Bed Nets Research Articles

Seropositivity of West Nile virus among acute febrile patients in Ilorin, Nigeria.

West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of Flaviviridae family, is one of the most widely distributed arboviruses in the world. In developing countries like Nigeria, fever resulting from the WNV infection is often presumptively ascribed to malaria or typhoid due to misdiagnosis and low-level awareness of the viral infection. This study determined the prevalence of WNV IgM and IgG antibodies among febrile patients in the Ilorin metropolis. A total of two hundred (200) blood samples were collected from consenting patients and each serum was screened for anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical correlation and logistic regression analysis were conducted. Overall, 6% (12/200) anti-WNV IgM seropositivity rate was recorded amongst the acute febrile patients with higher prevalence (6.30%) in females than in males (5.45%). Anti-WNV IgG positivity rate of 52% (104/200) was recorded, with 50.67% positivity rate in males and 38.95% in female participants. The convalescence phase posited by the 5.4% (11/200) co-detection of anti-WNV IgG and IgM antibodies among the participants was recorded. A statistical correlation was noticed with the age and religion of respondents to WNV serological positivity while gender, occupation, use of mosquito nets and formal education had no positive correlation at p < 0.05. However, based on odd ratio at 95% CI and logistic regression coefficients, the evaluated risk factors such as blood transfusion, residency, malaria parasite, and proximity to stagnant water and bush were significant to anti-WNV IgG and IgM positivity. The findings of this study show the circulation of WNV in the study area. There is an urgent need for clinicians/physicians to include screening for the West Nile virus in cases of febrile patients before the commencement of treatment.

Association between malaria parasitemia with usage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNS) among pregnant and nursing mothers accessing Lokuwa Primary Health Care (PHC) facility, Mubi, Nigeria

Association between malaria parasitemia with usage of insecticide-treated nets (ITNS) among pregnant and nursing mothers accessing Lokuwa Primary Health Care (PHC) facility, Mubi, Nigeria

Impact of Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) for sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) elimination in some remote communities

Impact of Indoor Residual Spray (IRS) and Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) for sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) elimination in some remote communities

Why becoming a positive deviant for malaria prevention and control: a sequential explanatory mixed methods study in Bugesera district, Rwanda

BackgroundMalaria continues to be a significant global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan African regions. Effective prevention and control strategies are crucial in mitigating its impact. Therefore, assessing the use of malaria preventive measures, treatment-seeking behaviours, and understanding the motivating factors behind positive behaviours/practices and barriers to using malaria preventive and control measures is essential for designing successful intervention programs.MethodsUsing a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 heads of households in the Mareba sector, Bugesera district, Rwanda. A qualitative study followed with 30 in-depth interviews among the top performers and other community members to explore the motivations and barriers to performing positive behaviours. Descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data were used.ResultsThis study revealed that among those who own insecticide-treated nets, 234(89.3%) reported that they slept under the bed net the night preceding the survey; 256(67%) had fever cases in the last 24 months preceding the survey; and 214(87%) reported seeking care within 24 h. While almost all 243(98.8%) of participants who had fever case reported that they have taken all medicines as prescribed, however, a large number 263(68.8%) and 148(38.7%) still think that there are people in the community who do not take all malaria medications as prescribed and there are people who share malaria medications in the community, respectively. 82(65.1%) of those who never had a fever case believe that they have been using malaria preventive measures correctly and consistently. This study found that knowledge about malaria, family support, and community mobilization are the top motivating factors to practice positive behaviours while, lack of bet nets, poverty, and lack of time were reported as main barriers.ConclusionInterventions that target key motivating factors for adopting positive behaviours in malaria prevention and control should be prioritized. This, in turn, will reduce the disease burden on affected populations. Efforts to overcome barriers in malaria prevention and control should also be participatory. Community involvement should be at the centre of these interventions.

Infectious and obstetric determinants of anemia among pregnant women in Southwest Ethiopia.

