High-speed vs. low-speed resistance training on muscle function in individuals with low muscle mass and obesity.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with motor training effectively promotes motor recovery in stroke patients. However, its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Existing single-modal neuroimaging techniques are limited by the incapacity to fully characterize the neural mechanisms of combined interventions. To address the above problem, this paper proposed an optimized decomposition method for dynamic brain functional networks based on electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, in order to reveal the potential neural mechanisms underlying the improvement of motor function in stroke patients through combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and motor training from a multimodal perspective. Twenty-seven stroke patients were recruited to participate in a clinical trial for this study. The results showed that the real stimulation group exhibited significantly increased flexibility in the frontoparietal network after intervention, with the magnitude of change significantly correlated with clinical improvement, whereas no significant changes were observed in the sham stimulation group. In conclusion, this study reveals the brain functional rehabilitation mechanism under combined intervention, contributing to the development of personalized rehabilitation strategies.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) may benefit from non-pharmacological motor–cognitive rehabilitation, but sensitive neuroimaging markers of training-related brain changes remain limited. This study investigated whether 4 weeks of daily Quadrato Motor Training (QMT) modulate resting-state functional connectivity (FC) in PD and secondarily explored whether whole-brain radiomic features derived from T1-weighted and fractional anisotropy (FA) images could detect pre–post differences over this short intervention interval. Fifty patients with idiopathic PD were randomized to QMT or a SHAM repetitive stepping condition, and 48 completed the protocol (25 SHAM, 23 QMT). MRI was acquired at baseline and after 4 weeks and included resting-state fMRI, 3D T1-weighted imaging, and diffusion-derived FA maps. Resting-state fMRI was analyzed using independent component analysis and dual regression, whereas an IBSI-compliant radiomics workflow and machine-learning models were used for exploratory scan-level classification. Compared with baseline, the SHAM group showed reduced synchronization across several resting-state networks, whereas the QMT group showed increased synchronization in the right sensorimotor and frontoparietal networks and no significant reductions. Between-group analyses showed lower delta-FC in SHAM than QMT in the cerebellar and sensorimotor networks. In contrast, radiomics showed limited discrimination between pre- and post-QMT scans; the best model achieved a ROC-AUC of 0.65 with near-chance accuracy, and no selected predictor remained significant after multiple-comparison correction. These findings suggest that QMT may support short-term functional network stability or task-relevant reorganization in PD relative to the SHAM condition, whereas whole-brain structural radiomics appears less sensitive for detecting early training-related effects in this setting.

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy commonly leads to impaired gait, balance deficits, and reduced functional mobility, increasing the risk of falls and disability. Although various physiotherapy interventions exist, there is limited availability of structured amplitude- and rhythm-based rehabilitation protocols for this population. Objective: To develop and validate the Rhythmic-Amplitude Motor Progression (RAMP) protocol for improving gait, balance, endurance, and functional mobility in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods: The RAMP protocol was developed based on literature review, clinical expertise, and principles derived from amplitude-based training such as LSVT BIG. The protocol was then validated using a modified Delphi method involving a panel of physiotherapy experts in neurorehabilitation. Experts evaluated the protocol components using a structured questionnaire across two Delphi rounds. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement. Results: After two rounds of Delphi evaluation, consensus was achieved for all components of the RAMP protocol including warm-up, amplitude-based movement training, rhythmic gait training, functional mobility exercises, and endurance training. Conclusion: The RAMP protocol was successfully developed and validated through expert consensus. This structured physiotherapy intervention may serve as a clinically applicable rehabilitation approach for improving gait and balance in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Direct training of articulatory movements can be an effective and efficient tool for second language learning. We have previously developed an articulatory target-based training method using electromagnetic articulography for second language pronunciation. In this training, an estimate of a participant's target midsagittal tongue posture is presented on a display together with the real-time position of their tongue, and used as feedback for adjusting their tongue position to the target position. We showed that Japanese participants improved their pronunciation of American English vowel /æ/, which is not in the Japanese vowel inventory, toward more native-like pronunciation following the training. The current study investigates whether this articulatory target-based training approach, which demonstrably improves production, enhances perception of the corresponding speech sounds. Seven Japanese male speakers participated, performing an ABX perceptual test before and after training, contrasting minimal pairs: /æ/-/ɑ/, /æ/-/ʌ/, and /ɑ/-/ʌ/ within consonant-vowel-consonant words. Results showed that, in spite of the large range of observed variability in individual participants' responses to the articulatory target-based training, overall, there were significant improvements in both production and perception of /æ/. Our findings suggest that motor processing related to speech production contributes to the improvement of speech perception for the second language acquisition, and shows that articulatory target-based training approaches can be useful for enhancing both production and perception in second language acquisition.

