Introduction . The development of passenger motor transport systems in cities makes it necessary to solve the problem of their organization level assessment. There is a problem of an excessive variety of indicators used for such estimation. This complicates not only comparative analysis of the systems under consideration in different cities but also the development of advancement implications in a particular city. In this regard, the elaboration of the methodology for assessing the level of organization of regular urban passenger transportation, aimed at solving this problem, is relevant. The purpose of the work is to develop theoretical and methodological tools for organization level assessment of urban passenger transport. Materials and methods . The paper uses the provisions of general scientific research methods - analysis and synthesis, mathematical statistics, in terms of the analysis of collinearity, multicollinearity and orthogonality of indicators, the theory of transport processes and systems, control theory, methods of expert assessments. The results of field surveys and continuous observation surveys, data from open information systems (the official website of the administration of Orenburg city and Rosstat), “StatSoft Statistics” and “MS Excel” software were used. Results. From the existing diversity, the use of seven indicators has been justified and their impact on the assessment of the organization level of passenger motor transport systems has been established. The mathematical model developed for this purpose is supplemented with an indicator of system stability under conditions of non-force majeure disturbance. The greatest role in estimating the level of organization plays “The average value of the deviation of bus traffic intervals from the calculated intervals during 24 hours” and “The share of the territory covered by the city route network” indicators. Conclusion . Theoretical and methodological tools for assessing the organization level of the operation of urban passenger transport systems have been developed, the effectiveness of which has been confirmed by the example of Orenburg city. The organization level was 0.41, with the stability level of 0.302, compared to the acceptable value of 0.876. Areas of further research focuses on the development of a set of methods for the enhancement of urban passenger transportation systems.

Road safety remains a critical concern in Poland, where infrastructure development, motorization, urban density, and public transport patterns all influence traffic accident occurrence. This study examines road accidents over the period 2010–2024, using official statistical data from the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) and national transport databases. The study examines how road infrastructure, vehicle ownership, population density, and public transport usage relate to traffic accidents in Poland between 2010 and 2024. A log-linear regression model was applied to estimate the elasticities of each factor, allowing interpretation of the expected percentage change in accidents associated with a 1% change in the explanatory variables. The results show that increased density of paved roads and higher urban population density are associated with higher accident numbers, while the expansion of expressways and motorways significantly is associated with lower accident numbers. Greater motorization also increases accident risk, whereas higher public transport usage has a modest mitigating effect. Bus and trolleybus operations slightly increase exposure, while tram mileage shows a negligible decrease in accidents. Results show that paved road density and urban density tend to increase accidents, while expressways reduce them. Policy implications include the importance of balancing infrastructure development with traffic management, promoting public transport, and addressing urban density to reduce accident risk. The study highlights the need for integrated approaches to improve road safety and provides a quantitative basis for evidence-informed transportation planning.

The article examines the problems of economic losses associated with the impact of multistorey buildings on the adjacent street and road network. A general assessment of the current state of the considered issues is given both in Russia and abroad. The works and solutions to the problem under consideration are given in well-known publications and manuals. The research results of the Soyuz microdistrict, located in the Irkutsk city plan, are proposed. Its generating capacity, the proportion of visitors arriving by private road transport, its average occupancy and duration of parking are estimated. Special attention is paid to calculating the coefficients of daily unevenness, which show the uneven distribution of transport demand to the territory under consideration. A theoretical aspect of assessing transport demand is proposed, consisting of the generating capacity of multi-storey residential buildings, its distribution in the time aspect and the total intensity of individual motor transport. The calculation of the time losses of road users at the powering intersection of the Soyuz microrail was performed. Based on economic criteria expressed through an assessment of traffic delays, an assessment of the indirect economic effect is given in the absence of traffic management measures at the intersection in question. Ways to reduce the loss of time by individual-use road transport through measures to improve the efficiency of traffic management in the zone of influence of the Soyuz microdistrict are considered.

The road transportation sector in Ogbomoso area of Oyo state influences economic activities, facilitates the movement of people, goods and services. However, one of the challenges of road transport operations is that there is little or no understanding of safety compliance and regulations guiding the road transport operations in the study area. The study thereby seeks to assess the level of transport education and the challenges and barriers faced by road operators in assessing transport education. The study employed survey research design with the use of a well-structured questionnaire and interview. The total population of the study is three hundred and ten (310) which comprised of 210 public motor parks drivers, (report of park managers, 2024). 30 Private companies administrative staffs and drivers base on the information obtained from Specific private companies which includes: Tribel Global Motors (TGM) Transport Company and MST executive transport service, 2024 and 70 FRSC officers, (Ogbomoso FRSC area Command, 2024). From where a sample size of one hundred and seventy five (175) respondents were randomly selected using the Taro Yamane formula.Descriptive analysis such as percentage count and inferential statistics of multiple regression was employed for the study. Findings revealed that a little above average have received some form of transport education, significant gaps still remains. The study concluded that the level of transport education is still relatively low and this implies that there should be more enlightenment about transport education in the study area.

