Morning Of May Research Articles

The Uncontrolled Reentry of Progress-M 27M

ABSTRACT Uncontrolled reentries of sizable space objects are becoming of growing concern due to the increase of space activities around the Earth and population on the ground. After providing an updated review of various aspects of the problem, this paper presents the exemplar case of Progress-M 27M, whose control was lost immediately after launch, on April 28, 2015, and which reentered on May 8. As in similar previous occurrences, the Space Flight Dynamics Laboratory of ISTI/CNR, in Pisa, was in charge of reentry predictions for the Italian civil protection authorities and space agency. The first prediction was issued in the morning of April 30, in the morning of May 7 the only potentially risky reentry trajectory over central Italy was identified, and in the afternoon of May 7, about 12hours before the actual reentry, any residual risk for Europe and Italy was finally excluded.

Temple University Physics Professor Xiaoxing Xi and The Dismissal of Wire Fraud Charges

In the early morning of May 21 2015, FBI agents burst into the home of Prof. Xiaoxing Xi and his family and arrested Prof. Xi. The agents brandishing weapons, forcibly dragged Prof. Xi away in handcuffs. With a search warrant, the agents searched their home and seized belongings [ http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/09/18/xiaoxing-xi-china-spyfbi-state-visit-column/32560009/ ].

One Morning in May

One Morning in May

Abe Barek landslide and landslide susceptibility assessment in Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan

Landslide is one of the most widely distributed mass movements in mountainous areas. With its wide spreading, abrupt, and seasonal characteristics, landslide always causes huge risks towards transportation, human settlements, industrial and mining plants, water resources facilities, and hydropower stations. Abe Barek landslide, which happened in the morning of May 2, 2014, in Ago District, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan, buried 86 houses and took the lives of almost 2700 people. Many factors triggered the occurrence of this disaster. Firstly, the landslide-impacted area has a complex geologic structure that bears concentrated faults with mountain slopes covered by thick loess. Secondly, at the time of landslide, a continuous rainfall had deepened the level of moisture in the loess layer, which made the loess mass heavier and changed the soil body's mechanical properties. Thirdly, a similar landslide once happened on the same slope, which destroyed the land cover and transformed the topology of the slope. In addition, farming and irrigating activities may have also affected the stability of loess mass in this area. Upon an initial examination of landslide distribution in Badakhshan Province by using high-resolution remote sensing images from Google Earth, a total number of 609 landslide sites were identified in this area, and a landslide susceptibility assessment was completed by utilizing weight-of-evidence method. Several suggestions on landslide risk reduction in this remote mountainous area are proposed at the end of this paper.

Thought Censorship under Totalitarianism: A Precarious Relationship between Thought and Voice in Mandelstam