Anaemia, characterized by low red blood cell or haemoglobin levels, impairs oxygen transport in the body and poses a major global public health issue, particularly affecting pregnant women and children. This study focuses on identifying the factors contributing to anaemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital (MTUTH) in southwest Ethiopia. A hospital-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from July 1 to August 30, 2022, involving 370 pregnant women (90 with anaemia and 280 without). Data collection included questionnaires, laboratory tests (Hgb and stool examination), and anthropometric measurements. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis, with binary logistic regression identifying factors associated with anaemia. The significance level was set at a p-value <0.05. The study achieved a 100% response rate for both cases and controls. Factors identified as determinants of anaemia among pregnant women included malaria infection (AOR = 7.83, 95% CI: 3.89-15.8), hookworm infection (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.39-5.34), short birth interval (AOR = 7.11, 95% CI: 3.59-14.2), and history of unsafe abortion (AOR = 5.40, 95% CI: 2.46-11.8). This study found that malaria infection, hookworm infection, birth interval <33 months, and a history of unsafe abortion are factors contributing to anaemia in pregnant women. Strategies such as distributing insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) to combat malaria, improving sanitation, anthelmintic drugs, promoting family planning to prevent unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions, and providing preconception care can help reduce the incidence of anaemia.

Whole-genome sequencing of major malaria vectors reveals the evolution of new insecticide resistance variants in a longitudinal study in Burkina Faso

BackgroundIntensive deployment of insecticide based malaria vector control tools resulted in the rapid evolution of phenotypes resistant to these chemicals. Understanding this process at the genomic level is important for the deployment of successful vector control interventions. Therefore, longitudinal sampling followed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) is necessary to understand how these evolutionary processes evolve over time. This study investigated the change in genetic structure and the evolution of the insecticide resistance variants in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae over time and space from 2012 to 2017 in Burkina Faso.MethodsNew genomic data have been generated from An. gambiae mosquitoes collected from three villages in the western part of Burkina Faso between 2012 and 2017. The samples were whole-genome sequenced and the data used in the An. gambiae 1000 genomes (Ag1000G) project as part of the Vector Observatory. Genomic data were analysed using the analysis pipeline previously designed by the Ag1000G project.ResultsThe results showed similar and consistent nucleotide diversity and negative Tajima’s D between An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii. Principal component analysis (PCA) and the fixation index (FST) showed a clear genetic structure in the An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species. Genome-wide FST and H12 scans identified genomic regions under divergent selection that may have implications in the adaptation to ecological changes. Novel voltage-gated sodium channel pyrethroid resistance target-site alleles (V402L, I1527T) were identified at increasing frequencies alongside the established alleles (Vgsc-L995F, Vgsc-L995S and N1570Y) within the An. gambiae s.l. populations. Organophosphate metabolic resistance markers were also identified, at increasing frequencies, within the An. gambiae s.s. populations from 2012 to 2017, including the SNP Ace1-G280S and its associated duplication. Variants simultaneously identified in the same vector populations raise concerns about the long-term efficacy of new generation bed nets and the recently organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl indoor residual spraying in Burkina Faso.ConclusionThese findings highlighted the benefit of genomic surveillance of malaria vectors for the detection of new insecticide resistance variants, the monitoring of the existing resistance variants, and also to get insights into the evolutionary processes driving insecticide resistance.

Effectiveness of Preventive Measures against Malaria in Children

Malaria was a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting children under five years of age in endemic regions. This review examined the effectiveness of various preventive measures against malaria in children, including insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), preventive chemotherapy, intermittent preventive treatment in infants (IPTi), and health education interventions. A systematic literature search across multiple databases to collate and analyze studies assessing the impact of these preventive measures on malaria outcomes in children was carried out and utilized in compiling this review paper. The findings indicated that a combination of these strategies can substantially reduce malaria incidence and associated morbidity in children. ITNs have been shown to provide a protective barrier against mosquito bites, while IPTi effectively reduces malaria cases in infants through timely administration of antimalarial drugs during immunization visits. Additionally, health education interventions have proven effective in increasing awareness and promoting the use of preventive measures among caregivers and communities. Despite the progress made, challenges such as insecticide resistance and access to healthcare services remain critical barriers to achieving optimal malaria control. Keywords: Malaria prevention, Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), Preventive chemotherapy, Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), Childhood malaria