The article presents an organizational and functional model of psychological support for personnel of a motor transport enterprise operating under wartime conditions. The relevance of this study is determined by the high level of psycho-emotional stress faced by employees in the transport sector, which performs critical tasks such as cargo transportation, population evacuation, and delivery of humanitarian aid. In conditions of constant threat, prolonged air-raid alerts, disruption of social connections, and loss of colleagues or relatives on the frontline, employees are exposed to increased risks of professional burnout, stress-related maladaptation, and reduced work efficiency. The study aims to substantiate and present an organizational and functional model of psychological support for personnel of motor transport enterprises under wartime conditions, which ensures resilience, prevention of emotional burnout, maintenance of work efficiency, and continuity of operations. The proposed model consists of seven interrelated functional blocks: Organizational-Managerial, Integrated Crisis, Diagnostic-Analytical, Psycho-Educational, Individual, Group, and Digital. Each block performs specific functions, including centralized management, monitoring of employees’ psycho-emotional state, conducting trainings and informational activities, providing individual counseling, strengthening peer support, and facilitating digital communication and rapid response. The implementation of the system is structured as a phased process: Preparatory, Training and Information, Pilot Implementation, Analysis and Adjustment, Scaling, Institutionalization, and Sustainable Operation. This approach ensures adaptability to the enterprise’s operational conditions, minimizes psycho-emotional risks, enhances personnel management, and maintains productivity under high-stress circumstances. The proposed model is systemic, flexible, cost-effective, and applicable to other enterprises in the transport sector operating in turbulent or crisis environments. Further research may focus on evaluating its effectiveness, the impact on employees’ mental health, organizational performance outcomes, and integration of modern digital tools for monitoring and early intervention. The study contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of occupational psychological support in high-risk contexts, providing a foundation for long-term workforce resilience and sustainable enterprise functioning under wartime conditions.

A three-level model for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by mobile and stationary road transport facilities of a state or region, proposed in this article, takes account into GHG emissions from a vehicle fleet (mobile objects) and road transport infrastructure (network of car services, road network of various categories). Additionally, it has been developed the intellectual system which evaluates the reliability of the array of initial data, by increasing the range and adjusting (if necessary) the values of individual indicators, as the result we achieving the convergence of the calculating GHG emissions from motor vehicles according to the models of all three levels of assessment. This ensures verification of the obtained gross GHG emissions. Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions using three-level model was carried out for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region (Russian Federation), they shown the possibility of reducing by 2030 by 3.2 ... 12.4% of gross GHG emissions by motor transport of the Russian Federation in comparison with 2015. For St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, both the reduction of gross GHG emissions by road transport (12.7% innovative scenario) and their growth (4.8% inertial scenario) are expected during the forecast period. At the same time, both for the St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region and for the state as a whole, a significant reduction in gross GHG emissions by road transport is expected in the period after 2025 due to the intensive replacement of cars on oil fuel by electric vehicles and hybrids, changes in the transport behavior of the population, the development of public passenger transport and cycling, the introduction of autonomous vehicles, etc.

The article explores a methodological approach to the strategic structuring of business directions in a motor transport enterprise (MTE) under martial law and post-war recovery. Problem statement. The study focuses on Strategic Business Units (SBUs), which enable the evaluation of transport service efficiency and the optimization of managerial decisions. The main issue addressed is the absence of adapted methodologies capable of assessing internal business group positions in unstable transport markets. Unresolved aspects of the problem. Traditional approaches, particularly the BCG matrix, overlook enterprise-specific dynamics, the weight of product groups in sales, variations in transport revenues, and market turbulence, limiting their accuracy and applicability. Purpose of the article. The study aims to develop and justify a methodological approach to structuring MTE business directions through SBU identification, enabling effective management under high uncertainty caused by wartime and recovery conditions. Presentation of the main material. A stepwise SBU evaluation method is proposed, based on analyzing sales revenues, their change trends (K and T indicators), and internal financial and production parameters. For each group, the relative share in total sales and revenue change rate are calculated to classify business directions by strategic relevance: development, investment, support, optimization, or transformation. The methodology ensures an objective assessment of internal business group positions, facilitates balanced SBU portfolio formation, considers potential risks, and substantiates managerial decisions on investment, development, or optimization. Its practical significance lies in creating a strategic planning tool adaptable to enterprise resources, industry features, and organizational forms, ensuring effective operation under uncertainty. Conclusions. Further research will focus on digital models for automated SBU monitoring to enhance managerial responsiveness, strategic flexibility, and financial resilience, thereby ensuring the universality and reliability of the proposed methodology in diverse practical contexts.

