Mother Solution Research Articles

Using Videos to Teach Medical Learners How to Address Common Breastfeeding Problems.

IntroductionThough breast milk is the recommended first food, only 84% of mothers try breastfeeding, and 19% of those babies are supplemented with formula by the second day of life. Mothers often fall short of their breastfeeding goals, which has been traced in part to primary care physicians’ discomfort and lack of confidence in assisting breastfeeding mothers. A video-based educational intervention was developed to enhance learner comfort and confidence in supporting breastfeeding.MethodsPrior to watching the videos, two separate groups of learners (25 primary care residents and 40 medical students) were given two assessments to assess their baseline knowledge and self-perceived comfort and confidence with breastfeeding based on the American Academy of Pediatrics residency breastfeeding curriculum. We gave the learners a checklist to guide their observations while watching the videos. The learners repeated the assessments after watching the videos.ResultsStudents who participated showed a statistically significant increase in breastfeeding knowledge and self-perceived comfort and confidence in assisting mothers with common breastfeeding problems. Additionally, residents increased their knowledge and confidence, but not their comfort with breastfeeding.DiscussionThe videos seem to have been most helpful in assisting learners with confidence with helping breastfeeding mothers and knowledge of breastfeeding. The videos also improved student comfort but were less effective in increasing residents’ comfort as residents generally self-rated their comfort level as high preceding the video curriculum. These videos provide an effective way to begin sensitizing learners to the importance of breastfeeding, common challenges, and potential solutions for new mothers.

DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF SOLUTION UNIT FOR AUTOMATED AEROPONICS GROWING PLANT

Research and development of a solution node of an automated plant for aeroponic growing have been considered. The paper describes the options for storing mother solutions, the methods for their dilution, automation of the Ph control process, the methods for selective assessment of the concentration of nutrients by NPK. A number of key problems that limit the full automation of solution nodes in a closed cycle of plant growing have been highlighted.

Concomitant Polymorphism and Nucleation Control of DL‐Methionine Through Antisolvent Crystallization

AbstractThe concomitant polymorphism of the sulfur‐containing essential amino acid DL‐methionine was revealed, and α‐ and β‐polymorphic forms were separated from aqueous solution through antisolvent crystallization with ethanol as antisolvent. The addition of different volume fractions of ethanol into the mother solution reduces the solubility of DL‐methionine in double‐distilled water and in turn proportionately generates a range of supersaturation levels. This induces the nucleation of a stable β‐polymorph at low supersaturation levels, a mixture of α‐ and β‐ polymorphs at intermediate supersaturation levels, and a metastable α‐form at high supersaturation levels. Needle‐shaped α‐polymorphs and platy‐shaped β‐polymorphs were well distinguished through in‐situ optical microscopic analysis and their structural confirmation was done by X‐ray diffraction analysis.

Analyzing a denitration process in the context of underground well uranium leaching

Purpose is to increase a sorbent denitration degree in the context of underground uranium leaching while optimizing reagent concentration as well as a degree of the solution activation on the basis of laboratory research. Methods. Analysis has been applied as well as scientific generalization of scientific-and-engineering information, laboratory research, statistic processing, and analysis of the research results. The laboratory experiments involved specific mixture to obtain comparative data of sulfuric solution activity and identify optimum degree of the solution activation for denitration. After processing, the solution from activator was analyzed as for its activity; the bulk was poured into a tank for repetitive experiments. First, the research did not involve the solution activation; then, activation with 4-15 minutes was added. Sulfuric acid concentration was 20 and 25 g/dm3; L-S ratio was 1/8; and washing time was 40, 60, and 120 minutes. Findings. Laboratory research results have been demonstrated concerning sorbent denitration in terms of varying degrees of activation, sulfuric acid concentration, and response time. It has been demonstrated that it is sufficient for washing solution activation to activate reagent only before extra intensification of a mother solution resulting in the reduced volume of the solution being processed and costs. It has been determined that five- to nine-minute activation period is the efficient interval factoring into the decreased nitrate content in the sorbent after washing to compare with 9-18% in terms of a basic technique depending upon a reagent concentration. Originality.New dependences of a sorbent denitration degree as well as nitrate content within a solution upon sulfuric acid concentration and the solution activation degree have been defined. Practical implications. Washing solution activation results in the increased denitration degree of a sorbent to compare with the basic technique. The proposed method is more preferable owing to low capital costs. Moreover, it is integrated easily in the available system being also absolutely sustainable. Keywords: denitration, sorbent, sorption, desorption, activation, sulfuric acid, uranium