Abstract -Railway transportation is a backbone of modern infrastructure, but safety remains a major challenge due to undetected track faults such as cracks, misalignment, and obstacles. Traditional manual inspection methods are inefficient, time-consuming, and prone to human error. This paper presents the design and implementation of a Smart Railway Track Monitoring and Fault Detection System that enables real-time fault detection and alerting. The system uses ultrasonic sensors to continuously monitor track conditions by measuring distance variations. An ATmega8 microcontroller processes the sensor data and detects faults based on predefined threshold values. When a fault is identified, a GSM SIM900A module sends an instant SMS alert to maintenance personnel. A 16×2 LCD display shows system status, while an L293D motor driver with a BO motor simulates train movement and demonstrates real-time response. The system achieves approximately 95% accuracy with a 2–5 second alert delay, ensuring fast and reliable fault detection. This solution is cost-effective, energy- efficient, and suitable for improving railway safety by replacing manual inspection with automated monitoring.

Neurological injuries and disorders affecting hand motor control can severely impair the ability to perform activities of daily living and substantially reduce quality of life. Technologies such as virtual reality (VR) are increasingly used to address fundamental challenges in therapy, including motivation and engagement; further, programmable features of digital interfaces offer additional opportunities to personalize and optimize motor training. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed and evaluated a novel VR-based training framework to support improved dexterity and hand function using physiological (sensory-driven) and cognitive (memory) cues designed to promote greater task-relevant neural engagement. The proposed approach leverages the integration of augmented sensory feedback (ASF) with memory-anchored cues for motor learning of target hand gestures. Using a within-subjects design, thirteen neurotypical adults completed four training conditions: (1) control (baseline gesture-matching in VR), (2) visual ASF (enhanced visualization and feedback of gesture accuracy), (3) memory-anchored cues (associating gestures with semantically meaningful entities, loosely analogous to American Sign Language), and (4) hybrid multimodal (visual ASF + memory-anchored cues). Training with the hybrid condition produced the fastest skill acquisition (9.3 trials to reach an 80% accuracy threshold) and the steepest initial learning slope (1.86 ± 0.12%/trial), with all conditions differing significantly in initial slope (all p < 0.002). Post-training assessment showed that the hybrid condition achieved the highest gesture accuracy (95.2%), greatest normalized post-training accuracy gain (14.3% above baseline), fastest execution time to target gesture (1.14 s), and lowest variability in gestural kinematics (SD = 3.9%). Both ASF and memory-anchored cue conditions each also independently outperformed the control condition on gesture accuracy (both p ≤ 0.002), with omnibus ANOVAs indicating significant condition effects across metrics. Together, these findings suggest that pairing ASF cues with memory-based cognitive scaffolding can yield additive benefits for motor skill acquisition and stability. Pending validation in clinical populations, such approaches may inform the design of VR-based motor training frameworks for rehabilitation.

