Filter, Detector, Predictor: The expanding repertoire of retinal computation in vertebrates.

AI-Driven Three-Dimensional Movement Analysis for Objective Assessment of Surgical Expertise in Suturing.

Particle image velocimetry analysis of indica rice motion in moderate pressure polishing

Multicenter retrospective observational study. To quantitatively evaluate spinal cord pulsatile motion during anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) and identify factors affecting spinal cord dynamics. Intraoperative ultrasonography is useful to assess neural decompression during cervical spinal surgery. While spinal cord pulsation has been qualitatively evaluated, detailed quantitative analyses of three-dimensional spinal cord motion are lacking. One hundred nine intervertebral spaces of 50 patients (32 men and 18 women; mean age: 66.9±11.6yr) who underwent ACDF were evaluated. Two-dimensional video measurement software was used to quantify anteroposterior pulsation and craniocaudal sliding motion of the spinal cord in intraoperative ultrasound recordings. In addition, correlations between cervical alignment parameters (C2-7 and O-C2 angles) and spinal cord pulsation characteristics were analyzed. Craniocaudal sliding motion was significantly greater than anteroposterior pulsation in both amplitude (1.09±0.93 vs. 0.34±0.21mm, P <0.001) and velocity (16.75±11.12 vs. 5.39±4.26mm/s, P <0.001). Directional analysis revealed greater velocities from posterior to anterior than from anterior to posterior (5.30±5.12 vs. 4.47±4.12mm/s, P =0.00489) and from cranial to caudal than from caudal to cranial (16.53±11.10 vs. 11.59±7.71mm/s, P <0.001). The maximum anteroposterior amplitude was significantly greater at the C4/5 level than at the C3/4 or C6/7 level ( P =0.0027). The C2-7 angle showed a moderate positive correlation with craniocaudal sliding parameters (amplitude: r =0.467, P <0.001; velocity: r =0.41, P <0.001) and a weak positive correlation with anteroposterior pulsatile parameters. This first quantitative three-dimensional analysis of spinal cord motion during ACDF revealed that craniocaudal sliding motion exceeded anteroposterior pulsation. The preferential direction from cranial to caudal indicated the brain pulsation to be the major origin. The C4/5 level exhibited maximum anteroposterior motion, which may be related to C5 palsy pathophysiology. Increased cervical lordosis promoted both types of motion, particularly craniocaudal sliding. These findings may guide intraoperative neural assessments during cervical decompression procedures.

A biomechanical comparison of movement strategies during the timed up and go test in patients with femoral neck and trochanteric fractures.

Primate tongue morphology and function are critical to understanding the evolution of feeding, swallowing, and vocalization. In this paper, we examine the primate tongue as a muscular hydrostat with regionally specialized neuromuscular compartments. We integrate anatomical, kinematic, and biomechanical modeling approaches to analyze how muscle architecture and fiber orientation drive complex tongue deformations during functional behaviors. We evaluate the hydraulic mechanisms underlying tongue-base retraction, highlight species-specific adaptations in macaques and humans, and review primate tongue kinematics across distinct feeding stages. Finally, we synthesize recent advances in biomechanical modeling and experimental studies of tongue kinematics and their contributions to advancing three-dimensional analyses of tongue movement during feeding and speech.

Analysis of head movements during gait in healthy populations and people with neurological disorders: a systematic review.

Fully integrated AI-enhanced flexible wearable sensor for real-time movement evaluation and table tennis training.

Associations between physical function, balance confidence, and the probability of walking instability among older adults.

Differences in pre-swing posture between successful and tripping steps in individuals with stroke.

Can we normalize surface electromyography in patients with spasticity of the upper limb?

The effect of Agilium Freestep ankle-foot orthosis on the kinetic and kinematic parameters of gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Gait variability in patients with stroke is often related to gait stability. Although it is reasonable to expect that gait variability is associated with walking-related outcomes, this relationship is unclear. This scoping review aimed to summarize existing evidence on the relationship between gait variability and walking-related outcomes after stroke and to identify knowledge gaps to guide future research. The literature was searched in PubMed, WoS, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, PEDro, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi databases. Included studies investigated the relationship between gait variability and walking speed, balance, self-efficacy, independent walking, and falls in patients with stroke. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Twenty-two observational studies were included, of which six examined walking speed, three balance, three self-efficacy, three walking independence, and eight falls. Measurement devices included pressure-sensitive mats, accelerometers, inertial measurement units, and three-dimensional motion analysis systems. Gait variability was quantified using spatiotemporal, kinematic, and center-of-pressure parameters. Most studies demonstrated a low risk of bias. Gait variability showed associations or correlations with the following outcomes: walking speed ( r = -0.586 to 0.61), the Berg Balance Scale ( r = -0.567 to -0.744), the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (partial R2 = 0.11-0.24), the Functional Ambulation Category ( r = -0.586), and the fall risk (odds ratio: 0.717-5.98). Given heterogeneity in gait variability parameters and outcomes, future research should prioritize more clinically meaningful outcomes and robust study designs with larger samples to clarify how gait variability may be related to and potentially impact walking-related outcomes after stroke.