Synthesis, сrystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of ciprofloxacinium tetrachlorocadmium dihydrate

Abstract The crystal structure of dihydrate salt between cadmium tetrachloride and ciprofloxacin (L), [CdCl4](HL)2•2H2O (I), L CIP C17H18FN3O3, was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The title compound was prepared by mixing of CdCl2 water solution and L•HCl in molar ratio 1:2 and evaporation of mother solution in the room temperature. Crystal structure of I is built from the [CdCl4]2− tetrahedron, two single charged (HL)+ cations and two water molecules. Ciprofloxacin is protonated on the cyclic N(3) atom of the piperazine сycle. The Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H···H (about 35%) and H···O/O···H (around 24%) interactions .

A Scalable H2O–DMF–DMSO Solvent Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Inorganic Perovskite‐Related Cesium Lead Bromides

AbstractAll‐inorganic cesium lead bromide perovskites have attracted a lot of attention because of their excellent optical properties that can potentially be applied in various optical devices. However, large‐scale preparation of cesium lead bromide perovskites with outstanding optical performance is still hindered by the poor solubility of CsBr in polar aprotic solvents. In this work, a water/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/dimethylformamide (DMF) system is demonstrated for the synthesis of inorganic cesium lead bromide perovskites, where the introduction of water can effectively address the dissolution issue of Cs+ ions. Large‐scale synthesis of pure‐phase emissive Cs4PbBr6 with a product yield of up to 73% is achieved and the photoluminescence quantum yield of resulting product reaches as high as 76%. The origin of the light emission is further revealed by the photoluminescence evolution of the colored Cs4PbBr6 single crystals. Furthermore, reversible phase transitions between Cs4PbBr6, CsPbBr3 and CsPb2Br5 are achieved by changing solely the water content, which paves the way for the recycle of the mother solution of Cs4PbBr6 without generation of additional hazardous waste. The three‐solvent‐based synthetic approaches enable an economical, robust, and large‐scale production for all‐inorganic cesium lead bromide perovskites.

Synthesis of calcium orthophosphates by chemical precipitation: re-evaluation of the solubility products of hydroxyapatites

For the first time, a linear correlation was found between the specific solubility products of calcium orthophosphates and their molar ratio Ca/P (the correlation coefficient being R2=0.9742). Nevertheless, the values of solubility products of tricalcium phosphate (pKS=26–29), hydroxyapatite (pKS=116.8) and its Ca-deficient forms (pKS~85) cannot be correlated. We proposed to adjust these values of solubility products in accordance with the obtained correlation dependence as follows: pKS is 40, 155 and 114–155 for tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite, respectively. The calculated solubility diagrams (isotherms) with adjusted solubility products agree reasonably well with the known experimental data, which could not be explained and were not accepted by the scientific community up to the present day. Based on well-known ideas of chemical thermodynamics, we suggested an explanation of the correlation between the specific solubility products of calcium orthophosphates and their molar ratios Ca/P. The developed model of dissolution process is based on a comparison between crystal lattice energy and hydration energy of calcium ions. The experiments on chemical precipitation of orthophosphates were performed at pH 4–10 and at a constant molar ratio Ca/P=1.5; their results showed that only one single metastable form, calcium hydrogen phosphate, is precipitated within the entire pH range at the temperature of 200С. The obtained sediments were isothermally exposed at the temperature of 2500С in a mother solution for 6 hours; such a treatment resulted in a full dehydration of calcium hydrogen phosphate and its partial transformation into a more stable form (hydroxyapatite). The mass fraction of hydroxyapatite increases from 14% to 70% and the degree of crystallinity decreases from 20% to 5% with increasing the value of solution pH. It was concluded that the rate of phase transition from CaHPO4 to Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 in influenced by the concentration of hydroxide ions that are incorporated into a crystal lattice of hydroxyapatite.