Thought Censorship under Totalitarianism: A Precarious Relationship between Thought and Voice in Mandelstam Takayuki Yokota-Murakami “Brain-washing” technology became known for the first time during the Korean War. In the Chinese hospital where war captives were held, attempts at “thought reform” were regularly performed. Many of them had been converted to communism, which alerted American society. This led to an investigation and findings concerning “communist mind control.” Studies have been made, of which Brain-Washing in Red China: The Calculated Destruction of Men’s Minds by Edward Hunter, which popularized the term “brainwashing,” is probably best known. Although it was the Chinese military service that gave the practice its name of “brain-washing,” the prototype of the technique had been developed in Soviet Russia in the 1930s. Let me quickly note, though, that it has been debated whether the science of brainwashing had been studied and developed in Communist Russia, which subsequently transmitted the knowledge to China, or whether China developed its technique independently. The historical relationship has never been sufficiently established. It is, however, largely acknowledged that the trial procedures used by the Stalin regime were essentially what one might call “mind control” or “brain-washing” in the broad sense from today’s standpoint, and so was the tradition introduced by the secret police of the post-Stalin Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe. The psychologist Lifton argues in his book Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: The Russian Communist contribution to thought reform is immediately apparent in much of the content and many of the forms of the process: the allegedly scientific Marxist-Leninist doctrine; the stress upon criticism, and confession as features of ‘ideological struggle’; the organizational techniques of iron discipline; the demands for purity of belief and absolute obedience; and the practice of informing upon others in [End Page 43] the service of the party. Certainly, many of the pressures used to extract confessions in penal thought reform [in China] closely resemble techniques used by the Russians during the great Soviet purge trials of the late 1930’s....Eastern European Communist nations have employed similar confession methods. (389)1 The difference between Russia and China is that while the Soviet totalitarian regime was interested in deleting thought and memory from a “culprit” and coaxing “confession,” China went further. China wanted to transform human personality completely with new beliefs, ideas, logic, etc. The purpose of this paper, however, is to explore the nature of thought and non-thought vis-à-vis language through the life and works of Osip Mandelstam in his confrontation with Soviet mind control and in relation to the psychologist/linguist Lev Vygotsky. I will limit my scope of analysis of brainwashing to its Soviet version, but not to the Chinese. Lifton in the above-mentioned book lists the fundamental principles of the techniques of “brain-washing.” The first stage is termed a “struggle,” in which a captive is confined to a small cell and is under constant and disturbing interrogation that combines “hint, threat, and promise.” The threat often concerns people who are close to the “convict”: family members, relatives, close friends, and so on. Isolation is an important part of the technique. It is accompanied with humiliating treatment in the prison cell, normally in solitary confinement, often without a guard, which gives a greater sense of isolation, and with the deprivation of sleep. In this process of “struggle,” the interrogated can wipe out his/her own pre-existing thought and become a tabula rasa, into which any new memory or doctrine can be overwritten. Thus, the whole procedure may lead to a wild confession, not based on any fact. Mandelstam was one of the victims of the interrogation of Liubianka during the Great Terror. On the very early morning of May 16, 1934, the officers of the GPU (Joint State Political Directorate; formerly Cheka, the Central Committee) visited him and after a lengthy house search that lasted for six hours, Mandelstam was arrested.2 The charge was for his composing a satirical poem referring to Stalin, a copy of which was in the possession of the authorities. The poem reads: We live, not feeling the ground under our feet...

Cause and mechanism of the Seti River flood, 5th May 2012, western Nepal

A catastrophic flash flood has occurred in the Seti River in the morning of May 5, 2012. An attempt has been made to find out the cause of the flood which originated form very remote inaccessible area lying in the Western slope of the Annapurna IV peak. Comparative Analysis of the Landsat ETM satellite images of 20th April, 2012 and 6th May, 2012 revealed that the area of about 32000 square meter of the southern ridge 1.5 kilometer away from the Annapurna IV peak failed in the north western direction. The impact of descending mass of the failed mountain from 6850 meters to 4500 meters almost vertically pulverized the ice, sediment and rock. The impact even triggered seismicity at 9:09.56 AM, local time which was recorded all over the 21 stations of National Seismological Centre. The closest seismic station at Dansing which is 32 km. south west from the area recorded the high signals for 70 minutes which corresponds to the duration of the debris flow. Lab analysis of the flood water sample revealed the density of the flow as 1.88 gm/cc. Analysis of the satellite based hourly rainfall GSMaP NRT from the period form 20th April-6th May 2012 revealed that there were just 4 occurrences of rainfall which amounted less than I mm/hour in the source area of the avalanche. The rainfall > 6mm/hour which occurred in the Kharapani area on 4 May was localized rainfall which did not extend to the avalanche area. Lack of systematic disaster preparedness caused huge loss of life and property even though the early warning message was received from the Ultralight pilot who was flying close to the area. The avalanche triggered high intensity floods which have similar characteristics to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have emerged as a new hazard in the Himalaya.

Revisiting the Timing and Events Leading to and Causing the Johnstown Flood of 1889

The Johnstown Flood of May 31, 1889, was responsible for more recorded deaths than any other disaster in the United States until the Galveston hurricane of 1900.1 An important difference between the two is that the Johnstown flood was not a natural disaster. Although the Johnstown region was in the midst of a particularly wet spring and the former boroughs that now form the city of Johnstown were already experiencing low-level flood-ing on May 31, the ultimate reason for the high death toll was the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam, located fourteen miles upstream from the outskirts of Johnstown on the South Fork of the Little Conemaugh River (see fig. 1). The millions of tons of water released by the failure of the dam caused devastation along the Little Conemaugh River drainage. As the water moved downstream it was temporarily impounded by debris dams behind two Pennsylvania Railroad bridges (Viaduct and Bridge no. 6), which caused "reformation of the lake" at these points. When Bridge no. 6 failed, the rejuvenated flood wave sped toward Johnstown. Most structures

