Morphine In Opium Research Articles

Persavation of Morphine in Opium by Spraying Preservative Chemicals on Capsules and Latex of Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum L.</i>) cv. Dhawla Chotta

Persavation of Morphine in Opium by Spraying Preservative Chemicals on Capsules and Latex of Opium Poppy (<i>Papaver somniferum L.</i>) cv. Dhawla Chotta

The determination of morphine in opium and some of its galenical preparations.

Abstract A method of assay for morphine in opium depending upon precipitation of the dinitrophenylether with 1-fluoro-2:4-dinitrobenzene has been critically examined. The morphine is first separated from other alkaloids and extraneous matter by elution from an alumina column with an organic solvent and subsequent extraction with alkali. The method, which is rapid, has been applied to many galenical preparations and, in cases where the pharmacopoeial method based on the colorimetric nitroso reactions may give high results, figures in accordance with the expected values have been obtained.

A specific method for the determination of morphine.

Summary The iodic acid-ammonium-carbonate-nickel salt reaction has been adapted for the routine spectrophotometric determination of morphine; the method is sensitive down to about 0·005 per cent, of morphine in solution and 0·03 per cent, of morphine can be determined with an accuracy within ± 2 per cent. Of the bases occurring with morphine in nature only pseudo-morphine interfered weakly and the method has been used for the rapid determination of morphine in opium and poppy capsule. The factors affecting the formation of the green complex are briefly discussed.

Breeding oil poppy (Papaver somniferum) for low content of morphine.

A method has been developed for breeding oil poppy for low content of morphine. The method allows determination of the morphine content in 60 plants a day. Morphine content in opium has been investigated in plants of the Swedish oil poppy variety Indra. Mean value of morphine in opium was 21% in this population. However, plants have been found with morphine content in opium of 1–2%.

Recent progress in the neurotoxicology of natural drugs associated with dependence or addiction, their endogenous agonists and receptors.

Nicotine in tobacco, tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in marijuana and morphine in opium are well known as drugs associated with dependence or addiction. Endogenous active substances that mimic the effects of the natural drugs and their respective receptors have been found in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Such active substances and receptors include acetylcholine (ACh) and the nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) for nicotine, anandamide and CB1 for delta 9-THC, and endomorphins (1 and 2) and the mu (OP3) opioid receptor for morphine, respectively. Considerable progress has been made in studies on neurotoxicity, in terms of the habituation, dependence and withdrawal phenomena associated with these drugs and with respect to correlations with endogenous active substances and their receptors. In this article we shall review recent findings related to the neurotoxicity of tobacco, marijuana and opium, and their toxic ingredients, nicotine, delta 9-THC and morphine in relation to their respective endogenous agents and receptors in the CNS.

Fatal intoxications in Denmark following intake of morphine from opium poppies

In Denmark it is legal to grow opium poppies for the production of poppy seeds and until 1986 for decoration purposes, too. Danish poppy capsules contain 0.3-5 mg morphine per capsule and the content of morphine in opium exuded from the capsules may amount to 24%. This has resulted in misuse as both fresh and dried poppy capsules have been used for the production of "opium tea". During the period 1982-1985, seven casualties occurred among drug addicts in Denmark which were solely or partly caused by these opium poppies.

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Morphine in Opium

Abstract Opium is obtained from the unripe seed capsules of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. It contains 25 to 30 alkaloids. Commercially, morphine, narcotine (noscapine), papaverine, thebaine, codeine, and narceine are considered the most important of these alkaloids.

Opium Alkaloids XII: Quantitative Determination of Morphine in Opium by Isotope Dilution

A method was developed for quantitative determination of morphine in opium based on the isotope dilution technique. Morphine-2-3H and morphine-N-14CH3 are used as radioactive standards. A mixture of opium and the radioactive morphine standard is triturated with dimethyl sulfoxide, dispersed on diatomaceous earth and acidic aluminum oxide, and suspended in water. The aqueous suspension is transferred to a chromatographic column of acidic aluminum oxide, and the alkaloids are eluted with water. Alternatively, the mixture of opium and radioactive morphine is triturated with a little water and dispersed on diatomaceous earth, and the alkaloid bases are liberated with ammonia. The powder mixture is transferred to a column of neutral aluminum oxide and eluted with chloroform-isopropyl alcohol (3:1). Phenolic and nonphenolic alkaloids are separated by extraction at pH 13, and morphine crystallizes from the aqueous phase after adjustment of pH to 9. The crystals are collected and recrystallized to constant radioactivity. Both extraction methods gave the same results. No loss of tritium occurred during the assay, and morphine-2-3H and morphine-N-14CH3 were equally satisfactory as radioactive standards. The method is specific for morphine, has good precision (0.4%), and requires no elaborate technique.

