ore transportation from underground sectors and quarries, drivers of excavators, bulldozers, and tractors engaged in loading and unloading of ore material and overburden, organization of dumps, are rated as сlass 3 of the 2nd degree of harmfulness (class 3.2). According to the results of the studies, a set of measures to reduce the risk of the impact of production factors on the employee’s body must be developed. The set of measures and organizational, sanitary hygienic, and medical measures must include the psychophysiological selection of candidates for admission to work associated with the operation of heavy-duty vehicles and mining and loading equipment in the conditions of a mining and processing plant.

Analysis of the influencing factors of abnormal blood pressure and electrocardiogram in occupational motor vehicle drivers

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of abnormal blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) in occupational motor vehicle drivers. Methods: In January 2024, a cluster sampling method was used to study 606 occupational motor vehicle drivers from a transportation service enterprise in Beijing who completed occupational health examination in 2023 in Peking University Third Hospital as observation group and 596 non-occupational motor vehicle drivers as control group. The data of personal history, occupational history, blood pressure and ECG were collected, and the effects of occupational motor vehicle driving on hypertension and ECG were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: The age of workers in the observation group was (34.1±7.8) years old, and the length of service was (7.0±7.1) years. The age of the control group was (33.8±7.6) years old, and the working age was (7.7±6.5) years. There was no significant difference in age and length of service between the two groups (t=0.62, -1.90, P=0.538, 0.057). Systolic blood pressure (133.0±14.7) mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (83.7±11.6) mmHg, hypertension detection rate of 33.0% (200/606), ECG abnormality detection rate of 39.9% (242/606). They were significantly higher than those in the control group [ (127.8±14.4) mmHg, (77.5±11.0) mmHg, 24.7% (147/596), 31.0% (185/596) ], and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that occupational motor vehicle driving were risk factors for hypertension and abnormal ECG (OR= 1.210, 1.578; 95% CI: 1.145-1.231, 1.237-2.012; P<0.001) . Conclusion: Occupational motor vehicle driving may increase the risk of hypertension and abnormal ECG in workers.

The interaction of contributing factors and prediction on injury severity of accident for motor vehicle drivers

Each year, numerous motor vehicle drivers (MVD) suffer injuries or fatalities in traffic accidents. Many factors are related to the severity of injuries sustained by MVD in traffic accidents. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the interaction of factors influencing injury severity of MVD and to predict injury severity. Using the traffic accident data collected from a city in China between 2018 and 2023, we employed the multinomial logistic regression model to identify significant factors affecting injury severity of MVD. Subsequently, these significant factors were incorporated into a stepwise logistic regression model to analyze the relationship between the interaction of factors and injury severity of MVD. Furthermore, the significant factors in the logistic regression model were taken as independent variables, and Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM were used to construct the prediction model of injury severity of MVD. The results indicate that 13 factors have significant meaning for MVD. The stepwise logistic regression model reveals that nine interactions have the most significant impact on injury degree of MVD. The quantitative analysis of the relationship between injury severity and interaction indicates individuals aged 66 and above with abnormal vehicle status, individuals aged 26–45 with guardrails, individuals aged 46–65 and special road, vehicles with normal status and no lighting at night, vehicles with normal status and other driving state, green plants and green belts and early morning, sand, gravel, or dirt roads and cloudy day, mountain and no lighting at night can lead to increased injury severity of MVD. Among the prediction models, the XGBoost model with SMOTE sampling achieved the highest accuracy, macro-averaged precision, macro-averaged recall, and macro-averaged F1 score, with an accuracy of 0.907. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for traffic management authorities to improve traffic safety and reduce the severity of MVD injuries in traffic accidents.

Tinjauan Yuridis terhadap Penggunaan Handphone saat Berkendara oleh Pengemudi Kendaraan Bermotor yang Membahayakan Pengguna Jalan Lainnya di Kota Kupang

The purpose of this study is to analyze the juridical review of the use of mobile phones while driving by motor vehicle drivers who endanger other road users in Kupang City. This research is an empirical juridical research in which this research is carried out in the Kupang City Resort Police Law Wilaya. This research uses interview guidelines for thirty-four sources. The results showed that law enforcement against motor vehicle drivers who use cellphones while driving. The inhibiting factors for the police in law enforcement against motor vehicle drivers who use cellphones while driving in Kupang City are internal and external factors. The efforts of the police in tackling cases of motorized vehicle drivers who use cellphones while driving in Kupang City are by strict enforcement, personal approach and conducting evaluations.