‘What a howl there would be if some of our folk were so treated by an enemy’: The evacuation of Aboriginal people from Cape Bedford Mission, 1942

One fine and warm winter morning in May 1942, the Poonbar, a medium-sized coastal vessel, steamed into the Endeavour River at Cooktown, North Queensland, and berthed at the town's wharf. After she tied up, over 200 Aboriginal people carrying a small amount of personal possessions emerged from a cargo shed on the wharf. The people were herded by about a dozen uniformed Queensland police as they boarded the boat. The loading, completed in just over an hour, was supervised by three military officers, two senior police and a civilian public servant. As the ship cast off, the public servant, who boarded the boat with the Aboriginal people, threw a coin to a constable on the wharf and shouted 'Wire Cairns for a meal!' Unfortunately, the wire did not arrive at Cairns in time, and as a result the party of Aboriginal people was given little food until they reached their destination, 1200 kilometres and two day's travel away.

The Retrieval of Moisture and Temperature Index Based on ASTER Data

Soil moisture and land surface temperature are the important factors in the physical process of the regional and global surface. Accordingly, multiple thermal infrared sensors have been sent into the outer space to monitor the hydrothermal factor of the global or regional area dynamically. This research used ASTER L1B data transited on the morning of May 23rd, 2001. L 1B data is based on L 1A data, produced by using its own parameters to finish radiometric correction as well as geometric correction. In the case of default, UTM projection is utilized. This research was performed in a region of Fuzhou. Because of the high spatial and spectral resolution of ASTER data, at the same time, with the help of MODIS data and split-window algorithm, the authors retrieved the moisture and temperature index in the region of complex topography.

The MCS macroseismic survey of the Emilia 2012 earthquakes

<p>Most of the inhabitants of northern Italy were woken up during the night of May 20, 2012, by the Mw 6.1 earthquake [QRCMT 2012] that occurred in the eastern Po Plain. The mainshock was preceded a few hours before by a Mw 4.3 shock, and it was followed by a dozen Ml >4 aftershocks in May and June, amongst which 11 had Ml ≥4.5. On May 29, 2012, a second Mw 6.0 mainshock struck roughly the same area [QRCMT 2012], which resulted in further victims, most of whom were caught under the collapse of industrial warehouses. Such earthquakes are an unexpected event in this region, as testified by the lack of local epicenters in the Italian seismic catalog [Rovida et al. 2011: CPTI11 from now] and by the consequent low level of the local seismic classification (seismic zone 3) [DPC 2012]. Apart from the warehouses and hundreds of old, crumbling farmsteads, severe damage was focused on ancient, tall buildings, such as churches, bell towers, castles, towers and palaces. Residential buildings generally suffered only light and/or moderate effects, apart from some exceptional cases. Using the Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg (MCS) scale [Sieberg 1930], we began a macroseismic survey in the early morning of May 20, 2012, that ultimately included visits to almost 200 localities, 52 of which were carried out before the second mainshock. […]</p><br />

The world and medical genetics has lost a great “man for all seasons.” Early in the morning of May 27, 2012

The world and medical genetics has lost a great “man for all seasons.” Early in the morning of May 27, 2012

Fatal Human Co-infection withLeptospiraspp. and Dengue Virus, Puerto Rico, 2010

Fatal Human Co-infection with<i>Leptospira</i>spp. and Dengue Virus, Puerto Rico, 2010

Picturing theImperator: Passenger Shipping as Art and National Symbol in the German Empire

The morning of May 23, 1912, witnessed the christening of a new German icon. For many Germans, it was a wonder of the modern age, a powerful symbol of the nation's achievements in industry, engineering, and technology. For others, it was the embodiment of all the evils wrought by political, social, and cultural transformation. Some said it expressed the character of the German people, in a manner similar to Cologne Cathedral and Sanssouci, the palace of Frederick the Great. But there were those who thought it “appeared as a typical manifestation of the new Germany, with its huckstering and obtrusive manners, more a snobbism than a symbol of German competence.” TheKaiserwas fascinated by this expression of the ambition, ingenuity, and might of an Empire in which he believed power rested with himself, the Prussian nobility, and a powerful military complex. And yet Hamburg's mayor, Johann Heinrich Burchard, echoed the feelings of many when he described this new wonder as “above all … the product of a flourishing, self-conscious German middle class.” Although extolled as a symbol of German unity, Social Democrats denounced the modern leviathan as an expression of class inequality and lamented that ten men were killed and one hundred injured while constructing it. With this in mind, how could Germany be proud of what it had achieved?