The Challenges of Taking Breastfeeding Infants to Academic Nursing Conferences.

Nursing faculty are predominantly women, and many are of childbearing age. Academic responsibilities for nursing faculty include attendance at scientific meetings and conferences. When nursing faculty members are breastfeeding, situations arise that may require them to make difficult decisions to meet both demands as mothers and academics. The purpose of this article is to describe the experiences of three nursing faculty members who brought their breastfed infants to professional nursing conferences, as well as identify major barriers to an inclusive working environment that cultivates "work-life balance" and propose workable solutions for breastfeeding mothers in academe.

Transition-Metal-Complex-Directed Synthesis of Hybrid Iodoargentates with Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Structural Transformation and Photocatalytic Properties.

We synthesized and characterized three types of isostructural iodoargentates, [TM(phen)3]Ag2I4·3DMF (TM = Co (1), Ni (2), Zn (3)), [TM(phen)3]Ag3I5·DMF (TM = Co (4), Ni (5), Zn (6)), and [TM(phen)3]2Ag8I12·7DMF (TM = Co (7), Ni (8), Zn (9)) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DMF = dimethylformamide) using transition-metal (TM) complexes as the structure-directing agents. Compounds 1-3 and compounds 4-6 feature zero-dimensional anionic [Ag4I8]4- and [Ag6I10]4- clusters, respectively. All of the [TM(phen)3]2+ cations in compounds 1-6 are arranged into a two-dimensional (2D) (6,3) net layer. Interestingly, compounds 1-3 are kinetically unstable in the mother solution, and they can be converted to compounds 4-6 via irreversible single-crystal to single-crystal transformation processes, respectively, with distinct changes in the crystal morphology and structure. Compounds 7-9 feature one-dimensional (1D) zigzag chains constructed from [Ag8I12]4- units. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance measurements demonstrate that compounds 1-9 possess the characteristics of semiconductors with band gaps of 2.58-2.71 eV and visible-light-irradiation-induced photocatalytic activities. Especially, compound 3 possesses higher photocatalytic degradation activity toward crystal violet (CV) and rhodamine B (RhB) in comparison to P25 under identical conditions. Moreover, the mechanism study reveals that the TM complex cations make a great contribution to the photocatalytic activity.

The Potention of Nipah Fiber (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) in The Production of Nata Fruticans Using Soybean Sprouts as a Source of Nitrogen

Nypa is a mangrove plant that acts as a food source, such as nata. Research has shown that nipah plant waste, such as frond fibers and nipah fruit skin fibers, can be used as a raw material in making nata fruticans. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of nipah fiber (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) in nata production using soybean sprouts as a nitrogen source. The samples of nipah fiber (Nypa fruticans) used were leaves (DN), midrib (PN) and fruit skin (KB), taken in the Kuala Tungkal area, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province. This research method includes making the mother solution, making nata starter, and producing nata sheet by using soybean as a source of nitrogen with a concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% and ZA as a control. The results of this study indicate that the best volume and thickness of nata fruticans can be seen from the midrib substrate with a concentration of 10% soybean sprouts. The yields produced for all treatments were still lower compared to controls. Meanwhile, the water content of all treatments was better than the control. The best quality of Nata Fruticans based on thickness, yield and average moisture content was generally obtained from the substrate from the leaf midrib fibers with a concentration of 10% soybean sprouts

Double-duty solutions for optimising maternal and child nutrition in urban South Africa: a qualitative study.