Economic Evaluation of a Novel Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in US Motor Vehicle Drivers

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 4.4% of US adults. ADHD is associated with high-risk driving behavior and costly motor vehicle accidents. DYANAVEL XR (DXR) (Tris Pharma, Inc.) is a once-daily fast-acting amphetamine developed for ADHD treatment. A randomized controlled trial showed that DXR patients were 43% less likely to crash during a driving simulation than individuals taking placebo. Study outcomes suggest a DXR crash rate similar to that of a driver without ADHD, while patients treated with the current standard of care (SOC) have a 52% higher crash risk than non-ADHD drivers. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the economic benefits attributable to improved driving abilities and avoided crashes in DXR patients compared with patients treated with the SOC or those who are untreated. Methods: A cost-impact model estimated 1-year crash-related cost outcomes for DXR-treated patients compared with SOC-treated and untreated ADHD patients. SOC was assumed to consist of a combination of short-, intermediate-, and long-acting ADHD stimulant and non-stimulant medications. DXR crash risk was assumed equivalent to the non-ADHD population risk, as supported by trial data. Crash risk for untreated and SOC-treated ADHD patients were assumed to be 99% and 52% higher than the general US population, respectively. Model outcomes included the cost impact (medication- and crash-related costs) and the number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities avoided with DXR. Results: Treatment with DXR would avoid 0.82 crashes, 0.016 injuries, and 0.036 fatalities per year compared with untreated patients, and 0.036 crashes, 0.007 injuries, and 0.0001 fatalities per year compared with SOC-treated patients. Compared with a population of 25% SOC-treated patients and 75% untreated patients, DXR use would save an average of $4581 per person per year across all age groups when priced at $80 per month, assuming all SOC-treated and untreated patients utilized DXR. When the value of quality-of-life improvement is considered, savings increase over 7-fold. Discussion: Outcomes suggest that DXR may be an economically beneficial treatment compared with SOC for ADHD patients. Conclusions: The economic model showed that DXR is cost-saving compared with no treatment and SOC by reducing the number of motor vehicle crashes in the ADHD population.

Economic Evaluation of a Novel Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in US Motor Vehicle Drivers.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 4.4% of US adults. ADHD is associated with high-risk driving behavior and costly motor vehicle accidents. DYANAVEL XR (DXR) (Tris Pharma, Inc.) is a once-daily fast-acting amphetamine developed for ADHD treatment. A randomized controlled trial showed that DXR patients were 43% less likely to crash during a driving simulation than individuals taking placebo. Study outcomes suggest a DXR crash rate similar to that of a driver without ADHD, while patients treated with the current standard of care (SOC) have a 52% higher crash risk than non-ADHD drivers. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the economic benefits attributable to improved driving abilities and avoided crashes in DXR patients compared with patients treated with the SOC or those who are untreated. Methods: A cost-impact model estimated 1-year crash-related cost outcomes for DXR-treated patients compared with SOC-treated and untreated ADHD patients. SOC was assumed to consist of a combination of short-, intermediate-, and long-acting ADHD stimulant and non-stimulant medications. DXR crash risk was assumed equivalent to the non-ADHD population risk, as supported by trial data. Crash risk for untreated and SOC-treated ADHD patients were assumed to be 99% and 52% higher than the general US population, respectively. Model outcomes included the cost impact (medication- and crash-related costs) and the number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities avoided with DXR. Results: Treatment with DXR would avoid 0.82 crashes, 0.016 injuries, and 0.036 fatalities per year compared with untreated patients, and 0.036 crashes, 0.007 injuries, and 0.0001 fatalities per year compared with SOC-treated patients. Compared with a population of 25% SOC-treated patients and 75% untreated patients, DXR use would save an average of 80 per month, assuming all SOC-treated and untreated patients utilized DXR. When the value of quality-of-life improvement is considered, savings increase over 7-fold. Discussion: Outcomes suggest that DXR may be an economically beneficial treatment compared with SOC for ADHD patients. Conclusions: The economic model showed that DXR is cost-saving compared with no treatment and SOC by reducing the number of motor vehicle crashes in the ADHD population.

Cardiovascular Disease Among Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers: A Focus on Truck Drivers.

Cardiovascular Disease Among Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers: A Focus on Truck Drivers.

Case Study: Can Deaf Truck Drivers Be Trained in a Reasonably Safe Manner; An Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Suit

Two separate cases with two deaf individuals filed a claim against a trucking company alleging that their applications for employment had been rejected due to their hearing impairment. The defendants argued that their company could not reasonably accommodate deaf drivers during their required internal training and thus could not hire the individuals for a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver position. In the subject cases, we reviewed the communication methods and channels available for CMV employers to safely employ hard-of-hearing/deaf employees during the on-the-road training program. After a review of relevant standards, regulations, and literature we recommended multiple methods for communication including simple graphical symbols used in roadway signage presented through handheld signs or electronically. Advances in current technology provide simpler and more familiar presentation methods for trainers and students, which would make the analysis and presentation of convincing arguments for matters like this easier if similar foundational steps are taken.