CPC: Let It Be.

On the coast of Maine, in the spring, (for us, this is a short but very intense season), one can become exceptionally energized and inspired; perhaps the lyrics of life and work might even become poetic. One reflects on the past and starts eagerly to question a future. Paul Ingles has produced an album, “The Beatles Finale: Let It Be.” While finding nostalgia and inspiration on a glorious Sunday morning in May, Phyllis and I prepared the cottage for the upcoming summer season, which explodes to fill a dense calendar by the time the ASCO Annual Meeting begins. We listened to a National Public Radio special that featured the music of the last album that the Beatles made. “Nothing's gonna change my world” … a relevant song even for our times, now 40 years later. I was in my first year at Cornell University Medical College in 1969. Oh my, our world certainly has changed, John Lennon! With new elements, discoveries, practice disciplines and professions, technologies, and complexities, the fabric of oncology practice has rapidly and dramatically evolved. Sitting in a room with a patient with cancer, working hard to find the right care for this patient, now seems so different and so far from the 60s, almost “across the universe” as it were. And we continue to change faster and faster. Personally, I now look back over 34 years of practice in the oncology clinic. I am more passionate than ever, and hopefully confident, about caring for my patients with cancer, much more so than when I started, using DNA inhibitors and a new anthracycline. As chair of the ASCO Clinical Practice Committee (CPC), I encourage readers of Journal of Oncology Practice to become creative collaborators rather than competitors. I am an experienced practitioner who wants to give back to my profession, to help ASCO engage all of those who provide cancer care in the challenges and opportunities of our day. The members of the CPC are practice leaders who face these challenges and opportunities with new ideas, new talent, and new dedication and continue to find ways to improve the access, efficiency, quality, and outcomes of cancer care in all regions of our country. They build practices, now of a number of flavors, which are not simply independent but also aligned with and within hospitals and health care systems. They lead ASCO State Societies, which collectively support many practices with a regional strategy. They manage and coordinate clinical trials, quality measurement, electronic health care records, and multidisciplinary care teams of nurses, nonphysician providers, pharmacists, information and managerial support staff, molecular pathologists and laboratory staff, and, of course, the extremely engaged and very stressed oncology staff. They implement standards for evidenced-based, effective, pathway-driven, measurable, and accountable care. They engage consumers, survivors, patient advocates, legislators and policy makers, and payers of many types to manage the mission of cancer care. They mentor the next generation of physician leaders. We are the voice of JOP, a journal born of the CPC, which has helped develop and guide the practice of oncology for two decades. The challenges of the uncharted landscape that health care reform will present to clinical oncology will require new dialogue, new debate, and new collaborative relationships, a new contract with many partners in care. John Lennon notwithstanding, we cannot simply “let it be”… . Perhaps, we will “whisper words of wisdom” … . I am honored to chair this committee, the work of which I respect deeply.

AristocraticEigensinnand the Fight to Save theRitterakademie am Dom, 1935–1945

In the early morning of May 26, 1935, some residents of the eastern German city of Brandenburg an der Havel awoke to shouts of “We Want Our Kaiser Back” and “We Want Back the Black-White-Red” emanating from the dormitory of the storied and elite Prussian secondary school, theRitterakademie am Dom zu Brandenburg. A small number of students had thrown an illegal party during which, emboldened by alcohol, at least one student had called for the restoration of the monarchical order, to the audible delight of others present. Informed of the night's events on the following Monday, school authorities quickly investigated the matter and decided that the episode represented neither a genuine act of political subversion nor a reflection of possible “reactionary” attitudes held by the students. The utterances were instead an act of foolishness (Dummheit) committed by immature pupils, the consequence of the more serious and perennial problem of students' drinking parties, concluded the Ritterakademie administration. In response, school principal Georg Neuendorf punished several older pupils by removing them from their position atop the student hierarchy and revoking several privileges. He also wrote to all parents of students boarding at the Ritterakademie, asking them no longer to send their sons money, food, and alcohol. Satisfied with his response, the principal ended his report on the incident to his superiors in Berlin, theOberpräsidiumof Brandenburg Province, by noting optimistically that the episode would be of pedagogical use in the continued “Nazification” of the school. In what must have seemed to those involved to signal the end of the affair, regional authorities approved of Neuendorf's actions three days later, concluding that the drunken utterances were a “foolish youth's prank” (dumm[es] junge Streich).