To obtain a community perspective on key nutrition-specific problems and solutions for mothers and children. A qualitative study comprising nine focus group discussions (FGD) following a semi-structured interview guide. The township of Soweto in South Africa with a rising prevalence of double burden of malnutrition. Men and women aged ≥18 years (n 66). Three FGD held with men, six with women. Despite participants perceived healthy diet to be important, they felt their ability to maintain a healthy diet was limited. Inexpensive, unhealthy food was easier to access in Soweto than healthier alternatives. Factors such as land use, hygiene and low income played a fundamental role in shaping access to foods and decisions about what to eat. Participants suggested four broad areas for change: health sector, social protection, the food system and food environment. Their solutions ranged from improved nutrition education for women at clinic visits, communal vegetable gardens and government provision of food parcels to regulatory measures to improve the healthiness of their food environment. South Africa's current nutrition policy environment does not adequately address community-level needs that are often linked to structural factors beyond the health sector. Our findings suggest that to successfully address the double burden of malnutrition among women and children, a multifaceted approach is needed combining action on the ground with coherent policies that address upstream factors, including poverty. Further, there is a need for public engagement and integration of community perspectives and priorities in developing and implementing double-duty actions to improve nutrition.

Calcium isotope fractionation upon experimental apatite formation

Carbonated hydroxy-apatite (Ca10-b(NH4,K,Na)2b(PO4)6-y[(CO3)2x+(3/2)y(OH)2–2x]; CHAP) was synthesized in batch-type experiments by mixing of calcium (Ca)- and phosphate-bearing aqueous solutions and the transformation of calcite powder in aqueous solution between 11° and 65 °C. Compositional changes of the mother solution and solid phase products were followed by powder XRD, scanning-electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. It was found that the transformation at pH values between 7.5 and 7.9 occurs via the dissolution of calcite followed by the precipitation of CHAP. In the mixing approach, crystallization of CHAP took place via precipitation of metastable brushite (CaH(PO4).2H2O) as precursor phase that was further transformed into apatite.Calcium isotope fractionation led to an enrichment of the light isotope by about −0.5 to −1.1‰ in the solid CHAP compared to the aqueous solution, consistently in all experimental approaches, essentially independent of temperature. In some experiments metastable brushite formed prior to transformation to CHAP and showed a reduced fractionation compared to the CHAP. The observed Ca isotope fractionation into the CHAP lattice resembles that of natural phosphorites and lies within the range of recently published experiments.

Visual Colorimetric Determination of Sulfate Ion in Water Using Coprecipitation Phenomenon of Potassium Permanganate and Barium Sulfate

An on-site analytical technique for the colorimetric determination of sulfate ion in a water sample was developed based on the formation of purple precipitates as mixed crystals composed of barium sulfate with permanganate. Potassium permanganate solution and acidic barium chloride solution with hydrochloric acid were added in sequence into 1.5 mL of the sample, then the mixed crystals precipitated and suspended. The residual excess of permanganate ion remaining in the mother solution was reduced with ascorbic acid to turn it colorless. At that time, colors of the suspended precipitates became observable. The intensity of purple color tone of the suspension varied depending on the concentration of sulfate ion. The concentration was determined semi-quantitatively by visual comparison of the intensity with standard color charts. The proposed colorimetry permitted us to determine sulfate ion at the range of 50 to 2000 mg L−1. The time required for the on-site analysis was less than one minute. We applied the colorimetry to the real drainage samples taken from biological desulfurization systems and obtained good results useful for maintenance of them.

Transcriptomic changes in bovine skeletal muscle cells after resveratrol treatment.

Skeletal muscles constitute a high proportion of the cellular mass that is essential for the growth traits in cattle. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol compound involved in pleiotropic biological activities of muscle. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the transcriptome-level effects of RSV on bovine primary myoblast to reveal differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We treated three replicates of primary myoblasts with 20μM mother solution containing RSV, whereas three other replicates without RSV were used as control group. Then, we conducted genome-wide transcriptome analysis for the two groups. The results of expression analysis identified 3856 DEGs of which 1805 genes were up-regulated and 2051 genes were down-regulated (adjusted P<0.05). In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of 19 selected DEGs were consistent with the expression levels observed in the transcriptome data. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis showed 72 and 66 significant GO terms and KEGG pathways, respectively (adjusted P<0.05). The most significant GO term was actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0030036). The top significant KEGG pathway was focal adhesion (bta04510). Predicted protein-protein interactions (PPIs) showed that CDKN1A encoding cyclindependent kinase inhibitor 1A connects several larger protein complexes. In conclusion, our results found a list of DEGs, significant GO terms and pathways, and provided an improved and expanded understanding of the impact of RSV on cattle muscle cells at the transcriptomic level. The study elucidates the potential of using the genes enriched in pathways mediating resveratrol effects as targets in genomic selection for muscle development and growth in beef cattle.