Prevalence and Mortality of Malaria among Children under Five in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Malaria had been a significant public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly affecting children under five years of age, who accounted for over two-thirds of all malaria-related deaths globally. This review examined the prevalence and mortality rates of malaria among this vulnerable population, highlighting key determinants such as socioeconomic status, maternal education, environmental conditions, and access to healthcare. Recent data indicated that approximately 24.2% of children under five in the region are affected by malaria, with socioeconomic disparities exacerbating the risk. The review also discussed the effectiveness of various preventive interventions, including insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), emphasizing the need for multifaceted approaches that address both biological and social determinants of health. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to synthesize current research findings and provide insights into the challenges and opportunities for reducing malaria incidence and mortality in this demographic. Ultimately, addressing the complex interplay of risk factors is essential for developing targeted strategies to mitigate the impact of malaria on young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: Malaria, Children under five, Prevalence, Mortality, Sub-Saharan Africa.

Assessment of household preferences for net textile type (polyester versus polyethylene) for decision-making of the National Malaria Control Programme in Burkina Faso: methods for a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundA quasi-experimental comparative trial will be designed in Burkina Faso. The study will compare the use and preferences for two groups types of insecticide-treated nets textile: polyester-based and polyethylene-based, according to their use and preferences in selected health districts. These health districts will be selected in three eco-climate zones (Sahelian, dry savannah and wet savannah) in the country. These findings will inform decisions on future net procurements for national malaria control programme in 2025.MethodsQuantitative surveys and qualitative data collection will be carried out to gather information on the type of net textile most commonly used and preferred by the community. They will be performed between the end of the dry season and the early rainy season. The quantitative surveys involved household interviews with households and individuals’ questionnaires, while the qualitative data collection involved in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions to explore and clarify some key evaluation criteria. A total of 9450 insecticide-treated nets were surveyed for quantitative survey purposes. For the qualitative study, 48 in-depth individual interviews and 12 focus group discussions were carried out. A mixed model approach combining the results from quantitative surveys and qualitative studies will be used for decision-making on the type of insecticide-treated net preference.ConclusionThis methodological approach will be used by the National Malaria Control Programme to conduct this study on determinants of net use in Burkina Faso in order to provide robust evidence across diverse settings. This mixed-methods approach for data collection and analysis could be used in other countries to provide evidence that would help to increase the uptake of insecticide-treated nets, the main vector control tool in Africa.

Efficacy of Malaria Symptoms as an Indicator of Malaria Infection among Students of a Tertiary Institution in Ogun State Nigeria

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia refers to the presence of the parasite in the absence of fever or malaria-related symptoms. In Ijebu-Igbo, Ogun State, Nigeria, a study was conducted to ascertain the frequency of asymptomatic malaria among students attending higher education institutions and determine the efficacy of malaria symptoms as an indicator of malaria infection. A total of 115 students who consented to participate in the study were enrolled, and only a total of 93 of the respondents were recruited for the study, having met the inclusion criteria. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on socio-demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms of malaria, and malaria prevention strategy using Insecticide Treated Nets (ITN). Blood samples were collected from the respondents and diagnosed for malaria using Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) kit. Of the 93 respondents, 32 (34%) were males while 61 (66%) were females. Analysis of the result showed that 77% of the respondents had malaria parasites, 38.7% of the respondents indicated that they do feel feverish sometimes while 47.3% responded that they rarely feel feverish, those who rarely show symptoms were observed to be asymptomatic as the result of the RDT was positive for malaria. On the use of Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) for both categories of students, those who are not using the net had a higher prevalence (64.5%) of malaria infection. The result of this study shows that malaria symptoms is not a good diagnostic tool for determining treatment. Asymptomatic malaria was a risk factor among the students therefore measures to reduce the prevalence are advocated.