Preservation and Protest: Counterculture and Heritage in 1970s Sweden

Early in the morning of May 12, 1971, workmen armed with chainsaws arrived at the Kungsträdgåxrden, a park in central Stockholm, to remove a group of elm trees on the site of a planned subway entrance and shopping mall. The timing was chosen to outmanuever protesters, who for several weeks had camped on the site in a final attempt to stop the trees being felled. However, on the night in question, thousands of people quickly gathered and the protest turned violent. In the history of modern Swedish planning, the "Almstriden" (The elm war) can be seen as a turning point. The action of saving a group of symbolically significant trees came to mark an end of the general support for modernization that had marked Swedish culture since 1930 during the years of socialist government, and also marked an end to the nation's trust in the welfare state's planning system under socialist government. This article traces the peculiar amalgamation of conservative and radical movements engaged in the "saving" of Stockholm's historic core, arguing that the turn away from "the modern" represents a fundamental shift in Swedish preservation culture that would lead finally to a redefinition and expansion of what constituted a historic object.

Road to earthquake mitigation: Lesson learnt from the Yogyakarta earthquake 2006

At early in the morning of May 27, 2006, people of Yogyakarta was stroke by earthquake and mostly heavily damaged building are in lowland or Yogyakarta depression where is occupied by the Young Merapi sediments. The magnitude of earthquake is Mw = 6.2 and USGS rapid moment tensor shows that this earthquake was due to strike-slip fault movement.Seismic history of Yogyakarta area shows that Yogyakarta was stroke by several earthquakes with different epicenter location. At least two earthquakes stroke the area, that is in 1876 and 1943. The damages are similar to the damages of actual earthquake. Yogyakarta depression is mostly covered by Young Merapi sediments that consist of tuff, volcanic ash, breccias, agglomerate and lava with Quaternary in age. The thickness of this sediment is up to 100 m.Our reactive work was to establish firstly zone of damage. For this purpose, we made aerial photograph along the most damaged area. In the same time one of our teams go to the field to measure the cracks, and the other teams to observe liquefaction, hydro geologic measurement, and observation on landslide induce by earthquake. Secondly, we must understand the soil properties and its thickness, because in seismic history it was a similar damage on the same area due to earthquakes however the earthquake epicenters were different. For this purpose we utilize the method of micro-tremors. We also made some drilling until 60 m each, measuring seismic velocity on bore hole, and magneto telluric measurement. We also have helped by Kyushu University in installing micro seismic net work. The research was followed by either undergraduate and graduate students. Fortunately our research was financed by AUN/Seed Net – JICA. Some of the results were published in a book entitled The Yogyakarta Earthquake of May 27, 2006. Another outcome is the Maps of Microzonation and Earthquake Hazard of Bantul Area that dedicated to Bantul people.Based on aerial photograph observation and field observation on Bantul Regency, especially along the Opak River, and to Wonosari to the East, there was no surface ruptures, so there is no fault on surface. Interpretation of aftershock data was showing the difference cluster. There is still open problem in determining either epicenter or aftershock location. The damage building was interpreted as due to its geologic setting, non engineered building, and close to epicenter of earthquake. This heavily damaged building are located on the Young Merapi sediments at Bantul Regency and lake deposits at Gantiwarno and Bayat area where it can amplify the surface seismic wave. It implies that Peak Ground Acceleration according to Indonesian National Standard should be modified in Yogyakarta area.Keywords: Earthquake, seismic, epicenter, micro-tremor, microzonation

Relocation/Dislocation: Rocketman in Berlin

One of the many attributes which make Pynchon's fiction so fascinating to the scholar, the book-lover and the novice is the enormous variety of subjects it touches and draws on–something for everyone. A life-long practicing astrologer, I sense that Pynchon has a deep affinity for astrology and that he uses astrological symbolism in the construction of character, plot and metaphor. He does not choose his astrological symbolism casually or at random. (Pynchon was born sometime in the morning of May 8, 1937, in Glen Cove, Long Island, New York–was born, that is, under a Sun-Uranus conjunction. This conjunction corresponds to the aspect of electricity, paranoia, genius/madness, outer space/other worlds–the rocket.)