Overcoming Challenges in Chemical EOR During Polymer Breakthrough

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 194689, “Challenges in Selection and Use of Production Chemicals With Chemical EOR Operations During Polymer Breakthrough Phase,” by Robert Zagitov, Panneer Selvam Venkat, and Ravindranthan Kothandan, Cairn Oil and Gas, et al., prepared for the 2019 SPE Oil and Gas India Conference and Exhibition, Mumbai, 9-11 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR), challenges are expected regarding production chemistry and production-facilities operations. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is used widely for controlling mobility ratios. Complex in water chemistry and rich in positively charged divalent ions, flooded polymer, having a negative charge, interacts with divalent ions of produced water (PW). The complete paper discusses the importance of adequate preparation and the approaches used to overcome challenges of EOR operations, including handling back-produced polymer. Introduction The Mangala field in northwest India, discovered in January 2004, is part of the Barmer Basin. The primary reservoir unit in this field is the Fatehgarh group, a high-quality quartzose sandstone reservoir having high net-to-gross ratio, high porosity (21-28%), and multidarcy permeability (200 millidarcy to 20 darcy) with an average permeability of approximately 5 darcy. The reservoir contains waxy crude with gravity ranging from 20 to 28 °API. A primary recovery efficiency of less than 10% stock-tank oil initially in place is estimated on the basis of simple depletion; thus, the base field-development plan envisaged implementation of waterflooding from the start of production to maintain reservoir pressure and sweep reserves. Detailed laboratory studies have established that aqueous-based chemical EOR processes are best suited for these viscous oil fields. Full-field polymer flooding has been implemented in the Mangala field, with an injection at the time of writing of nearly 400,000 B/D of polymerized injection water (IW) with average polymer concentration of approximately 2,500 ppm. HPAM is mixed with source water to create a mother solution of 15,000-ppm concentration at a central polymer facility and is distributed through a pipeline network to 15 well pads, where it is diluted with IW to achieve a viscosity of approximately 30 cp for injection. Artificial lift is achieved either by jet pump or electrical submersible pump. Average water cut is 80% at the time of writing.

Sorption Purification of Sewage from Aromatic Nitro Compounds

The possibility of using activated carbons in wastewater treatment from aromatic nitrophenols and nitrosulfonic acids was investigated. The main parameters of the adsorption process that provide the maximum degree of purification are determined: the amount of activated carbon and the pH of mother solutions. The method of regeneration of the extracted activated carbon by treatment with sodium hydroxide solution was studied, the optimal conditions of extraction were determined.

Latent profiles of American and ethnic–racial identity in Latinx mothers and adolescents: Links to behavioral practices and cultural values.

Few studies have examined national identity processes in Latinx immigrant mothers and their children. This study uses a person-centered approach to examine how profiles of American and ethnic–racial identity are related to American and Latinx cultural values, group orientation, and socialization practices in a sample of 172 Latinx mother–youth dyads in an emerging immigrant community. Latent profile analyses produced a 4-profile solution for mothers (high-bicultural-, moderate-bicultural-, enculturated-, and assimilated-identity mothers) and a two-profile solution for youth (high- and low-bicultural identity) with respect to ethnic–racial and American identity. Mothers low in White cultural orientation and mainstream American values were more likely to be in the enculturated-identity profile, whereas mothers low in Latinx group orientation were more likely to be in the assimilated-identity profile. Likelihood of youth profile membership did not differ based on our covariates. Testing mean-level profile differences, high-bicultural mothers delivered the most frequent familism socialization messages and delivered more cultural socialization messages than assimilated and enculturated mothers. High-bicultural-identity youth reported receiving more familism socialization messages, but fewer promotion-of-mistrust messages than low-bicultural youth. Our results support past work finding relations between identifications, values, and behavioral practices for both host (Latinx) and receiving (American) cultures. Our study also highlights the fact that 3 of our 4 profiles of Latinx immigrant mothers (high-bicultural, moderate-bicultural, and assimilated mothers), an understudied population when it comes to national identity, are heavily incorporating a sense of being American into their identities.