An Influencing Factors Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the Minimum Discrimination Information Principle

Safe traffic is an important part of sustainable transportation. Road traffic accidents lead to a large number of casualties and property losses every year. Current research mainly studies some types of traffic accidents and ignores other types of traffic accidents; therefore, taking various types of road traffic accidents as a whole, an overall study of their influencing factors is urgently needed. To improve road traffic safety, taking various types of road traffic accidents as a whole, this paper analyzes the influencing factors and finds out the causative factors of road traffic accidents. A new index system of road traffic accident influencing factors is constructed based on the existing literature and real traffic data, and their subjective weights and objective weights are obtained by the analytic hierarchy process based on the subjective data and the normalization of the actual traffic data for Yizheng City, Yangzhou, China from January 2020 to December 2020, where the subjective weights are the main weights, and comprehensive weights are obtained by the minimum discrimination information principle correcting the subjective weights with the objective weights. Finally, the global weights, their ranks, and their weight differences are obtained. The main findings are as follows: (1) compared with the real traffic data, experts generally overestimate the impact of road factors on traffic accidents and underestimate the impact of human factors on traffic accidents; (2) in the first-level, human factors and road factors are the causative factors; (3) in the second-level, “motor vehicle drivers’ misconduct”, “road condition”, and “road section” are the causative factors; and (4) in the third-level, “slippery road”, “rain and snow weather”, “intersection”, and “untimely braking” are the causative factors. The research results can provide some scientific basis for improving road traffic safety.

Analysis of Shared Parking Game Model under Dynamic Parking Pricing

In recent years, the problem of "parking difficulty" has led to a large number of illegal parking incidents. The shared parking mode has been considered as an effective way to alleviate the conflict between parking supply and demand and urban traffic pressure. To address the issue of illegal parking and promote the development of shared parking, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model with shared platforms and motor vehicle drivers as the main entities. The study investigates the evolutionary stability strategy of the model, conducts sensitivity analysis on model parameters, and further analyzes the impact of highly sensitive parameters on the evolutionary paths of both players in the game. Finally, numerical simulations are performed on dynamic parking pricing standard. The research findings demonstrate that the sensitivity of discounts received by drivers from shared platforms and the additional revenue gained by the shared platform is higher than that of other parameters. Moderately increasing the penalty for illegal parking and the additional revenue of the shared platform can encourage drivers to choose legal parking and promote the development of shared parking. Under given parameterized and periodic parking pricing standard, finally, according to the particle swarm optimization algorithm, a set of relatively optimal parameter values is derived to enable the model to evolve rapidly into a stable state where drivers choose to park legally and the shared platform selects surrounding parking lots. It can effectively reduce the frequency of illegal parking.

The Health Condition of Motor Vehicle Drivers – A Key Factor for Road Safety

The Health Condition of Motor Vehicle Drivers – A Key Factor for Road Safety

ENHANCING ROAD SAFETY FOR VULNERABLE ROAD USERS – THE ROLE OF AUTONOMOUS EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEMS

Vulnerable road users are the largest group of road accident victims in the world. At the same time, it should be noted that most road accidents are caused by the motor vehicle driver. An opportunity to increase the level of road safety is emergency braking systems installed in vehicles. Their task is to detect the risk of a collision with another object, issue a warning to the driver and, in the absence of reaction, perform emergency braking. The publication presents the results of research conducted by the Motor Transport Institute as part of the PEDICRASH project. As part of the work, a series of tests of the autonomous emergency braking system were carried out to check unusual but probable cases of events in which it should work. The tests were carried out in a closed area using a few selected models of popular passenger car brands. An additional data acquisition system and dummies imitating vulnerable road users: pedestrians and cyclists were used. The constructions represent the silhouette of an adult person and meet the requirements of the Euro NCAP AEB Protocol. The time of the collision at the time of issuing a warning to the driver was analyzed. Assuming that the vehicle was moving uniformly, the distance from the obstacle was calculated at the time of issuing the warning and after the driver's reaction time (0.7 s and 1 s were assumed) from this signal. The deceleration necessary to brake the vehicle was calculated and it was determined whether the driver would have a chance to brake the vehicle before a pedestrian or a cyclist in a given situation. For cases in which the driver would not be able to brake in time, the speed of the vehicle with which it would hit the vulnerable road users was calculated. Possible injuries and accident costs were then estimated.