Prevalence and Control of Malaria in Uganda: Epidemiological Trends and Public Health Interventions

Malaria is a critical public health issue in Uganda, a country that bears one of the highest burdens of the disease globally. Despite significant advancements in medical treatments and preventive measures, malaria continues to pose a substantial threat to the health and economic well-being of Ugandans. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence and control of malaria in Uganda, examining epidemiological trends and assessing the impact of public health interventions. Recent data indicate that while the overall incidence of malaria has declined due to intensified control efforts, pockets of high transmission persist, particularly in rural and hard-to-reach areas. Seasonal variations and demographic factors further influence malaria transmission, with children under five and pregnant women being particularly vulnerable. Public health interventions such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), rapid diagnostic testing (RDT), and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been instrumental in reducing malaria prevalence, though challenges such as insecticide resistance and health system constraints remain. The methodology used in writing this paper involves a comprehensive review of existing literature on malaria prevalence and control strategies in Uganda. Future directions include integrated vector management, strengthening surveillance systems, and investing in research and innovation to develop new tools and strategies. Addressing these challenges through a multifaceted approach is essential for sustainable malaria control and ultimately eliminating the disease in Uganda. Keywords: Malaria Control, Epidemiological Trends, Public Health Interventions, Insecticide Resistance, Integrated Vector Management (IVM).

Household and Community - Based Factors Associated with Universal Coverage of Insecticide - Treated Nets (ITNs). Results from a Cross - Sectional Malaria Survey in Vihiga County, Kenya

Household and Community - Based Factors Associated with Universal Coverage of Insecticide - Treated Nets (ITNs). Results from a Cross - Sectional Malaria Survey in Vihiga County, Kenya

Malaria Prevention and Control in Nigeria: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Current Strategies

Malaria has been a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly among children under five and pregnant women. Despite all efforts made to control and prevent malaria, Nigeria continued to bear a disproportionate share of the global malaria burden. This review critically evaluated the effectiveness of current malaria prevention and control strategies in Nigeria, including the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), chemoprevention, and public health education campaigns. The methodology involved a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed studies, government reports, and data from international health organizations to assess these strategies. The review identified gaps in the implementation of these strategies and explored innovative approaches that could enhance their impact. It also discussed the role of environmental management, community engagement, and the integration of technology in malaria control efforts. The findings suggested that while existing strategies have made significant progress in reducing malaria transmission, challenges such as resistance to insecticides, inconsistent use of preventive measures, and limited healthcare infrastructure hindered their overall effectiveness. The review concluded by proposing recommendations for strengthening malaria prevention and control efforts in Nigeria, with a focus on sustainability, scalability, and community involvement. Keywords: Malaria Control, Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Chemoprevention, Environmental Management.

Advances and Challenges for the Malaria Vaccine: A Review

Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, where transmission rates are highest. Traditional control measures, such as insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs, have helped reduce the disease’s impact, but challenges such as drug and insecticide resistance continue to undermine these efforts. A highly effective malaria vaccine represents a crucial step towards achieving long-term control and eventual eradication. This review explores recent advances in malaria vaccine development, including the RTS, S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M vaccines, while highlighting their limitations related to efficacy, immunity duration, and accessibility in resource-poor regions. Additionally, it addresses the challenges in developing multivalent vaccines, targeting different strains of Plasmodium, and the need for integrated approaches combining vaccination with existing control strategies. Looking ahead, the review discusses the potential of next-generation vaccines, mRNA platforms, and hybrid strategies that could enhance global malaria control efforts. Keywords: Malaria vaccine, RTS, S/AS01, R21/Matrix-M, transmission-blocking vaccines, malaria control.