The article presents the development and results of emission studies conducted in Poland in the context of global real-driving emissions research. Although the European Union has continuously tightened exhaust-emission standards, road transport remains one of the major sources of air pollution. Several research centers in Poland—including Rzeszów University of Technology, Poznan University of Technology, and the Motor Transport Institute—have been conducting on-road emission measurements for many years across a wide spectrum of vehicles: conventional, hybrid (including plug-in hybrids), and fully electric. The findings show that emissions under real-world driving conditions often differ from those obtained in homologation tests, particularly for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Ambient temperature, road gradient, and driving phases (urban, rural, motorway) were also identified as influential factors. Polish research centers have developed analytical tools enabling comparison between laboratory and on-road tests and allowing real-driving emissions to be estimated based on chassis-dynamometer data. Studies on plug-in hybrids highlighted that these vehicles remain environmentally beneficial only when regularly charged; otherwise, their emissions can increase sharply. Overall, the research confirms that on-road testing is essential for a reliable evaluation of vehicle performance, and the results can contribute to designing more eco-friendly technologies and improving future emission regulations.

The article analyzes the state and prospects for development of the transport infrastructure in the Republic of Tuva. The leading role in the transport complex of the republic is played by the motor transport. The current state of the transport infrastructure in the region was studied using the statistical data and reports of sectoral ministries, its evolution was analyzed, and the prospects for development of the transport infrastructure were outlined. The analysis showed that the performance standards of the motorways in the republic is low, which causes increasing transportation costs and consumption of fuel and lubricants. The development of the road network in the Republic of Tuva does not correspond to the pace of motorization in the republic. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the condition of the motor roads in the region, most of which do not meet the required standards. Creation of an international transport corridor through the Republic of Tuva to China and Mongolia will reduce the load on the Abakan–Kyzyl road.

The article examines the specifics of budgetary value-added tax (hereinafter – VAT) refunds to business entities engaged in the transportation of goods by road. It highlights the importance of increasing the competitiveness of road carriers by directing VAT refunds to the development of transport infrastructure under martial law in Ukraine. It argues that one of the key conditions for receiving budget refunds is the absence of carriers’ accounts payable to suppliers, which has a positive impact on the stability of logistics chains. It is noted that a full analysis of the economic indicators of international carriers is only possible after the publication of deferred statistical data for 2022–2024. It has been proven that the share of international road freight transport in the structure of transport services in the field of foreign economic activity increased from 6.8% in 2020 to almost 15% in 2024, which occurred against the backdrop of significant challenges for air and sea transport in the context of the war. It is argued that a zero VAT rate on such operations is an important incentive that allows carriers to claim a tax credit for the relevant expenses to be reimbursed. The main approaches to VAT taxation of international freight transport, domestic transport operations, freight forwarding services, and transit are summarized. The procedure for calculating negative VAT for Ukrainian carriers that simultaneously perform domestic transportation, international flights, and transit operations has been clarified. It is noted that tax credits for fuel, spare parts, repairs, and other purchases can only be partially taken into account. It is emphasized that such partial allocation is carried out in accordance with the requirements of Article 199 of the Tax Code of Ukraine. The dynamics of budgetary VAT refunds to international freight carriers in the Khmelnytskyi region have been analyzed. The peculiarities of budgetary VAT refunds to motor transport enterprises in the region that carry out freight transportation under CTEA 49.41 are determined. The results obtained make it possible to outline directions for improving the financial support of carriers, which will facilitate the work of international freight carriers in conditions of martial law.

The architecture of the information system of the network of service stations of the motor transport infrastructure is presented, which implements an integrated monitoring approach using advanced technologies for data collection, transmission and processing. An algorithm has been developed to compensate for interference from centralized information monitoring channels of a motor transport company.