Background Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal problems affecting physiotherapy students, who are routinely exposed to prolonged sitting, postural strain, and clinical handling tasks. These factors can contribute to kinetic chain dysfunction—an imbalance or restriction in the interconnected joints and muscles that support coordinated movement. Early recognition of such dysfunction is essential for prevention and for fostering better clinical understanding among future physiotherapists. Materials and Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 202 physiotherapy students aged 18–25 years from Krishna College of Physiotherapy, Karad. Participants with spinal deformities, fractures, or congenital abnormalities were excluded. Data were collected using a structured Google-Form questionnaire that recorded demographic details, history of LBP, and awareness-related items on kinetic chain dysfunction. Pain-related disability was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the level of awareness was assessed through a 5-point Likert Awareness Scale 21. The study followed ethical approval protocols and maintained participant confidentiality. Data were analysed descriptively to determine frequency and percentage distributions. Results A high prevalence of low back pain was observed, with 82.7% of respondents currently experiencing pain. Pain intensity was mainly mild to very mild, though functional limitations were noted in activities such as sitting (62.9%), standing (78.7%), and lifting (over 70%). Regarding awareness, 34.1% of students were moderately aware and 20.3% highly aware of kinetic chain dysfunction, while 29.7% reported minimal awareness. Although most students (around 80%) maintained normal social participation, more than half reported occasional sleep disturbances due to pain, indicating early kinetic chain imbalance despite good theoretical knowledge. Conclusion Low back pain is highly prevalent among physiotherapy students, and many demonstrate only moderate awareness of its biomechanical links with kinetic chain dysfunction. The coexistence of mild functional disability and limited awareness highlights the need to reinforce kinetic-chain-based education, ergonomic training, and preventive movement screening within physiotherapy curricula. Early intervention and self-application of postural and core-stability principles may help reduce long-term musculoskeletal problems and enhance clinical proficiency.

Cognitive-motor dual-task (CMDT) training has been widely recognized as an effective method for counteracting age-related declines in physical and cognitive processes. These benefits were associated with increased activity in the frontal cortex; however, it is unclear at which stage of task processing these effects occur. Here, we tested the effect of CMDT training on predictive brain function in healthy older adults compared to standard motor training. Sixty healthy participants (mean age 73.2 years, range 65-82 years, 41 females, 19 males) were randomly divided into two groups, and all attended five weeks of standard exercise for older people, one hour twice a week. In the experimental group, the last 20' of the training session were enriched with CMDT exercises using interactive devices. Functional motor performance and a cognitive task, executed during electroencephalographic recording, were assessed before (T0) and after (T1) the training. Motor and cognitive predictive brain functions required by a cognitive task were assessed by measuring the preparatory event-related potential. Results confirmed the CMDT superiority compared to motor training on both motor and cognitive performance. The effect on frontal cortex activity was confirmed, but we showed that these effects happen during the predictive stage of processing required by a cognitive task. The CMDT training seems to increase both motor and cognitive control over cognitive tasks, resulting in improved mobility and behavioral performance. Results support the view that simultaneous engagement of cognitive and motor brain networks drives functional plasticity in late life. Thus, CMDT represents a pragmatic, neurophysiological grounded strategy for supporting healthy aging.

Coordination dynamics provides a theoretical framework for understanding how stable patterns of coordinated action emerge, stabilize, and change under varying conditions as a result of the interaction between neuromuscular, environmental, and task constraints. The Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB) model predicts that when coordinating actions between two limbs, in-phase (0°) is the most stable coordination mode, anti-phase (180°) is less stable, and 90° is unstable, reflecting the attractor-repeller architecture of the coordination landscape. Although sensory factors such as visual and tactile feedback have been well studied, the role of gravity in shaping these dynamics remains largely unexplored. Here, we tested whether gravity functions as a contextual control parameter in coordination dynamics, reshaping the stability of canonical coordination patterns. During parabolic flight, participants performed bimanual isometric force tasks with Lissajous feedback at 0°, 90°, and 180° relative phase in microgravity (0g), partial gravity (0.25g, 0.5g, 0.75g), and Earth's gravity (1g). Behavioral outcomes included indices of bimanual coordination accuracy, bias, and stability, along with unimanual measures of timing and force control. At 1g, performance followed expected predictions: 0° was most stable, 180° less stable, and 90° least stable. In microgravity, the coordination landscape was destabilized, with increased variability and systematic drifts in constant error during 90° and 180° toward the more stable 0° pattern. Partial gravity (0.25-0.75g) supported partial recovery of stability for the 90° and 180° task, with higher g-levels generally associated with greater accuracy, reduced variability, and diminished bias. These findings indicate that gravity reshapes the attractor-repeller landscape in a graded and task-dependent manner, supporting its role as a contextual control parameter in coordination dynamics, with implications for motor performance and training in altered-gravity environments.