Partition Chromatographic-Gravimetric Assay of Opium

Abstract The current AOAC method for the determination of morphine in opium, 36.031–36.035, utilizes a 3-column partition chromatographic system for the isolation of morphine, with spectrophotometric measurement of the product. The same partition system has been modified to accommodate a larger sample size to permit a gravimetric measurement of the isolated morphine as its dinitrophenyl ether. The gravimetric procedure yields values comparable to those obtained by the much shorter and simpler UV method.

Collaborative Study of the Determination of Morphine in Opium

Abstract The partition chromatographic procedure which was successfully applied in last year’s collaborative study of the determination of morphine in paregoric was applied to the determination of morphine in opium. Two methods of preparation of the opium solution before partition were studied: homogenization in a high-speed blender and use of DMSO as a solvent. Reproducible results were obtained with the use of DMSO solutions. The standard deviations obtained for samples containing 7.82, 13.88, 12.45, 14.87, and 15.74% anhydrous morphine were 0.171, 0.184, 0.207, 0.220, and 0.307, respectively. From the results obtained, the method using DMSO in the preparation of the sample solution together with the partition chromatographic method is recommended for adoption as official first action.

On the problem of the determination of morphine in opium

On the problem of the determination of morphine in opium

Quantitative determination of morphine in opium by gas‐liquid chromatography

Although morphine may be gas chromatographed as such, its phenolic properties cause adsorption which produces tailing and makes quantitative work impossible. This difficulty was overcome by converting morphine to its trimethylsilyl ether which gave a symmetrical elution peak suitable for quantitative estimation. The alkaloids of opium were extracted and morphine separated from nonphenolic alkaloids by ion‐exchange resins. The morphine fraction was allowed to react with hexamethyldisilazane, tetraphenylethylene was added as the internal standard, and the solution was gas chromatographed on a column of silicone rubber SE‐30.

UNE NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DOSAGE DE TRÈS PETITES QUANTITÉS DE MORPHINE

A new method for the estimation of amounts of morphine varying from 0.02 to 100 μg. is described. It is based on the fluorescence obtained when the alkaloid is allowed to react with concentrated sulphuric acid followed by ammonium hydroxide. Apart from being very sensitive and specific, the procedure appears to have wide applications. For instance, it allows the estimation of morphine in opium in the presence of other constituents without prior separation.

UNE NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DOSAGE DE TRÈS PETITES QUANTITÉS DE MORPHINE

A new method for the estimation of amounts of morphine varying from 0.02 to 100 μg. is described. It is based on the fluorescence obtained when the alkaloid is allowed to react with concentrated sulphuric acid followed by ammonium hydroxide. Apart from being very sensitive and specific, the procedure appears to have wide applications. For instance, it allows the estimation of morphine in opium in the presence of other constituents without prior separation.

A Suggested Improvement in the U. S. P. Method for Determining Morphine in Opium

This suggested modification of the officially described U. S. P. assay method for opium has been found to reduce the required over‐all assay time by at least one third. The efficiency of extraction appears to be practically the same by both methods. The modified method should eliminate any errors that may be due to the prolonged nitration that is now required by the U. S. P. procedure. The accuracy of this proposed method has been found to be at least equal to that of the currently official procedure and the results obtained by both methods are in good agreement.

Determination of Morphine in Opium With the Aid of an Adsorption Column

An assay of morphine in opium is proposed which utilizes both adsorption and colorimetric procedures.

An Immiscible Solvent Method for the Determination of Morphine in Opium

An Immiscible Solvent Method for the Determination of Morphine in Opium

Evaluation of lime Methods for Determining Morphine in Opium

Evaluation of lime Methods for Determining Morphine in Opium

Note on Reichards “silver” method for the determination of morphine in opium

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