Simple, Reproducible Synthesis of Pure Monohydrocalcite with Low Mg Content

Monohydrocalcite (MHC) is a metastable hydrous calcium carbonate that requires Mg in the mother solution during formation in the laboratory. MHC prepared by previously reported methods always contains a large amount of Mg (Mg/Ca ratio up to 0.4) because of the simultaneous formation of amorphous Mg carbonate during synthesis, which has hindered detailed elucidation of the mineralogical characteristics of MHC. Here, we synthesized MHC at low temperature (5 °C) and found that it contained little Mg (Mg/Ca ratio &lt; 0.01). X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis of synthesized MHC revealed that the Mg present was structurally incorporated within the MHC, and that the chemical speciation of this Mg was similar to that of Mg in aragonite. Thus, low-temperature synthesis is an effective means of producing MHC without also producing amorphous Mg carbonate.

Stable phase equilibrium of the quaternary system NaCl-MgCl2-NH4Cl-H2O at 348.15 K and its application in industry

Based on the requirement of the new technology to achieve comprehensive utilization of sodium and magnesium resources by using the mother solution from the preparation of potassium salt as raw material, the phase equilibrium data of the quaternary system NH4Cl-MgCl2-NaCl-H2O as well as its ternary subsystems MgCl2-NH4Cl-H2O and NaCl-NH4Cl-H2O were investigated by an isothermal equilibrium method under atmospheric pressure at 348.15 K, and the dry-salt phase diagram and water-phase diagram were drawn. Two invariant points and four crystallization fields including two single salts NH4Cl and NaCl, one hydrate salt MgCl2·6H2O, and one double salt MgCl2·NH4Cl·6H2O were determined in this quaternary system. Combining our results with available experimental data in the literature, an optimized process to produce ammonium carnallite and NaCl was proposed. Using the Pitzer electrolyte solution model, the experimental results were regressed and calculated. The calculated values agree well with the experimental values.

Study of Copper and Zinc Extraction from Underspoil Water

The subject of study was the Safyanovskaya Med company’s acidic underspoil water containing 0.17 g/liter of copper and 1.8 g/liter of zinc (pH 2.8–2.9). The goal was to study and develop a technology of cleaning water of impurities (copper, zinc, aluminum, iron, manganese), accompanied by extraction of copper and zinc in the form of commercial products. Copper extraction by cementation with metallic iron was studied. It was shown that this method could allow extracting 94–95% copper into a concentrate. The role of resolution processes of precipitated copper in cementation was established. To reduce the consumption of iron and to improve the quality of precipitated copper, it is proposed to carry out cementation in a washbox. The copper content in the concentrate was 27–28%, while the specific consumption of iron was 7.0–7.5 kg/kg of copper. During the studies of material composition of copper precipitate, the formation of cuprospinel, goethite, and bassanite phases and the precipitation of basic aluminum sulfates were detected. The extraction of zinc from the solution after copper removal was studied by precipitation with sodium sulfide. As a result, a concentrate was obtained with a zinc content of 49.6–50.9% with extraction of 99%. The process regularities for zinc concentrate dehydration were studied. By optimizing the crystallization conditions of the precipitate, a minimum final cake moisture content of 40–42% was reached. A process flow diagram for acidic underspoil water, including copper cementation and the precipitation of zinc sulfide, was developed. According to this diagram, the mother solution from zinc precipitation should be treated with lime until the pH reaches 10–10.5, followed by slurry settling. As a result, clean water of the following composition is obtained, mg/liter: 0.05 zinc, 0.01 copper, 0.02 aluminum, < 0.02 iron, 0.05 manganese. These values correspond to the quality of drinking water according to GOST R 51232-98.