A number of studies have shown the importance of combining observation with practice when learning an action. Although the Point-Light Display (PLD) technique is frequently used in laboratory contexts to assess the mechanisms underlying observational learning, it has only been infrequently used in ecological contexts. The present study explored whether the components of complex weightlifting movements could be learned by means of an observational learning protocol. To that end, we compared three observation conditions: action observation (Video group), Point-Light Display observation (PLD group), and no human action observation (Control group). Twenty-six athletes participated in a weekly one-hour session for 5weeks to learn a complex weightlifting movement. During this period, the participants alternated between phases of movement observation, which varied depending on the condition to which they were assigned, and phases of movement execution. There were 12 sets consisting of 2min of observation and 6 physical repetitions per session. Joint angles at key moments, bar trajectories, and intersegmental coordination were assessed both before (Pre-test) and after (Retention tests) the learning period. The results indicate that both observation conditions had a larger effect on learning than the control condition. Furthermore, the PLD condition was more effective than the video condition for complex intersegmental coordination. This experiment therefore suggests that PLD observation combined with physical practice can be beneficial for the acquisition of complex movements.

Incompressible air is often used to study the tunnel flow field when the train movement at low speed. However, with the increase of train speed, the effect of air properties on tunnel flow field is increasingly serious. In this paper, the influence of compressible effect of air on tunnel flow field is studied deeply. Based on the different train speed, the compressible air model and the incompressible air model are established respectively for comparative study. The influence of different models on tunnel flow field is discussed, including piston wind, tunnel pressure, air density and temperature. The results show that the increase of train speed leads to the significant change of air density, which also makes the compressible effect of air more important for some parameters, such as maximum piston wind velocity and air pressure. By comparing the change of tunnel pressure after the train stops and the temperature distribution under fire conditions, it is found that the compressible effect of air at low speed also has research significance. This study reveals the influence of air properties on tunnel flow field with the increase of train speed. It provides support and reference for the detailed study of high-speed metro tunnel.

BackgroundRepetitive peripheral sensory stimulation (RPSS) delivered above the sensory threshold (RPSSSUPRA) enhances motor performance and learning in the chronic phase after stroke. Here, we compared the effects of RPSSSUPRA and RPSS delivered at subsensory intensity (RPSSSUB) on motor function and levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)+ (GABA plus coedited macromolecules) measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the ipsilesional and contralesional primary motor cortex at different stages post-stroke.MethodsIn this multicenter, randomized proof-of-principle clinical trial, 51 participants in the early subacute or chronic phases after stroke were assigned to receive a single session of either RPSSSUPRA or RPSSSUB of the median nerve, followed by motor training. Jebsen-Taylor test (JTT) scores were assessed before RPSS, after RPSS, and after training. GABA+ ipsilesional/contralesional ratios (GABA+ipsilesional/contralesional) were calculated. The data were analyzed with generalized estimation equations with the factors INTERVENTION, GROUP, and TIME.ResultsThe percent change in JTT performance was significantly affected by TIME, with greater improvements after training than after RPSS across groups. For absolute JTT scores, there was a significant INTERVENTION × GROUP × TIME interaction. In the subacute phase, JTT performance declined significantly post-RPSSSUPRA and improved significantly post-RPSSSUB, whereas in the chronic phase, performance improved significantly following both RPSSSUB and RPSSSUPRA (P < .001 for all Bonferroni comparisons). GABA+ipsilesional/contralesional ratios decreased significantly after RPSSSUPRA in the subacute phase (P = .008) and remained unchanged in the other groups.ConclusionsSubsensory and suprasensory RPSS have distinct effects on motor performance and M1 GABA+ levels in well-recovered individuals in the subacute and chronic phases post-stroke.Trial Registration:NCT03956407 (2019/05/20).

To compare the effects of various physical therapy interventions on proprioception in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and to provide an evidence-based medical basis for choosing the best physical therapy. Six electronic databases were systematically searched. From the time the database was created until March 1, 2025. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of physical therapy for joint position sense were included. A total of 24 randomized controlled trials including 949 individuals with CAI were included. Seven physical therapy methods were used. Network meta-analysis revealed that balance training (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-1.05), strength training (SMD=0.97, 95% CI: 0.53-1.41), balance combined with strength training (SMD=0.94, 95% CI: 0.50-1.37), cognitive motor training (SMD=0.77, 95% CI: 0.08-1.45), electroacupuncture (SMD=0.84, 95% CI: 0.03-1.65), and whole-body vibration training (SMD=1.00, 95% CI: 0.45-1.55) significantly reduced ankle joint position error. Although whole-body vibration training had the highest ranking (75.4%), it was not significantly better than other therapies. With the exception of electrophysical agents, all six physical therapy treatments significantly improved ankle proprioception and yielded similar results. However, interventions should be chosen carefully, as the certainty of evidence is very low.