The article addresses the problem of legal regulation of organizational relations arising between owners of transport infrastructures in taxi transportation. Currently, there is no consensus in the scientific community re-garding the essence of concepts such as “passenger taxi booking service”, “taxi”, “passenger taxi”, “cargo taxi”, or the possibility of performing taxi motor transportation involving owners of transport infrastructures. Discus-sions on these topics partly stem from legislative gaps, largely associated with somewhat incorrect ideas and formulations regulated in the recently adopted Federal Law No. 580-FZ of December 29, 2022 (the Law on Taxis). The text presents the signs of contracts between owners of transport infrastructures, as well as the sys-tematization of organizational agreements for taxi transportation with their participation. The work has enabled the formulation of an author’s definition of the studied contracts, proposed for legislative consolidation in the subsection “Organization of Transportation” of Chapter 40 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and the development of proposals for adjusting current legislation regarding the elimination of the permitting monopoly of passenger taxi booking services for receiving and transmitting taxi orders, as well as expanding the concept of “passenger taxi” to “taxi”.

Hydrogen as an alternative fuel is gaining increasing importance in the context of energy transition and the decarbonisation of road transport in the European Union. The aim of this publication is to analyse the legal framework and supporting instruments offered by the European Union for the development of a hydrogen economy in the motor transport sector. The work is based on a review and analysis of legal acts, strategies, and financial programs implemented within the EU's climate and energy policy, with particular emphasis on the 2020 hydrogen strategy, the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), and mechanisms such as the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF), the Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI), and the Innovation Fund. This article identifies key legal and financial obstacles and summarizes existing actions supporting the hydrogenation of transport. The summary and conclusions point towards the need for further harmonization of regulations, increased stability of support instruments, and the development of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure as prerequisites for the success of this technology.

General background: Transport systems serve as fundamental components in regional economic development, directly influencing interregional relations, production growth, and investment climate improvement. Specific background: Advanced countries employ digital logistics platforms, public-private partnerships, and green transport strategies to enhance economic efficiency, yet developing nations struggle to adapt these innovations systematically. Knowledge gap: Limited empirical analysis exists on how integrated transport service models—combining digitalization, PPP mechanisms, and sustainable policies—can be strategically applied to accelerate regional economic growth in emerging markets like Uzbekistan. Aims: This study examines foreign transport practices to identify effective organizational and economic mechanisms for regional development, analyzing reforms in aviation, motor transport, and digital service implementation. Results: Comparative analysis reveals that Germany's Smart Logistics increased efficiency by 25%, South Korea's PPP model reduced budget burdens by 30%, and China's Belt and Road Initiative expanded regional trade by 40%. Uzbekistan's freight volumes grew from 650 million tons (2020) to 703.6 million tons (2024), with service value rising from 75 to 108.4 trillion UZS. Novelty: The research provides integrated assessment of digital transformation, multimodal corridor development, and green mobility strategies specifically contextualized for transitional economies. Implications: Findings establish strategic directions for implementing intelligent transport systems, expanding PPP infrastructure, and strengthening regional integration to achieve sustainable economic growth.Highlight : Digital transformation improves efficiency by 25% and reduces logistics costs through AI-based management and intelligent transport systems. Public-private partnerships enable infrastructure financing with 1:1.7 investment multiplier effect while reducing state budget burden by 30%. Multimodal integration drives regional trade growth by 40% and reduces carbon emissions by 12-14% through sustainable transport policies. Keywords : Transport Infrastructure, Regional Development, Logistics Optimization, Public-Private Partnership, Sustainable Mobility

Integration of knowledge from the course "Introduction to the speciality", "General ecology (and neoecology), engineering ecology of motor transport" in the formation of environmental competence

This study aims to determine the optimal care strategy for Etawa crossbred goats (PE) for contest purposes at NRJ farm. The materials used in this study were questionnaires and respondents, the equipment used included motor transportation, Android phones and stationery. The methods used were surveys, observations, and direct practice for three weeks, then the results were presented descriptively. The method of determining respondents was carried out by purposive sampling or intentionally meeting the established criteria. Data collection used a questionnaire containing questions about male PE goat care techniques for contest purposes. And using parameters of seed quality, feed/supplement quality, intensive care, special treatment/strategy aspects and housing. The data obtained were collected and then concluded using a qualitative approach. Obstacles will be analyzed using SWOT. The results of this study include intensive care techniques and special care for male PE goats for livestock contest purposes applied at NRJ Farm Boyolali. The results of the study can improve understanding of the care needs of PE contest goats and develop better educational resources for other contest goat breeders. The conclusion of the results of this study is that the optimal intensive care technique and care strategy for male PE goats at NRJ farm Boyolali will improve quality and maintain achievements in livestock contests.