Exploring the association between the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score-patellofemoral subscale and lower extremity kinematics and strength in individuals with patellofemoral pain.

A Dynamic Study of Mandibular Movement Trajectories in Patients With Disc Displacement Without Reduction.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) alters lower-extremity kinematics during stair ascent, but interjoint coordination changes remain unclear. Improving coordination and balance is also a critical target for knee OA rehabilitation. This study compared lower-extremity interjoint coordination during stair ascent between 69 knee OA individuals and 30 age-matched healthy older adults. Knee OA participants were randomized into Tai Chi or control (balance and postural training) groups, receiving 12-week interventions. 3D motion analysis assessed interjoint coordination via perimeter, area, and coordination coefficient of cyclogram at baseline and postintervention. Compared with healthy elderly, individuals with knee OA exhibited greater sagittal plane joint excursions, increased hip-knee angular range, and less smooth cyclograms. Postintervention, both groups exhibited reduced excursions in the sagittal and frontal planes, with greater reductions observed in the control group. The Tai Chi group showed decreased hip-ankle and knee-ankle angular ranges, whereas the control group displayed reduced hip-knee ranges, both shifting coordination parameters toward healthy levels. Only the sagittal plane hip-knee cyclogram area differed significantly between interventions, being smaller in the balance group. Knee OA impairs stair ascent coordination in elderly. Both interventions enhance coordination, but Tai Chi's benefits are predominantly sagittal specific, whereas balance training improves both planes and demonstrates superior efficacy in improving hip-knee flexion-extension coordination.

Is the plank exercise suitable for Everyone? An electromyographic comparison between trained and untrained individuals.

Bacteriophages are the focus of extensive research, and monitoring their dynamics and interactions with bacterial hosts is crucial to characterize the mechanisms of infection and to support potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. Traditional monitoring techniques rely on the fluorescent labelling of bacteriophages due to their size being nanometric. In this paper, we propose a novel, label-free method to generate optical signatures of bacteriophages in a conventional microscopy set-up by exploiting the optical phenomenon of caustics. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages (pelp20 and phiKZ) and a newly isolated Escherichia coli phage (EcoLiv25), we demonstrate the generation of distinct optical signatures that enable prolonged monitoring of phage dynamics in liquid media. The results obtained demonstrate caustics-based optical microscopy as a robust, non-invasive approach that complements existing imaging methods by enabling real-time observation and quantitative analysis of phage motion, transport and interactions. Building on these capabilities, the technique can accelerate fundamental studies of viral dynamics and ecology, enable real-time observation of phage-bacteria interactions and support the development of phage-based diagnostics and antimicrobial therapies.

Video Snapshot Compressive Imaging (SCI) captures multiple video frames in a single exposure, enabling efficient reconstruction of high-speed scenes for motion analysis and event detection. Existing SCI in coded aperture compressive temporal imaging (CACTI) methods predominantly rely on feedforward deep networks with fixed denoising strategies. However, they lack alignment with the SCI physical inverse model and struggle to balance motion detail recovery and static background smoothing. In this paper, we propose PCD-Diffusion for Video SCI, the first diffusion-based reconstruction framework for Video SCI, which reformulates the inverse problem as a progressive denoising process. Specifically, we design a Physically-Constrained Dynamic Diffusion (PCD-Diffusion) model, introducing a region-adaptive diffusion schedule and spatiotemporal residual estimation. This method explicitly aligns the denoising process with SCI's spatially non-uniform and temporally evolving residual distribution. Additionally, a motion prior-guided diffusion schedule and a Gauss-guided spatiotemporal adaptive residual estimation dynamically steer the denoising trajectory, ensuring accurate motion detail restoration and physically consistent reconstructions. Extensive results on simulated and real datasets verify the superior reconstruction fidelity and temporal coherence of the proposed PCD-Diffusion framework over existing approaches. Code will be released upon publication.

The use of immersive environments is increasing, especially in rehabilitation and other areas, like sports and gaming. Tasks performed in virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) often have poorer motor performance, in part due to reduced tactile and proprioceptive inputs. We investigated whether vibrotactile haptic feedback could enhance motor performance within AR. We used the Box and Block Test (BBT) to investigate manual dexterity, where participants moved cubes over a partition using one hand. Participants performed the task in 8 conditions: Real, AR without feedback, and AR with haptic wristband or ring vibrotactile feedback using different vibration patterns (Impulse, Continuous, Hybrid). Movement features were extracted and machine learning was used to classify the experimental conditions. Results revealed that performance was consistently lower in the AR environment compared to the physical BBT. The conditions with the haptic wristband feedback gave similar performance, compared to the AR condition without haptic feedback, in terms of number of cubes moved and successful grasp rate. Conversely, conditions using the ring showed lower performance compared to AR conditions without haptics and the wristband conditions. Motion analysis of the movement trajectory revealed that using vibrotactile devices, particularly the ring, produced slower and shorter movements, as compared to AR alone. A Gradient Boosting machine learning model did not distinguish between all conditions, showing only some accuracy between AR, wristband, and ring conditions. Our study highlights the challenges of integrating haptic sensory enhancements in AR training environments, advocating a nuanced approach to developing haptic feedback systems that complement AR technologies more effectively.