This paper presents an integrated mathematical model to improve the safety and operational efficiency of train traffic in centralised railway dispatching systems. The proposed approach combines the alternative graph model with a Mealy automaton to synchronously address route planning, delay minimisation, and strict compliance with safety requirements. Formal control theory based on finite-state automata is employed to describe routing logic and signal control through state transitions, while the alternative graph model represents scheduling constraints and resource conflicts. To enhance real-time adaptability, a tabu search algorithm is implemented for train schedule optimisation, enabling dynamic rescheduling under changing operational conditions. The mathematical formulation incorporates blocking time parameters, a system of discrete constraints, and automaton-based safety conditions governing train movements and route authorisation. The integrated model explicitly formalises the processes of block section occupation and release, ensuring consistency between control logic and scheduling decisions. Practical testing and computational experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively reduces train delays, improves the reliability of dispatch control, and increases system resilience to dynamic disturbances. The results confirm that the developed model can be implemented within existing centralised dispatching infrastructures without requiring a complete system overhaul. Overall, the proposed framework expands the functional capabilities of centralised dispatch systems by enabling efficient schedule generation, minimising the propagation of delays, and ensuring reliable command exchange between central control posts and field-level railway infrastructure.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces persistent locomotor deficits that are closely associated with maladaptive structural plasticity of spinal neuronal circuits. Although motor rehabilitation improves functional outcomes, the cellular substrates underlying rehabilitation-induced recovery remain incompletely understood, particularly in relation to activity-dependent neuromodulation strategies. Here, we investigated how treadmill-based motor training (TMT) and its combination with bioluminescent optogenetic (BL-OG) stimulation of Hb9 (homebox 9)-positive motoneurons and excitatory interneurons selectively modulate microarchitectural plasticity in the injured rat spinal cord. At the level of gross locomotor assessment, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores were comparable between the BL-OG and SCI+TMT groups. Although no statistically significant differences in the total score in rung ladder were observed at 28 days post-injury, animals in the BL-OG group showed a tendency toward a higher ratio of successful hindlimb placements, indicating improved step accuracy. BL-OG stimulation was associated with a slightly greater attenuation of SCI-induced spine abnormalities compared to TMT alone, with significant differences between the experimental groups detected specifically in laminae VIII and IX. These lamina-specific alterations in dendritic integration and dendritic spine composition were accompanied by preservation of wisteria floribunda agglutinin WFA-positive perineuronal net (PNN) architecture. Against this background, reduced glypican-4 (GPC-4) expression and attenuated WFA/GPC-4 colocalization were observed in the SCI+BL-OG group relative to SCI in laminae VII-IX, consistent with activity-dependent modulation of PNN-associated synaptic organization in Hb9-positive neuronal populations. Together, these findings indicate that motor rehabilitation and bioluminescent optogenetic stimulation engage distinct but partially overlapping mechanisms of activity-dependent microarchitectural remodeling, preferentially targeting synaptic and perineuronal net-associated substrates rather than inducing large-scale circuit reorganization. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these distinct plasticity profiles.

ABSTRACT Rail pods are an emerging concept of modular self-propelled rail vehicles which can interchangeably move freight and passengers to provide a more customer-oriented rail service. Pods are envisaged to operate on demand with the possibility of forming platoons either physically (e.g. mechanical or digital couplers) or virtually (e.g. by radio communication) coupling at stations. This study addresses the need to understand how rail pod platoons affect rail corridor capacity by analysing the actual infrastructure occupation under different platoon compositions, taking into account train movement dynamics and signalling constraints. First, this study extends the consolidated rail capacity assessment method (UIC Code 406) by applying the blocking time theory to assess the infrastructure occupation of the rail pod platoons. Based on this extension, a nonlinear optimization model is developed to determine coordinated speed profiles that are structurally consistent with the platoon configuration, aiming to minimize rail capacity utilization. The model is applied to a case study considering the ETCS Level 2 signalling system. The results obtained for the case study illustrate the ability of the proposed model to identify operational speeds and composition of rail pod’ platoons that lead to the effective capacity use of the existing infrastructure. This capacity assessment framework provides a theoretical foundation for flexible allocation of modular rail cars in dynamically structured platoons.