The Ward v. Johnson Libel Case: &lt;i&gt;The Last Battle of the Great Baseball War&lt;/i&gt;

The effect that morning in May 1911 was part comic, part surreal. Seated somewhat anxiously in a packed courtroom were such baseball notables as National League Secretary John Heydler and team owners Charles Comiskey, Frank Farrell, and Barney Dreyfuss. On all sides was a baseball-savvy gallery eager to see blood spilt at the trial of the libel suit that retired star John Montgomery Ward had instituted against American League president Ban Johnson. The proceedings had just gotten underway, however, when the mounting tension was shattered by the presiding judge. A look of bewilderment on his face, the judge inquired, are the White Sox?1Happily for the litigants and for posterity, that judge, the brilliant federal jurist Learned Hand, proved a quick study and the case was well tried. Its outcome, a modest $1,000 judgment in Ward's favor, was a reasonable one and afforded both parties the chance to claim vindication. The verdict also cleared the air between two of baseball's most prominent figures and, in time, provided the basis for a reconciliation of sorts between them.This article takes a look back at the now almost hundred-year-old case from two perspectives. One is courtroom specific and describes the roles played in the proceedings by Ward, Johnson, Comiskey, John T. Brush, Clark Griffith, and sportswriter/ humorist Ring Lardner, among others. The other attempts to place the litigation in the broader context of turn-of-the-century baseball strife. The central event here is, of course, the fierce conflict between the established National League (NL) and its new competitor, the fledgling American League (AL). Although ostensibly settled in January 1903, interleague hostilities, both public and private, flared up for years thereafter. In a very real sense, the conflict did not finally come to rest until two of its foremost combatants had had it out before Judge Hand in 1911-the Ward v. Johnson libel case thus becoming the last battle in the Great Baseball War.The Brush ConnectionAlthough both had long been important figures in baseball, John Montgomery Ward and Ban Johnson were not personally well acquainted. At trial, Johnson would testify that he had only met Ward a few times and that he harbored no animus toward him.2 What the two did have in common were paramount roles in the formation of professional baseball leagues: Ward, the Players League of 1890; Johnson, the American League in 1901. Another thing that Ward and Johnson had in common-and which eventually contributed to the 1911 lawsuit-was longstanding, often adversarial, relations with another formidable member of the baseball scene: the influential (if unloved) team magnate John T. Brush. While largely forgotten today, Brush was the dominant NL owner for more than twenty years. A self-made man whose wealth derived from the operation of a large department store, Brush was the principal owner of NL franchises in Indianapolis (1887-1889), Cincinnati (1891-1902), and New York (1902-1912). Along the way, Brush had made his share of enemies. Perhaps the foremost of these was Ban Johnson.The rancor between the two men can be traced to Brush's tenure as Cincinnati owner. There he was frequently the target of criticism from Johnson, then the young sports editor of the Cincinnati Commercial-Gazette. The situation only worsened in 1894 when Johnson assumed the presidency of a newly reconstituted Western League (WL). Among the owners whom Johnson had to deal with was none other than John T. Brush, owner of the league's premier Indianapolis team. Taking ruthless advantage of his simultaneous ownership of a major league team, Brush wreaked havoc in the WL by revolving players between his two nines. The competitive imbalance in the WL fostered by Brush's methods continued until the conclusion of the 1897 season when Johnson and the other team owners finally compelled Brush to relinquish the Indianapolis franchise.3John Montgomery Ward's relationship with Brush also began on an adversarial note. …

Bodies on the Line: Contact Improvisation and Techniques of Nonviolent Protest

On the morning of May 4, 1961, a brave and motley group of travelers—seven black males, three white males, and three white females, varying in age and professional standing but all trained in nonviolence—embarked on what they called the “Freedom Ride.” Designed by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the bus ride was meant to commemorate and further the organization's 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, a non-violent test of desegregation on interstate buses that quickly disintegrated in the face of staunch resistance. This time, riders would test the 1960 Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, which prohibited segregation in the waiting rooms and restaurants of bus terminals (Branch 1989, 390). Departing from Washington, D.C., the Freedom Ride aimed to arrive in New Orleans on May 17, the seventh anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education. Explaining that they were merely exercising rights granted by the Supreme Court but that they knew the dangers, CORE director James Farmer said, “We were prepared for the possibility of death” (Cozzens 1997). Riding the momentum of the student sit-ins, the civil rights movement had become for many a matter of “putting your body on the line” (Branch 1989, 392).