Mass Distribution of Insecticide-Treated Nets: A Qualitative Study on Sumba Island

Background: The distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is one of the main forms of malaria control intervention in Sumba Island. Although it has been running for more than a decade, there are still some gaps in the planning and implementation of this program. Aims: This study aims to obtain an overview of the planning and implementation of the mass distribution of ITNs running on Sumba Island, Indonesia. Methods: This study is qualitative research conducted in 2019 in all districts on Sumba Island. Data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 53 informants, including those in charge of the program, cross-sectors, and communities selected based on the researcher's considerations. Thematic analysis was used to produce the findings. Results: The study showed a gap between the number of ITNs and the real target, the sources of data on ITNs targets are different, and cross-sector involvement is limited to socialization activities, not maximizing the socialization and education of ITNs to the community. Conclusion: The planning and implementation of the mass distribution of ITNs on Sumba Island have not run optimally at the stages of socialization, logistics management, and distribution to the community. Modification of socialization methods and strengthening of distribution strategies to the community is needed.

Innovative Approaches and Opportunities in Malaria Eradication in East Africa

Malaria remains a significant public health issue in East Africa, with countries such as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Ethiopia experiencing high transmission rates despite ongoing control efforts. Traditional methods like insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and anti-malarial medications face challenges due to insecticide and drug resistance, environmental changes, and socio-economic barriers. This review explores innovative approaches and opportunities in malaria eradication, focusing on novel vector control methods, advancements in diagnostic tools, new drug developments, and community-based interventions. The review was conducted by analyzing recent scientific literature and advancements in malaria research. Integrating these innovative strategies with existing control measures holds promise for achieving significant progress toward malaria eradication in East Africa, ultimately improving public health outcomes in the region. Keywords: Malaria Eradication, Vector Control, Genetic Modification, Diagnostic Tools, Community-Based Interventions

Mosquitoes: The Long-term Effects of Malaria Eradication in West Africa

Malaria has been a critical public health issue in West Africa for centuries, resulting in widespread morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. Recent eradication efforts, bolstered by insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and antimalarial drugs, have significantly reduced the disease burden. This review examines the long-term socio-economic impacts of malaria eradication in West Africa, including improved public health, enhanced productivity, economic growth, and better access to healthcare. The reduction of malaria-related healthcare costs has led to increased investments in education, infrastructure, and other essential services. However, challenges persist, such as insecticide resistance among mosquitoes, financial constraints, and emerging public health concerns. Ecological effects of mosquito eradication, including impacts on biodiversity and the evolution of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, raise important considerations for future control strategies. The role of climate change in shaping mosquito ecology and malaria transmission dynamics is also explored. This review underscores the need for sustained political and financial commitment, regional collaboration, and innovation to ensure the continued success of malaria eradication in West Africa. Integrating these efforts with broader Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and addressing ecological sustainability are essential for achieving long-term health and socio-economic benefits. Keywords: Malaria eradication, West Africa, public health, insecticide resistance, socio-economic impact, mosquito ecology.

Malaria Prevention Strategies in Kalimantan, Indonesia: A Secondary Analysis of 2018 Basic Health Research Data