With a rapidly aging global population, identifying effective strategies to preserve cognitive health and functional independence is increasingly important. This study investigated the effects of motor and combined cognitive-motor training on cognitive performance and well-being in healthy older adults against a control condition. Participants completed four assessments, each spaced 1 month apart, which served as the control condition. The first two assessments constituted a double-baseline period during which no training was administered. The third and fourth assessments followed the motor and cognitive-motor training phases, respectively, with the order of training counterbalanced across participants. Training was delivered to 23 individuals at home via the rehability telerehabilitation platform, which provided daily serious games targeting motor and cognitive skills. Outcomes were assessed using standardized cognitive tests and validated well-being questionnaires. Sample size was determined a priori assessing the risk of misconclusion, and Bayesian statistics were used to obtain nuanced yet robust results. The study was preregistered. Results indicated that both motor and cognitive-motor training led to improvements in key cognitive domains, including memory (BF10 = 156.837), processing speed (BF10 = 4.687) and inhibitory control (BF10 = 101.559). These gains were observed relative to the control condition, suggesting a key role of the interventions rather than a mere effect of time, test learning or spontaneous improvement. No significant changes were observed in self-reported mood or overall well-being suggesting that cognitive and psychological outcomes might be impacted differently by the training.

Anticipation allows individuals to prepare actions by predicting upcoming events, yet its influence on motor learning and its practical relevance for rehabilitation remain unclear. This study investigates how anticipation mechanisms shape motor learning and skill acquisition in a virtual leader–follower task and explores their potential for adaptive training. Forty-nine healthy adults performed a joystick-controlled tracking task in virtual reality, following a dynamic leader that was always visible (Control), became invisible at regular intervals (Deterministic Anticipation), or disappeared randomly (Stochastic Anticipation) to elicit anticipatory behavior. Kinematic and kinetic metrics and time-series analysis were used to evaluate synchrony, smoothness, and coordination. Performance improved from baseline to retention, with no distinct differences in final performance between the groups. However, slope-based analyses found that anticipation-based training accelerated learning, especially in the novice subgroup (baseline score &lt; 35), with marked improvements in metrics such as score pause duration, temporal lag, and spatial error. Although participants reached similar final performance levels across protocols, the rate and pattern of learning differed across training protocols. Anticipation accelerates early-stage improvements, with the strongest effects observed in novice participants. The paradigm provides a high-resolution framework for adaptive motor training and assessment.

Since the emergence of neuroscience, brain plasticity has been a key topic in cognitive research. Many factors can induce changes in plasticity in the brain. However, the unique neuroplasticity shown by individuals who have undergone long-term motor training (i.e. motor skills experts) has become a key window to understand the mechanism of human learning and adaptation. Although extensive research confirms that continuous physical training can enhance the plasticity of the brain, there is no systematic review that comprehensively describes the development trajectory and key research areas of this field. This article examines 142 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, PsycINFO and CNKI between 1995 and 2025. e between 1995 and 2025. Using literature metrology analysis and scientific knowledge atlas technology, the research progress of brain magnetic resonance imaging research of motor skills experts is systematically presented, aiming to provide reference for future research. The research results show that the annual publication volume shows a significant upward trend; there is insufficient collaborative network between authors in different countries (regions); journals in the fields of neuroscience, clinical neurology and psychology show high publication volume and influence; technical methods have developed from a single MRI technology to a combination of recent red Comprehensive methods of external brain imaging and other cognitive neuroscience and technology. The research theme centred on the knowledge system of sports experts is still prominent, mainly focussing on movement observation, motion prediction and concussion-related research. The research paradigm has transitioned from task-based research to the investigation of brain function in the resting state of athletes, and attention has shifted from local brain areas to key brain networks. Future efforts should enhance research coordination, strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation, promote ecological and longitudinal research design, and expand the depth and breadth of research.