The article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations as well as practical tools for shaping strategies of interaction between motor transport enterprises and stakeholders under conditions of globalization, digital transformation, and war-economic challenges. The necessity of systematic and purposeful management of relations with stakeholders is substantiated, going beyond spontaneous communications and turning into a strategic resource for enhancing competitiveness, reputational reliability, and enterprise resilience. Based on the analysis of modern scientific approaches and international standards, the evolution of stakeholder theory is revealed, including models of stakeholder identification and prioritization, the concept of stakeholder marketing, and practices of integrating the principles of corporate social responsibility. The paper proposes an approach to developing stakeholder interaction strategies, which involves their identification and classification; quantitative assessment of influence and interest using integral indicators; and the design of matrix strategies for managing interactions. To assess influence and interests, scales are proposed that take into account the parameters of power, legitimacy, and urgency of demands, as well as financial, operational, and reputational-social interest. This allows the identification of four strategic zones of interaction: “key players,” “keep informed,” “maintain satisfaction,” and “minimal effort.” Practical testing of the methodology was carried out on the example of PJSC “ATP-16363.” A differentiated level of influence and interest among various stakeholder groups was identified: owners and shareholders, corporate clients in the food industry, and suppliers of fuel and spare parts play a key role; employees (drivers, logistics dispatchers) have strategic importance for business process stability; while state regulatory bodies and local communities ensure compliance with legal requirements and reputational support. The results of the study confirm the feasibility of applying an integral approach to stakeholder assessment and using the “Influence – Interest” matrix as a tool of strategic management. The proposed recommendations can be applied by motor transport enterprises to improve the effectiveness of partnership interaction, build long-term trust-based relations, and adapt to the conditions of an uncertain external environment.

The problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is relevant not only for manufacturing enterprises, motor transport, but also for agriculture. Decarbonization of the industry includes the conversion of tractors and agricultural machinery to traction electric drive, but creates a number of issues, including with charging infrastructure. Mobile electric charging stations with energy storage devices can be one of the ways to solve the shortage of electricity. Aim of the review is to find solutions for alternative methods of charging infrastructure development that can be applied in the agricultural sector. During the research, the method of analyzing the existing problems of the charging station infrastructure development was used and methods for their solution were proposed. A new direction for the development of charging infrastructure and methods for solving problems of uneven loading of electric grids are proposed. Results. The analysis of designs of tractors with electric drive, mobile electric charging stations and electric charging connectors is carried out. The relevance of using energy storage devices in order to reduce dependence on electric grids to increase mobility and range of electric transport is indicated. The application of the proposed solutions in the transport infrastructure will make it more convenient to operate both agricultural and road electric vehicles and will help accelerate the development of electric vehicles. The application of the proposed solutions in power grids will reduce peak local loads and will contribute to a more even distribution of energy and load on generating capacities.

The article considers the issue of truck efficiency based on the cost of freight road transportation. Two groups of component costs are analyzed in detail: 1) which directly depend on the technical characteristics of trucks (costs of fuel, lubricants and other operating materials, costs of wear and tear and restoration of automobile tires; costs of maintenance and repair); 2) which are determined by the organizational features of the functioning of the motor transport enterprise (drivers' wages, deductions for social needs, depreciation of automobile rolling stock and general economic expenses). The general structure of the cost of freight transportation by automobiles is presented as the sum of indicators that make up two groups of costs: 1) which depend on the volume of cargo; 2) which are related to the characteristics of cargo and organizational work on cargo handling. The formulas for determining the first group of costs (conditional and technical costs) are considered in detail and given, since the value of these costs makes it possible: to assess the efficiency of using vehicles in monetary terms; compare the efficiency of different brands and models of cars in monetary terms; choose the most rational fleet of automobile rolling stock; evaluate the efficiency of the operation of automobiles in various motor transport enterprises in monetary terms. To assess the feasibility of updating the fleet of motor vehicles, it is proposed to use the value of the economic effect, which is defined as the difference in proportionally reduced annual costs. The purpose of the article is to provide methodological recommendations to motor transport enterprises on determining the components of transport costs and assessing the feasibility of updating the motor transport rolling stock. Keywords: cost; expenses; efficiency; profit; reliability; truck; cost price.

The problems of environmental pollution due to the operation of motor transport enterprises and as a result of pollution of vehicles at construction sites are considered. Environmental impact factors during construction are described. The main wastewater pollutants are shown. The main pollutants, such as petroleum products, are indicated. The process of formation and accumulation of pollutants in the drains of automobile enterprises and in construction industries is shown. Photographic materials of contaminated waste water after washing vehicles are presented. The concentrations of the main pollutants formed after washing cars and buses are indicated. recirculating water supply technology is proposed for waste water treatment and recirculation of treated water for vehicle washing before and after sorption treatment.