Exploring the Concept of Unsafe Antisocial Behavior among Motor Vehicle Drivers: A Qualitative Study

Background: Previous analyses have revealed that the human factor is significant in causing traffic accidents. Antisocial driving behaviors have led to a phenomenon called driving violence, which poses a significant risk to other road users. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the concept of antisocial driving behavior and its various types. Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using a content analysis approach and involved 12 participants selected through the purposive sampling method. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted from June to September 2019 in Tehran, Iran. Data were analyzed using Graneheim’s approach. Results: The study identified a total of 419 primary codes, 10 subcategories, and 5 main categories including culture, violation of laws, reduced traffic safety, reduced social welfare, and risk-taking behaviors. Conclusion: Antisocial behaviors in driving are context-based and pose a potential risk to other road users. They often violate citizenship rights and driving laws while being related to the prevailing culture of the community. Therefore, appropriate interventions and policies should be adopted to reduce these behaviors.

Factors associated with road traffic injury in a high-risk zone of Bangladesh: a mixed-method study

IntroductionRoad traffic injuries are a significant public health issue in low-income and middle-income countries. This study was designed to explore the pattern and factors associated with road traffic injury in...

Research on the Liability Identification of "Open Door Killing" Traffic Accidents

In legal practice, there is a great dispute about the liability identification of the "open door killing" accident. Often, the division of responsibility involves multiple parties, including the driver of the motor vehicle, the passenger of the vehicle, and possibly third parties. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a more reasonable liability division and compensation scheme through the analysis of the existing theories. First of all, this paper discusses three legal theories: subjective co-theory, objective co-theory and compromise theory. The subjective joint theory holds that the accident liability should be distributed according to the subjective faults of each party. The objective common theory focuses on the objective behavior and result of the parties in the accident. The compromise theory tries to find a balance between the first two, taking into account both subjective negligence and objective results. Combining these three theories, this paper proposes that in the "open-door killing" accident, the main body of responsibility should include motor vehicle driver and passenger. The driver of a motor vehicle should be responsible for ensuring safety after stopping, while the passenger should ensure that there is no traffic or pedestrians before driving. In addition, this paper also puts forward the shared responsibility of the duty of care, and believes that drivers and passengers should pay attention to the surrounding traffic environment to prevent possible accidents. Finally, this paper discusses the problem of identifying the accident in the accident. In determining whether an accident is an accident, consideration should be given to the degree of control over the accident by the parties. If both the driver and the passenger had sufficient ability to anticipate and prevent an accident, then the accident should not be considered an accident. Through the above analysis, this paper aims to provide a more comprehensive and fair perspective to guide the identification of liability and liability for compensation in practice. It is hoped that through this way, the traffic accidents caused by passengers' driving doors can be fundamentally reduced and the overall safety of road traffic can be improved.

Ten-Year Cardiovascular Risk Estimation through the Framingham Risk Score among Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers with High and Low Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Abstract Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are both major medical causes of road accidents among commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. The present study aimed to determine the association of the ten-year risk of developing CVD and other cardiac risk factors with the risk of developing OSA among apparently healthy CMV drivers. Materials and Methods The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 315 male CMV drivers. Demographic characteristics were collected, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Snoring, Tiredness, Observed Apnea, High Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI) &gt; 35 kg/m2, Age &gt; 50 Years, Neck Circumference &gt; 40 cm, and Male Gender (STOP-Bang) questionnaire, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were filled out, and the ten-year CVD risk was calculated through the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for each individual. Laboratory tests also were performed. The participants were divided into two groups based on the STOP-Bang score and FRS, and other CVD risk factors were compared, accordingly. The Chi-squared test, the Student t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression were used for the analysis. Results The mean age of the drivers was of 45.57 (range: 30 to 70) years. In the univariate analysis, the mean age, years of driving experience, FRS, vascular age, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, ESS score, BMI, and circumference of the waist and hip presented a significant association with STOP-Bang score ≥ 3 (p &lt; 0.05). The metabolic equivalents of task (METs) for total physical activity and walking (min/week), time spent sitting (h/day), lipid profiles, smoking history, vehicle type, and shift type were statistically similar in both groups. In the multivariate analysis, a high risk of OSA was independently associated with higher FRS (odds ratio: 1.92; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion The STOP-Bang score presented a direct correlation with the estimated ten-year CVD risk in CMV drivers. The high risk of developing OSA among CMV drivers is accompanied by higher CVD risk factors such as old age, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, and waist and hip circumference. The FRS was statistically higher in CMV drivers with high OSA risk.