Background: Kalimantan remains malaria-endemic, particularly in rural areas, where prevention efforts face challenges such as insecticide resistance and limited healthcare access. Despite available measures like insecticide-treated nets, gaps in understanding individual and household prevention practices persist, especially in relation to demographics and effectiveness in reducing malaria transmission.Purpose: This study aimed to examine the individual and household-level malaria prevention strategies utilized in rural Kalimantan and evaluate their effectiveness in reducing malaria incidence.Methods: The study is a secondary analysis of the 2018 Basic Health Research. A total of 67,155 respondents in Kalimantan were analyzed including respondent characteristics, memories of malaria infection, and individual and household malaria prevention efforts. Bivariate regression and multivariable logistic regression were used in data analysis.Results: Older participants were less likely to report having malaria, although self-reported malaria rates were higher among older respondents compared to younger ones. Women reported lower malaria rates than men, especially in South Kalimantan. Agricultural workers showed a higher likelihood of reporting malaria than the jobless, though not statistically significant. In West Kalimantan, the use of bed nets was associated with higher self-reported malaria rates (OR=1.838, 95% CI:1.147–2.943). Short-term use of Insecticide Treated Nets showed varying odds across provinces: Central Kalimantan (OR = 3.659, 95% CI 1.378–9.717), South Kalimantan (OR = 10.811, 95% CI 3.649–32.030), East Kalimantan (OR = 2.615, 95% CI 1.041–6.567), and West Kalimantan (OR = 2.428, 95% CI 1.446–4.078). In all provinces, preventive measures such as coils or electric mats reduced self-reported malaria cases. The use of mosquito screens was effective in South Kalimantan (OR = 0.208, 95% CI 0.027–1.598), Central Kalimantan (OR = 0.365, 95% CI 0.120–2.181), and North Kalimantan (OR = 0.000, 95% CI 0.000–0.000). The multivariate model highlighted mosquito nets as the most effective household-scale prevention in nearly all Kalimantan provinces, except North Kalimantan.Conclusion: This study shows that individuals aged 25 and over, women, non-farmers, and those using insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and other preventive measures, especially in rural areas, were less likely to report malaria, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions from local health authorities

Risk Factors Affecting The Incident of Malaria in The Working Area of The Malaimsimsa Public Health Center Sorong City

Background: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp, a single-celled living creature that belongs to the group of the genus Protozoa which is parasitic. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of environmental factors and behavioral factors on the incidence of malaria in the working area of the Malaimsimsa Community Health Center, Sorong City.Methods: This research is an observational study using a case-control study . The case group in this study included people with malaria as indicated by positive malaria blood test results. Examination of malaria is carried out by means of microscopic examination by making thick and thin blood preparations, stained using Giemsa stain, then identified using a microscope. The control group includes people who are not sick with negative blood test results.Result: The results of this study indicate that all malaria infections that occur are caused by infection with the type of Plasmodium vivax. The risk factors that influence the incidence of malaria are behavioral factors, namely the use of body armor and the use of insect repellent. While the risk factors that do not affect the incidence of malaria are the presence of puddles, temperature and use of mosquito nets.Conclusion : From the results of this study it can be concluded that the factors of stagnant water, temperature and use of mosquito nets are not related to the incidence of malaria, on the contrary the use of body armor and the use of insect repellent have a relationship with the incidence of malaria.

Evaluation of Anopheline Diversity and Abundance across Outdoor Collection Schemes Utilizing CDC Light Traps in Nchelenge District, Zambia.

In the global fight against malaria, standard vector control methods such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are intended to protect inside residential structures and sleeping spaces. However, these methods can still leave individuals vulnerable to residual transmission from vectors that they may be exposed to outdoors. Nchelenge District in northern Zambia experiences persistently high malaria transmission even with ITNs and IRS in place. However, very few studies have examined outdoor vector activity. To assess the diversity and abundance of outdoor foraging female anopheline mosquitoes, CDC light traps were used as proxy measures for mosquito host-seeking, set in three outdoor trapping schemes randomly assigned on different nights: (1) locations where people congregate at night outside of the house within the peri-domestic space, (2) animal pens or shelters, and (3) high-human-traffic areas, such as paths to latrines, where traps were baited with BG-Lure®. A total of 1087 total female anophelines were collected over a total of 74 trap nights. Anopheles funestus s.s. comprised the majority of the collection (86%), with An. gambiae s.s. (2%) and a highly diverse sampling of other anophelines (12%) making up the remainder. Plasmodium falciparum parasites were only detected in An. funestus (1%). No significant difference in species diversity or female anopheline abundance was detected between trapping schemes. Outdoor foraging anopheline mosquitoes, including a number of infectious An. funestus, may partially explain the difficulty of controlling malaria transmission in Nchelenge District, where vector control is only targeted indoors. BG-Lure® shows some promise as an alternative to human-baited landing catch collections in this resource-poor setting.